Note: STATISTICAL MINING AND DATA VISUALIZATION IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES -- DATA MINING AND KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY Volume 4, No. 1, April 2000 -- Copyright -- Guest Editorial: Statistical Mining and Data Visualization in Atmospheric Sciences -- Euclidean Distance Based Permutation Methods in Atmospheric Science -- Bootstrapping to Assess and Improve Atmospheric Prediction Models -- Using Linked Micromap Plots to Characterize Omernik Ecoregions -- Visual Data Mining in Atmospheric Science Data.

Note: Cover -- CONTENTS -- FOREWORD TO THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ONE. ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND HUMAN ETHICS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Moral Agents and Moral Subjects -- 3. Formal Conditions for Valid Moral Principles -- 4. Material Conditions for Valid Moral Principles: The Content of Human Ethics -- 5. The Structural Symmetry between Human Ethics and Environmental Ethics -- 6. Biology and Ethics -- 7. A Note on the Ethics of the Bioculture -- TWO. THE ATTITUDE OF RESPECT FOR NATURE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Concept of the Good of a Being -- 3. The Concept of Inherent Worth -- 4. Having and Expressing the Attitude of Respect for Nature -- 5. Respect for Nature as an Ultimate Attitude -- THREE. THE BIOCENTRIC OUTLOOK ON NATURE -- 1. The Biocentric Outlook and the Attitude of Respect for Nature -- 2. Humans as Members of the Earth's Community of Life -- 3. The Natural World as a System of Interdependence -- 4. Individual Organisms as Teleological Centers of Life -- 5. The Denial of Human Superiority -- 6. The Argument for the Biocentric Outlook -- FOUR. THE ETHICAL SYSTEM -- 1. The Basic Rules of Conduct -- 2. Priority Principles -- 3. The Basic Standards of Virtue -- FIVE. DO ANIMALS AND PLANTS HAVE RIGHTS? -- 1. Legal Rights and Moral Rights -- 2. Analysis of the Assertion of Moral Rights -- 3. The Defeasibility of Rights -- 4. Is It Logically Conceivable for Animals and/or Plants to Have Moral Rights ? -- 5. A Modified Concept of Moral Rights -- SIX. COMPETING CLAIMS AND PRIORITY PRINCIPLES -- 1. The General Problem of Competing Claims -- 2. Human Rights and the Inherent Worth of Nonhumans -- 3. Five Priority Principles for the Fair Resolution of Conflicting Claims -- a. The Principle of Self-Defense -- b. The Principle of Proportionality -- c. The Principle of Minimum Wrong -- d. The Principle of Distributive Justice. , e. The Principle of Restitutive Justice -- 4. The Ethical Ideal of Harmony between Human Civilization and Nature -- 5. The Normative Function of the Ethical Ideal -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Note: Intro -- Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics Human-Nature, Rural-Urban Interdependencies -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- CHAPTER 1 Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics: A Synthesis -- Part I: THE PAST 50 YEARS -- CHAPTER 2 The Emergence and Evolution of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics -- CHAPTER 3 Rural Economics: People, Land, and Capital -- Part II: HUMAN-NATURE AND RURAL-URBAN INTERDEPENDENCE -- CHAPTER 4 Environmental Economics and the "Curse" of the Circular Flow -- CHAPTER 5 The New Rural Economics -- CHAPTER 6 Exploring the Prospects for Amenity-Driven Growth in Rural Areas -- CHAPTER 7 Natural Amenities, Human Capital, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis -- Part III: POLICIES AND PROGRAMS FOR PEOPLE AND PLACES -- CHAPTER 8 People and Places at the Ragged Edge: