Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 The Surface of Polymers -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Surface of Polymers -- 1.2.1 Definition of a Polymer Surface -- 1.2.2 Factors Determining a Polymer Surface -- 1.2.2.1 Internal Factors -- 1.2.2.2 External Factors -- 1.2.3 The Polymer Surface at a Microscopic Level -- 1.3 Properties of Polymer Surfaces at Interfaces -- 1.3.1 Surface Wettability -- 1.3.2 Surface Thermal Properties -- 1.3.2.1 Surface Tg -- 1.3.2.2 Surface Crystallization -- 1.4 Experimental Methods for Investigating Polymer Surfaces at Interfaces -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part I Gas Phase Methods -- Chapter 2 Surface Treatment of Polymers by Plasma -- 2.1 Plasma: An Introduction -- 2.1.1 Definition -- 2.1.2 Thermal Versus Nonthermal Plasma -- 2.1.3 The Formation of Nonthermal Plasma -- 2.1.4 Plasma Generation and Operating Conditions -- 2.1.4.1 Different Methods of Plasma Generation -- 2.1.4.2 DC Discharges -- 2.1.4.3 DC Pulsed Discharges -- 2.1.4.4 RF and MW Discharges -- 2.1.4.5 Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) -- 2.1.4.6 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (APPJ) -- 2.1.4.7 Gliding Arc -- 2.1.5 Nonthermal Plasma for Polymer Surface Treatment -- 2.2 Applications of Plasma Surface Activation of Polymers -- 2.2.1 Adhesion Improvement -- 2.2.2 Packaging and Textile Applications -- 2.2.2.1 Printability Enhancement -- 2.2.2.2 Dyeability Improvement -- 2.2.2.3 Mass Transfer Changes -- 2.2.3 Biomedical Applications -- 2.2.3.1 Inert Synthetic Polymers -- 2.2.3.2 Biodegradable Polymers -- 2.3 Plasma Grafting -- 2.4 Hydrophobic Recovery -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 A Joint Mechanistic Description of Plasma Polymers Synthesized at Low and Atmospheric Pressure -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Plasma Polymerization -- 3.2.1 Plasma Fundamentals -- 3.2.2 Growth Mechanism. , 3.3 Probing the Plasma Chemistry -- 3.3.1 Optical Emission Spectroscopy -- 3.3.2 Mass Spectrometry -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Organic Surface Functionalization by Initiated CVD (iCVD) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Mechanistic Principles of iCVD -- 4.3 Functional, Surface Reactive, and Responsive Organic Films Prepared by iCVD -- 4.4 Interfacial Engineering with iCVD: Adhesion and Grafting -- 4.5 Reactors for Synthesizing Organic Films by iCVD -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Atomic Layer Deposition and Vapor Phase Infiltration -- 5.1 Atomic Layer Deposition Versus Vapor Phase Infiltration -- 5.2 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) on Polymers -- 5.2.1 Chemical Mechanisms of ALD -- 5.2.2 ALD on Polymers with Dense -OH Groups: Cellulose and Poly(vinyl alcohol) -- 5.2.3 ALD onto ``Unreactive'' Polymer Substrates -- 5.2.4 Applications of ALD Coated Polymers -- 5.2.4.1 ALD Coated Cotton Fibers -- 5.2.4.2 Applications for ALD Coatings on Other Polymers -- 5.3 Vapor Phase Infiltration of Polymers -- 5.3.1 Processing Thermodynamics and Kinetics of VPI -- 5.3.1.1 Thermodynamics of Vapor‐Phase Precursor Sorption into Polymers -- 5.3.1.2 Kinetics of Precursor Diffusion During VPI -- 5.3.1.3 VPI Processes Incorporating Both Penetrant Diffusion and Reaction -- 5.3.1.4 Measuring the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of a VPI Process -- 5.3.2 Applications of Vapor Phase Infiltrated Polymers -- 5.3.2.1 Altering Mechanical Performance -- 5.3.2.2 Contrasting Agent for Multi‐phase Polymer Imaging -- 5.3.2.3 Improved Chemical Resistance -- 5.3.2.4 Patterning for Microsystems -- 5.3.2.5 Vapor Diffusion Barriers -- 5.3.2.6 Conducting Polymers and Hybrid Photovoltaic Cells -- 5.3.2.7 Other Application Spaces -- 5.4 Summary and Future Outlook for ALD and VPI on Polymers -- References -- Part II UV and Related Methods. , Chapter 6 Photoinduced Functionalization on Polymer Surfaces -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Improving the Surface Properties of Polymeric Materials by Photoirradiation -- 6.3 Photoreaction of Polymers with Other Polymers -- 6.3.1 Photoinduced Chemical Reaction Between Polymers -- 6.3.2 Photoinduced Grafting at the Polymer Surface -- 6.3.3 Preparation of High‐functionality Surface by Photoinduced Graft Polymerization -- 6.3.4 Application of Photoinduced Grafting Process to Artificial Organs -- 6.4 Self‐initiated Photoinduced Graft Polymerization -- 6.4.1 Poly(ether ketone) as Photoinitiator for Graft Polymerization -- 6.4.2 Effects of Inorganic Salts on Photoinduced Graft Polymerization in an Aqueous System -- 6.