Note: Cover -- Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- I: Foreword and Preface -- Foreword -- Preface -- II: Summaries -- SPM: Summary for Policymakers -- Table of Contents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Renewable energy and climate change -- 3. Renewable energy technologies and markets -- 4. Integration into present and future energy systems -- 5. Renewable energy and sustainable development -- 6. Mitigation potentials and costs -- 7. Policy, implementation and financing -- 8. Advancing knowledge about renewable energy -- TS: Technical Summary -- Table of Contents -- 1. Overview of Climate Change and Renewable Energy -- 1.1. Background -- 1.2. Summary of renewable energy resources and potential -- 1.3. Meeting energy service needs and current status -- 1.4. Opportunities, barriers, and issues -- 1.5. Role of policy, research and development, deployment and implementation strategies -- 2. Bioenergy -- 2.1 Introduction to biomass and bioenergy -- 2.2 Bioenergy resource potential -- 2.3 Bioenergy technology and applications -- 2.4 Global and regional status of markets and industry deployment -- 2.5 Environmental and social impacts -- 2.6 Prospects for technology improvement and integration -- 2.7 Current costs and trends -- 2.8 Potential deployment levels -- 2.8.1 Conclusions regarding deployment: Key messages about bioenergy -- 3. Direct Solar -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Resource potential -- 3.3 Technology and applications -- 3.4 Global and regional status of market and industry deployment -- 3.4.1 Installed capacity and generated energy -- 3.4.2 Industry capacity and supply chain -- 3.4.3 Impact of policies -- 3.5 Integration into the broader energy system -- 3.6 Environmental and social impacts -- 3.6.1 Environmental impacts. , 3.6.2 Social impacts -- 3.7 Prospects for technology improvements and innovation -- 3.8 Cost trends -- 3.9 Potential deployment -- 3.9.1 Near-term (2020) forecasts -- 3.9.2 Long-term deployment in the context of carbon mitigation -- 4. Geothermal Energy -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Resource potential -- 4.3 Technology and applications -- 4.4 Global and regional status of marke and industry development -- 4.5 Environmental and social impacts -- 4.6 Prospects for technology improvement, innovation and integration -- 4.7 Cost trends -- 4.8 Potential deployment -- 5. Hydropower -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Resource potential -- 5.3 Technology and applications -- 5.4 Global and regional status of market and industry development -- 5.5 Integration into broader energy systems -- 5.6 Environmental and social impacts -- 5.7 Prospects for technology improvement and innovation -- 5.8 Cost trends -- 5.9 Potential deployment -- 5.10 Integration into water managementsystems -- 6. Ocean Energy -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Resource potential -- 6.3 Technology and applications -- 6.4 Global and regional status of the markets and industry development -- 6.5 Environmental and social impacts -- 6.6 Prospects for technology improvement, innovation and integration -- 6.7 Cost trends -- 6.8 Potential deployment -- 7. Wind Energy -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Resource potential -- 7.3 Technology and applications -- 7.4 Global and regional status of market and industry development -- 7.5 Near-term grid integration issues -- 7.6 Environmental and social impacts -- 7.7 Prospects for technology improvement and innovation -- 7.8 Cost trends -- 7.9 Potential deployment -- 8. Integration of Renewable Energy into Present and Future Energy Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Integration of renewable energy into electrical power systems. , 8.3 Integration of renewable energy into heating and cooling networks -- 8.4 Integration of renewable energy into gas grids -- 8.5 Integration of renewable energy into liquid fuels -- 8.6 Integration of renewable energy into autonomous systems -- 8.7 End-use sectors: Strategic elements for transition pathways -- 8.7.1 Transport -- 8.7.2 Buildings and households -- 8.7.3 Industry -- 8.7.4 Agriculture, forestry and fi shing -- 9. Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Interactions between sustainable development and renewable energy -- 9.3 Social, environmental and economic impacts: Global and regional assessment -- 9.3.1 Social and economic development -- 9.3.2 Energy access -- 9.3.3 Energy security -- 9.3.4 Climate change mitigation and reduction of environmental and health impacts -- 9.4 Implication of sustainable development pathways for renewable energy -- 9.4.1 Social and economic development -- 9.4.2 Energy access -- 9.4.3 Energy security -- 9.4.4 Climate change mitigation and environmental and health impacts in scenarios of the future -- 9.5 Barriers and opportunities for renewable energy in the context of sustainable development -- 9.6 Synthesis, knowledge gaps and future research needs -- 10. Mitigation Potential and Costs -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Synthesis of mitigation scenarios for different renewable energy strategies -- 10.3 Assessment of representative mitigation scenarios for different renewable energy strategies -- 10.4 Regional cost curves for mitigation with renewable energy sources -- 10.5 Cost of commercialization and deployment -- 10.6 Social and environmental costs and benefi ts -- 11. Policy, Financing and Implementation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 The rationale of renewable energy-specific policies in addition to climate change policies -- 11.1.2 Policy timing and strength. , 11.2 Current trends: Policies, financing and investment -- 11.3 Key drivers, opportunities and benefits -- 11.4 Barriers to renewable energy policymaking, implementation and financing -- 11.5 Experience with and assessment of policy options -- 11.5.1 Research and development policies for renewable energy -- 11.5.2 Policies for deployment -- 11.6 Enabling environment and regional issues -- 11.7 A structural shift -- III: Chapters: 1 to 11 -- 1: Renewable Energy and Climate Change -- Table of Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1.1 Background -- 1.1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.2 The Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation -- 1.1.3 Climate change -- 1.1.4 Drivers of carbon dioxide emissions -- 1.1.5 Renewable energy as an option to mitigate climate change -- 1.1.6 Options for mitigation -- 1.1.7 Trends in international policy on renewable energy -- 1.1.8 Advancing knowledge about renewable energy -- 1.1.9 Metrics and definitions -- 1.2 Summary of renewable energy resources -- 1.2.1 Definition, conversion and application of renewable energy -- 1.2.2 Theoretical potential of renewable energy -- 1.2.3 Technical potential of renewable energy technologies -- 1.2.4 Special features of renewable energy with regard to integration -- 1.2.5 Energy efficiency and renewable energy -- 1.3 Meeting energy service needs and current status -- 1.3.1 Current renewable energy flows -- 1.3.2 Current cost of renewable energy -- 1.3.3 Regional aspects of renewable energy -- 1.4 Opportunities, barriers and issues -- 1.4.1 Opportunities -- 1.4.1.1 Social and economic development -- 1.4.1.2 Energy access -- 1.4.1.3 Energy security -- 1.4.1.4 Climate change mitigation and reduction of environmental and health impacts -- 1.4.2 Barriers -- 1.4.2.1 Market failures and economic barriers -- 1.4.2.2 Informational and awareness barriers. , 1.4.2.3 Socio-cultural barriers -- 1.4.2.4 Institutional and policy barriers -- 1.4.3 Issues -- 1.5 Role of policy, research and development, deployment, scaling up and implementation strategies -- 1.5.1 Policy options: trends, experience and assessment -- 1.5.2 Enabling environment -- 1.5.2.1 Complementing renewable energy policies and non-renewable energy policies -- 1.5.2.2 Providing infrastructure, networks and markets for renewable energy -- 1.5.3 A structural shift -- References -- Appendix to Chapter 1 -- 2: Bioenergy -- Table of Contents -- Executive Summary -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Current pattern of biomass and bioenergy use and trends -- 2.1.2 Previous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessments -- 2.2 Resource potential -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.1.1 Methodology assessment -- 2.2.1.2 Total aboveground net primary production of biomass -- 2.2.1.3 Human appropriation of terrestrial net primary production -- 2.2.2 Global and regional technical potential -- 2.2.2.1 Literature assessment -- 2.2.2.2 The contribution from residues, dung, processing by productsand waste -- 2.2.2.3 The contribution from unutilized forest growth -- 2.2.2.4 The contribution from biomass plantations -- 2.2.3 Economic considerations in biomass resource assessments -- 2.2.4 Factors influencing biomass resource potentials -- 2.2.4.1 Residue supply in agriculture and forestry -- 2.2.4.2 Dedicated biomass production in agriculture and forestry -- 2.2.4.3 Use of marginal lands -- 2.2.4.4 Biodiversity protection -- 2.2.5 Possible impact of climate change on resource potential -- 2.2.6 Synthesis -- 2.3 Technologies and applications -- 2.3.1 Feedstocks -- 2.3.1.1 Feedstock production and harvest -- 2.3.1.2 Synergies with the agriculture, food and forest sectors -- 2.3.2 Logistics and supply chains for energy carriers from modern biomass. , 2.3.2.1 Solid biomass supplies and market development for utilization.