Place-Based Policy for Reducing Rural Poverty -- CHAPTER 9 Rural Human Capital Development -- CHAPTER 10 Property Taxation and the Redistribution of Rural Resource Rents -- CHAPTER 11 The Politics of Place: Linking Rural and Environmental Governance -- CHAPTER 12 Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics: A Methodological Perspective -- Part IV: THE NEXT 25 YEARS -- CHAPTER 13 Resources and Rural Communities: Looking Ahead -- CHAPTER 14 The Future of Rural America Through a Social-Demographic Lens -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Uncooled Infrared Imaging Arrays and Systems -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Historical Overview -- I. Introduction -- II. History of Electronic Materials Research for Uncooled Imagers -- III. Uncooled Imaging Arrays Using Silicon Read-Out -- IV. Future -- References -- Chapter 2. Principles of Uncooled Infrared Focal Plane Arrays -- I. Importance of the Thermal Isolation Structure -- II. Principal Thermal Detection Mechanisms -- III. Fundamental Limits -- IV. Discussion -- References and Bibliography -- Chapter 3. Monolithic Silicon Microbolometer Arrays -- I. Background -- II. Responsivity of Microbolometers -- III. Noise in Bolometers -- IV. Microbolometer Signal-to-Noise -- V. Electric Read-Out Circuits for Two-Dimensional Microbolometer Arrays -- VI. Offset Compensation Schemes -- VII. Gain Correction -- VIII. Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) -- IX. Microbolometer Physical Design, Fabrication, and Packaging -- X. Practical Camera Development -- References -- Chapter 4. Hybrid Pyroelectric-Ferroelectric Bolometer Arrays -- I. Introduction -- II. Principles of Pyroelectric Detectors -- III. Practical Considerations and Designs -- IV. Systems Implementations -- References -- Chapter 5. Monolithic Pyroelectric Bolometer Arrays -- I. Introduction -- II. Detector Design Methodology -- III. Process Design -- IV. Silicon-Based Integrated Pyroelectric Detector Arrays -- V. Gallium Arsenide-Based Integrated Pyroelectric Detectors -- VI. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Thermoelectric Uncooled Infrared Focal Plane Arrays -- I. Introduction -- II. Thermopile Infrared Detector -- III. A 128 x 128 Pixel Thermopile Infrared Focal Plane Array -- IV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 7. Pyroelectric Vidicon -- I. History -- II. Performance Analysis -- References. , Chapter 8. Tunneling Infrared Sensors -- I. Introduction -- II. Sensor Modeling -- III. Tunneling Transducer Background -- IV. Tunneling Infrared Sensor Design and Fabrication -- V. Tunneling Transducer Operation -- VI. Infrared Sensor Operation and Testing -- VII. Future Prospects for the Tunneling Infrared Sensor -- VIII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9. Application of Quartz Microresonators to Uncooled Infrared Imaging Arrays -- I. Introduction -- II. Quartz Microresonators as Infrared Sensors -- III. Quartz Thermometers and Their Temperature Coefficients -- IV. Oscillator Noise -- V. Frequency Measurement -- VI. Thermal Isolation -- VII. Infrared Absorption of Microresonators -- VIII. Predicted Performance of Microresonator Arrays -- IX. Producibility and Other Challenges -- X. Summary and Conclusions -- Appendix. Performance Calculations -- References -- Chapter 10. Application of Uncooled Monolithic Thermoelectric Linear Arrays to Imaging Radiometers -- I. Introduction -- II. Identification of Incipient Failure of Railcar Wheels . -- III. Imaging Radiometer for Predictive and Preventive Maintenance -- References -- Index -- Contents of Volumes in This Series.