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- References -- Chapter 7 γ‐Rays and Ions Irradiation -- 7.1 γ‐Rays and Ions Irradiation -- 7.2 Ionizing Radiation Sources -- 7.3 γ‐Ray‐Induced Modifications -- 7.3.1 Grafting Modifications -- 7.3.1.1 Radiation‐induced Grafting Methods -- 7.3.1.2 Ionic Grafting -- 7.3.1.3 RAFT‐graft Polymerization -- 7.3.1.4 Applications -- 7.3.2 Cross‐linking -- 7.3.2.1 γ‐Ray Cross‐linking Modifications -- 7.3.2.2 Cross‐linking with Additives -- 7.3.2.3 Industrial Applications -- 7.4 Heavy Ion‐Induced Modifications -- 7.4.1 Polymers -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III Chemical Methods -- Chapter 8 Functionalization of Polymers by Hydrolysis, Aminolysis, Reduction, Oxidation, and Some Related Reactions -- 8.1 Hydrolysis and Aminolysis -- 8.1.1 PLA and Polyesters -- 8.1.2 Hydrolysis -- 8.1.3 Aminolysis -- 8.1.4 PCL -- 8.1.5 PET -- 8.1.6 PMMA -- 8.1.7 Cellulose -- 8.2 Chemical Reduction -- 8.2.1 PEEK -- 8.2.2 PET -- 8.2.3 PMMA -- 8.2.4 PC -- 8.2.5 PTFE -- 8.3 Chemical Oxidation -- 8.4 Non‐covalent Surface Modification -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 9 Functionalization of Polymers by Reaction of Radicals, Nitrenes, and Carbenes -- 9.1 Functionalization of Polymers by Reaction of Radicals -- 9.1.1 Peroxides as Radical Initiators -- 9.1.2 Hydrogen Peroxides as Radical Initiator -- 9.1.3 Persulfates as Radical Initiators -- 9.1.4 Oxygen as Radical Initiator -- 9.1.5 Azo Compounds as Radical Initiator -- 9.1.6 Diazonium Salts as Radical Initiator -- 9.1.6.1 Polypyrrole -- 9.1.6.2 Polyaniline -- 9.1.6.3 Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)-Poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) -- 9.1.6.4 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) -- 9.1.6.5 Polypropylene (PP) -- 9.1.6.6 Polyvinyl Chloride -- 9.1.6.7 Cyclic Olefin Copolymers (COC) -- 9.1.6.8 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) -- 9.1.6.9 PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) -- 9.1.6.10 Polysulfone Membranes -- 9.1.6.11 Cation Exchange Membranes -- 9.1.6.12 Fluoro Polymers -- 9.1.6.13 Natural Polymers -- 9.1.7 Alkyl Halides as Radical Initiator -- 9.2 Surface Modification of Polymers with Carbenes and Nitrenes -- 9.2.1 Carbenes -- 9.2.2 Nitrenes -- 9.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Surface Modification of Polymeric Substrates with Photo‐ and Sonochemically Designed Macromolecular Grafts -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Context -- 10.1.2 Scope of the Chapter -- 10.2 Surface‐confined Radical Photopolymerization of Insulating Vinylic and Other Monomers -- 10.2.1 Type I and Type II Photoinitiation Systems -- 10.2.2 Simultaneous Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Free Radical Polymerization Confined to Surfaces -- 10.2.3 Surface‐initiated Photoiniferter -- 10.2.4 ``Brushing Up from Anywhere'' Using Polydopamine Thin Adhesive Coatings -- 10.2.5 Recent Trends in Surface‐confined Photopolymerization (CRP) -- 10.3 Surface‐confined Photopolymerization of Conjugated Monomers -- 10.3.1 Polypyrrole -- 10.3.1.1 Mechanisms of Photopolymerization of Pyrrole. , 10.3.1.2 Substrates for in Situ Photoinduced Polymerization of Pyrrole and Potential Applications -- 10.3.2 Polyaniline -- 10.3.2.1 Mechanisms of Photopolymerization of Aniline -- 10.3.2.2 Substrates for in Situ Photoinduced Polymerization of Aniline -- 10.4 Surface‐confined Sonochemical Polymerization of Conjugated and Vinylic Monomers -- 10.4.1 Insights into Sonochemistry: Origin of the Phenomenon and Mechanism of Polymer Synthesis -- 10.4.2 Ultrasound‐assisted Polymerization or Polymer Deposition over Organic Polymeric Substrates -- 10.4.2.1 Sonopolymerization -- 10.4.2.2 Ultrasonic Spray -- 10.4.3 Sonopolymerization over Miscellaneous Types of Surface: Inorganic Polymeric Substrates -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV Applications -- Chapter 11 Surface Modification of Nanoparticles: Methods and Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Polymers Used in the Preparation of Nanoparticles -- 11.3 Common Biodegradable Polymers for Nanoparticle Fabrication -- 11.3.1 Albumin -- 11.3.2 Alginate -- 11.3.2.1 Chitosan -- 11.3.3 Gelatin -- 11.3.4 Poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) and Polylactide (PLA) -- 11.3.5 Poly‐& -- rmvarepsilon -- ‐caprolactone (PCL) -- 11.4 Fabrication of Nanoparticles -- 11.5 Linker Chemistry for Attaching Ligands on Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 11.5.1 Hydrazone Bond Formation -- 11.5.2 Non‐covalent Attachment -- 11.6 Surface‐functionalized Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications -- 11.6.1 Polysaccharides -- 11.6.2 Lipids -- 11.6.3 Aptamers -- 11.6.4 Antibodies -- 11.6.5 Peptides -- 11.6.5.1 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) -- 11.7 Characterization of Surface‐modified Nanoparticles -- 11.7.1 Particle Size -- 11.7.2 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) -- 11.7.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 11.7.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 11.7.5 Surface Charge -- 11.7.6 Surface Hydrophobicity. , 11.7.7 Fourier Transform IR (FTIR) Spectroscopy.