Note: Front Cover -- Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- List of Contributors -- Introduction: A Brief History of Neuroeconomics -- Neoclassical Economics -- Cognitive Neuroscience -- Setting the Stage for Neuroeconomics -- Two Trends, One Goal -- Consolidation -- Summary -- References -- I: The Fundamental Tools of Neuroeconomics -- 1. Basic Methods from Neoclassical Economics -- Introduction -- Rational Choice and Utility Theory: Some Beginnings -- Early Price Theory and the Marginal Revolution -- Early Decision Theory and Utility Maximization -- The Ordinal Revolution and the Logic of Choice -- Quantitative Tests of Qualitative Theories: Revealed Preference -- GARP -- Understanding Rationality -- Axiomatic Approaches: Strengths -- Axiomatic Approaches: Weaknesses -- Expected Utility Theory -- Defining the Objects of Choice: Probabilistic Outcomes -- Continuity Axiom -- Independence -- The Expected Utility Theorem -- Axioms and Axiomatic Reasoning -- Using Axioms: The Neoclassical Approach In Neuroeconomics -- The Reward Prediction Error Hypothesis -- The DRPE Axioms and the Ideal Data Set -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2. Experimental Economics and Experimental Game Theory -- Introduction -- Game Theory Described -- Normal and Extensive Form Games -- Game Theory Experiments -- Design and Practice -- Instructions -- Randomization -- Anonymity -- Incentives -- Deception -- Experiments with Normal Form Games -- Prisoner's Dilemma and Public Goods Games -- Coordination Games -- Experiments with Extensive Form Games -- Ultimatum Games -- Trust Games -- Neuroeconomics experiments -- Design and Practice -- Overview -- Design -- Analysis -- Practice -- Neuroeconomics Experiments with the Trust Game -- Neuroeconomics Experiments with the Ultimatum Game. , Towards a Neuroeconomic Theory of Game Playing -- References -- 3. Computational and Process Models of Decision Making in Psychology and Behavioral Economics -- Introduction -- History -- Models of Risky Choice -- Normative Origins -- Descriptive Modifications -- Heuristic Models of Risky Choice -- Models of Riskless Choice -- Multi Attribute Utility Theory -- Cognitive Limitations and Context Effects -- Heuristic Models of Riskless Choice -- Models of Choice Over Time -- Computational Process Models -- Diffusion Models of Rapid Decisions -- Non-Decision Component -- Boundaries, Speed-Accuracy, and Bias Effects -- Across-Trial Variability -- Model Constraints -- Model Fitting -- Mapping from Accuracy and RT to Drift Rate -- Applications -- Competing Models -- Multichoice Decision Making, Confidence, and Simple RT -- Use in Neuroscience -- Judgment -- Conclusion -- References -- 4. Estimation and Testing of Computational Psychological Models -- Introduction -- Example Application -- Behavioral Data to be Modeled -- Methods for Estimating Parameters -- Weighted Sum of Squared Error -- Log Likelihood Method -- Minimizing Objective Functions: Searching for the "Best" Phi -- Bayesian Estimation -- Hierarchical Bayesian analysis -- Comparison of Estimation Methods -- Model Comparisons -- R-Square -- Chi-Square Tests -- AIC and BIC Methods -- Bayes' Factor -- Generalization and Cross-Validation Methods -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5. Introduction to Neuroscience -- Introduction -- The Cellular Structure of Information Encoding in the Brain -- The Large-Scale Anatomical Structure of the Brain -- Organizing Principles of Representation in the Brain -- Neuronal Stochasticity -- Plasticity and Memory -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 6. Experimental Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience -- Introduction. , Measurement Versus Manipulation -- Strengths and Limitations of Different Methods -- Measurement Techniques -- Invasive Neurophysiology: Single-Unit Recording -- How Single-Unit Recording Works -- Technology -- Procedures -- Advantages and Limitations -- Non-Invasive Neurophysiology -- Electroencephalography (EEG) -- How EEG Works -- Technology -- Procedures -- Advantages and Limitations -- Magnetoencephalography (MEG) -- How MEG Works -- Technology -- Procedures -- Advantages and Limitations -- Metabolic Neuroimaging -- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) -- How PET Works -- Technology -- Procedures -- Advantages and Limitations -- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -- How fMRI Works -- Technology -- Procedures in a Typical fMRI Experiment -- Advantages and Limitations -- Manipulation Techniques -- Brain Stimulation -- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) -- How TMS Works -- Technology -- Procedures -- Advantages and Limitations -- Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) -- How tDCS Works -- tDCS Devices -- Procedures -- Advantages and Limitations -- Invasive Stimulation Methods in Animals -- Microstimulation -- Optogenetics -- Lesion Studies -- Lesion Studies in Humans -- How Lesion Studies Work -- Procedures -- Advantages and Limitations -- Experimental Lesions in Animals -- How the Animal Lesion Approach Works -- Procedures -- Advantages and Limitations -- Conclusion: Convergence Across Methods -- References -- 7. Evolutionary Anthropological Insights into Neuroeconomics: What Non-Human Primates can Tell us About Human Decision-Makin… -- Introduction: How an Evolutionary Perspective is Important for Neuroeconomics -- Understanding Evolutionary Homologies Across Primates -- Prospect Theory and Framing Effects in Non-Human Primates -- Ambiguity Aversion and the Ellsberg Paradox in Non-Human Primates. , What Comparative Work Means for Traditional Economics and Neuroeconomics -- Acknowledgments -- References -- II: Neural and Psychological Foundations of Economic Preferences -- 8. The Computation of Stimulus Values in Simple Choice -- Introduction -- Theory: A Computational Model of Simple Choice -- Methodology: How to Identify Stimulus Value Signals? -- Evidence: Stimulus Value Signals in Basic Valuation Tasks -- Complication: Attention Modulates the Computation and Comparison of Stimulus Values -- Theory: How are Stimulus Values Computed? -- Evidence for a Causal Role of the Stimulus Value Signals in vmPFC -- Conclusions -- What is the Neural Code Used to Represent Stimulus Values in vmPFC? -- What and How is the Attribute Space Used in SV Computations? -- Computational Roles of PCC, dlPFC, vSTR and Amygdala in Simple Choice -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9. Valuation for Risky and Uncertain Choices -- Introduction -- Decisions Under Uncertainty and Risk -- Types of Uncertainty -- Degrees of Uncertainty -- Ways of Resolving and Quantifying Uncertainty -- Models of Risky Choice -- Outcome-Probability Decomposition of Risky Options -- Expected Value Theory -- Expected Utility Theory -- Risk-Return Decomposition of Risky Options -- Risk Taking and Risk Attitudes -- Constant and Relative Risk Aversion in EU -- Accounting for Domain Differences in Risk Taking -- Decisions from Description Versus Decisions from Experience -- Neural Representation of Uncertainty and Risk -- Correlates of Outcome-Probability Decompositions -- Correlates of Risk-Return Decompositions -- Neural Basis of Risk Attitude -- Correlates of Ambiguity Versus Risk -- Experience Versus Description -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10. Valuation, Intertemporal Choice, and Self-Control -- Introduction -- Valuation in Intertemporal Choice. , Behavioral and Theoretical Evidence -- Functional Imaging Evidence -- Evidence from Single Unit Neurophysiology -- Self-Control -- Individual Differences in Discounting -- Stationarity -- Persistence and Delay of Gratification -- Conclusion -- References -- 11. Social Preferences and the Brain -- Behaviors and Motives -- Exploring the Neural Circuitry of Social Preferences: Methodological Concerns -- The Neurobiology of Simple Choice -- Evidence for the Similarity Between Social Preference Decisions and Simple Reward-Based Decisions -- Cooperative Social Preferences -- Competitive Social Preferences -- Summary -- Components of the Social Preferences Network -- Insula/ACC -- ACC/Insula Summary -- Amygdala -- Amygdala Summary -- Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex -- dlPFC Summary -- Temporoparietal Junction -- TPJ Summary -- Conclusions -- References -- 12. Neuroeconomics of Emotion and Decision Making -- Introduction: Heart or Head? -- Studying Emotion -- Incidental Affect: Carry-Over Effects on Decision Making -- Stress -- Mood Induction -- Affective Priming -- Conclusion -- Emotion's Impact on Valuation During Choice -- Physiological Measures of Arousal -- Future-Directed Affect -- Conclusion -- Changing Emotions, Changing Choices -- Cognitive Emotion Regulation -- Memory Reconsolidation -- The Effect of Choice on Preference -- Conclusion -- General Conclusion: Beyond Two Systems -- References -- 13. Multistage Valuation Signals and Common Neural Currencies -- Introduction to Value-Based Decision Making -- Value and Decision Making in an Evolutionary Perspective -- A Simple Multi-Stage Framework for Value-Based Decision Making -- Stage 1: Valuation of Options - Predicted Valuation Signals -- Predicted Value Signals: Lesion, Neuroimaging, and Single-Cell Studies of vmPFC. , Valence, Availability of Cognitive Resources and Context-Dependency of Predicted Valuation Signals in the vmPFC.

Note: Front Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Mechanisms of Damage Recognition: Theoretical Considerations -- 1 Dynamics of DNA Damage Recognition -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ROLE OF DNA FLEXIBILITY IN SEQUENCE-DEPENDENT ACTIVITY OF UDG -- 3. OPENING AND BENDING DYNAMICS OF G U MISMATCHES IN DNA -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 In Search of Damaged Bases -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MECHANISM FOR AN INCREASED RATE OF TARGET SITE LOCATION -- 3. IN VITRO EVIDENCE FOR PROCESSIVE NICKING ACTIVITY OF DNA GLYCOSYLASES -- 3.1 Bacteriophage T4 Pyridime Dimer Glycosylase -- 3.2. Other DNA Glycosylases -- 4. DISCOVERY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF IN VIVO PROCESSIVE NICKING ACTIVITY BY T4-PDG -- 4.1 In Vivo Evidence for Processive Incision and Repair of UV Irradiated DNAs -- 4.2. Biological Significance of the Processive Incision Activity of T4-pdg -- 5. DNA BENDING AS A POTENTIAL PREREQUISITE FOR NUCLEOTIDE FLIPPING -- 6. MECHANISMS OF NUCLEOTIDE FLIPPING -- 6.1 Flipping of a Single Nucleotide -- 6.2. Double Flipping -- 7. SPECIFICITY OF GLYCOSYLASE BINDING SITES AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITIES -- REFERENCES -- 3 Increased Specificity and Efficiency of Base Excision Repair Through Complex Formation -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DNA LESION RECOGNITION AND REMOVAL -- 2.1. Glycosylase Stimulation by AP Endonuclease -- 2.2. Post-Translational Modification of DNA Glycosylases -- 2.3. Bi-functional Glycosylases -- 3. STRAND INCISION -- 4. GAP FILLING AND RELIGATION -- 4.1. Protein Interactions with pol-b in Short-Patch BER -- 4.2. Protein Interactions with pol-b in Long-Patch BER -- 4.3. Post-Translational Modifications -- 5. XRCC1 COORDINATION -- 5.1. DNA Damage Recognition -- 5.2. XRCC1 Scaffold Coordination -- 6. LONG-PATCH REPAIR -- 6.1. Protein Interactions -- 6.2. Post-Translational Modifications -- 7. EMERGING SUBPATHWAYS -- 8. CONCLUSIONS. , ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part II UV Damage and Other Bulky DNA-Adducts -- 4 Structure and Properties of DNA Photoproducts -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. DNA Photochemistry -- 1.2. Primary Photoproducts -- 2. CYCLOBUTANE PYRIMIDINE DIMERS -- 2.1. Secondary Reactions of CPDs -- 2.2. Tautomerization -- 2.3. Deamination of C-Containing CPDs -- 2.4. Tertiary Structure of Cis& -- #8211 -- Syn Cyclobutane Dimer-Containing DNA -- 2.5. Base Pairing and Thermodynamic Properties -- 3. OTHER DIMER-RELATED PRODUCTS 3.1. Dimers with a Cleaved Intradimer Phosphodiester Backbone -- 3.2. Non-Adjacent Dimers -- 3.3. Trans-Syn Dimers -- 4. (6& -- #8211 -- 4) PRODUCTS -- 4.1. Tertiary Structure of (6& -- #8211 -- 4)-Containing DNA -- 4.2. Base Pairing and Thermodynamic Properties of (6& -- #8211 -- 4)-Containing DNA -- 5. DEWAR PHOTOPRODUCT -- 5.1. Tertiary Structure of Dewar-Containing DNA -- 5.2. Base Pairing and Thermodynamic Stability of Dewar-Containing Duplexes -- 5.3. Thio Analogs of (6& -- #8211 -- 4) and Dewar Products -- 6. SPORE PHOTOPRODUCT -- 7. TA + PRODUCT -- 7.1. AA+ and Porschke Photoproducts -- 8. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Damage Recognition by DNA Photolyases -- 1. OVERVIEW OF PHOTOLYASES -- 2. THE NATURE OF THE SUBSTRATES -- 3. CHARACTERIZATION OF SUBSTRATE BINDING AND DISCRIMINATION BY PHOTOLYASES 3.1. CPD Photolyases -- 3.2. 6& -- #8211 -- 4 Photolyases -- 4. INTERACTIONS AT THE PHOTOLYASE& -- #8211 -- PHOTOPRODUCT INTERFACE: THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR SUBSTRATE BINDING AND DISCRIMINATION -- 4.1. Contacts on DNA -- 4.2. Structure of CPD Photolyases and a Model for DNA Binding -- 4.3. Substrate Discrimination -- 5. SUBSTRATE BINDING IN VIVO -- 5.1. Substrate Binding in Chromatin -- 5.2. Photoreactivation in Actively Transcribed Genes -- 5.3. Photoreactivation at Replication Origins, Promoters, and Telomeres. , 6. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Damage Recognition by the Bacterial Nucleotide Excision Repair Machinery -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Overview of Nucleotide Excision Repair -- 2. DIVERSITY OF DNA LESIONS RECOGNIZED -- 3. THE PROTEINS AND THEIR STRUCTURAL DOMAINS -- 3.1. UvrA Protein Motifs -- 3.2. UvrB Protein Structure -- 3.3. UvrC Protein Structure -- 4. REACTION PATHWAY FOR DAMAGE DETECTION AND PROCESSING -- 4.1. Dimerization of UvrA -- 4.2. DNA Damage Detection by UvrA -- 4.3. Damage Verification by the UvrA2B Complex -- 4.4. Local Conformation of DNA Influences Efficiency of Incision -- 5. DNA DAMAGE RECOGNITION WITHIN THE BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF THE CELL -- 6. SIMILARITIES IN DAMAGE RECOGNITION AND VERIFICATION BETWEEN BACTERIAL AND EUKARYOTIC NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR SYSTEMS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Recognition of DNA Damage During Eukaryotic Nucleotide Excision Repair -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR SUBSTRATES -- 3. EUKARYOTIC NER REACTION -- 4. SUBUNITS OF THE EUKARYOTIC NER MACHINERY -- 5. STEPWISE ASSEMBLY OF THE MAMMALIAN NER RECOGNITION COMPLEX -- 6. A PREASSEMBLED REPAIROSOME IN YEAST? -- 7. ROLE OF DAMAGED DNA BINDING IN DAMAGE RECOGNITION -- 8. RECOGNITION OF BULKY LESIONS DURING TRANSCRIPTION-COUPLED DNA REPAIR -- 9. BIPARTITE SUBSTRATE DISCRIMINATION IN THE GGR PATHWAY -- 10. XPC& -- #8211 -- hHR23B AS A SENSOR OF DEFECTIVE BASE PAIRING -- 11. TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IIH AS A SENSOR OF DEFECTIVE DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE CHEMISTRY -- 12. ROLE OF XPA& -- #8211 -- RPA IN INTEGRATING DIFFERENT RECOGNITION SIGNALS -- 13. DAMAGE-SPECIFIC RECRUITMENT OF XPG AND XPF& -- #8211 -- ERCC1 -- 14. REGULATION OF THE DAMAGE RECOGNITION PROCESS -- 15. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 8 Interactions of the Transcription Machinery with DNA Damage in Prokaryotes -- 1. GENERAL OVERVIEW. , 1.1. Transcription -- 1.2. Transcription-Coupled Repair -- 2. THE BEHAVIOR OF RNA POLYMERASE COMPLEXES WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF DNA DAMAGE -- 3. THE BEHAVIOR OF RNA POLYMERASE COMPLEXES AT LESIONS AND NER -- 3.1. NER in E. coli -- 3.2. TCR and NER -- 4. THE BEHAVIOR OF RNA POLYMERASE COMPLEXES AT LESIONS AND BER -- 4.1. Alkylation Damage -- 4.2. Oxidative Damage -- 5. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 DNA Repair in Actively Transcribed Genes in Eukaryotic Cells -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. HETEROGENEITY OF DNA REPAIR -- 2.1 Effects of DNA Structure on DNA Repair -- 2.2. Effect of Transcription on DNA Repair -- 3. METHODS FOR DETECTING TCR AND GGR -- 3.1 Quantification at the Defined DNA Fragment Level -- 3.2. Quantification at the Sequence Level -- 4. DNA REPAIR IN TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE GENES IN DIFFERENT ORGANISMS -- 4.1 Rodent Cells -- 4.2. Human Cells -- 4.3. Escherichia coli cells -- 4.4. Yeast -- 5. MODELS OF TCR IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS -- 6. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF DNA DAMAGE ON TCR -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Chromatin Structure and the Repair of UV Light-Induced DNA Damage -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NUCLEOSOMES: HETEROGENEITY IN A CONSERVED STRUCTURE -- 3. DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF NUCLEOSOMES REGULATE DNA ACCESSIBILITY -- 4. DAMAGE TOLERANCE OF NUCLEOSOMES -- 5. REPAIR OF NUCLEOSOMES BY PHOTOLYASE -- 6. REPAIR OF NUCLEOSOMES BY NER -- 7. SITE-SPECIFIC REPAIR IN NUCLEOSOME AND DAMAGE RECOGNITION -- 8. CHROMATIN REMODELING AND DNA REPAIR -- 9. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 11 The Ultraviolet Damage Endonuclease (UVDE) Protein and Alternative Excision Repair: A Highly Diverse System for Damage Recognition and Processing -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DISCOVERY AND INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF -- 2.1. A NER-Independent Excision Repair Pathway for UV Photoproducts -- 2.2. Biochemical Characterization of S. pombe UVDE. , 3. RECOGNITION AND PROCESSING OF UV PHOTOPRODUCTS -- 4. RECOGNITION AND PROCESSING OF PLATINUM G-G DIADDUCTS -- 5. RECOGNITION AND PROCESSING OF ABASIC SITES -- 6. MODIFIED BASES NOT RECOGNIZED BY UVDE -- 7. RECOGNITION AND PROCESSING OF BASE& -- #8211 -- BASE MISMATCHES -- 8. RECOGNITION AND PROCESSING OF INSERTION& -- #8211 -- DELETION LOOPS -- 9. SUBSEQUENT STEPS FOLLOWING UVDE-INITIATED ALTERNATIVE EXCISION REPAIR -- 10. SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE UVDE HOMOLOGS -- 11. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 12 Structural Aspects of Pt-DNA Adduct Recognition by Proteins -- 1. BACKGROUND -- 2. INTRODUCTION -- 3. STRUCTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF PLATINUM-BINDING TO DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA -- 3.1. The 1,2-d(GpG) Intrastrand Cross-Link -- 3.2. The 1,3-d(GpNpG) Cross-Link -- 3.3. The Interstrand d(G+pC) Cross-Link -- 4. RECOGNITION OF cis-DDP-1,2 INTRASTRAND CROSS-LINK BY CELLULAR PROTEINS -- 4.1. Chromatin Reorganization -- 4.2. Transcription Factors -- 4.3. Repair Proteins -- 5. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 Structural Aspects of Polycyclic Aromatic Carcinogen-Damaged DNA and Its Recognition by NER Proteins -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. METABOLISM OF PAH TO DIOL EPOXIDES AND FORMATION OF STEREOISOMERIC DNA ADDUCTS -- 3. METHODS -- 3.1 NER Assays in Vitro -- 3.2. Computational Analysis of Adduct Structure by Molecular Dynamic (MD) Simulations and Molecular Mechanics Poisson& -- #8211 -- Boltzman -- 4. PAH& -- #8211 -- DNA ADDUCTS: CONFORMATIONAL MOTIFS -- 4.1. Guanine Adducts: Minor Groove Conformations -- 4.2. Guanine Adducts: Base-Displaced Intercalation -- 4.3. Guanine Adducts: Intercalation from the Minor Groove Without Base Displacement -- 4.4. Adenine Adducts: Intercalation from the Major Groove -- 4.5. Adenine Adducts: Distorting Intercalation from the Major Groove. , 4.6. External Major Groove Adducts.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1 From Vector Calculus to Algebraic Topology -- 1A. Chains, Cochains and Integration -- 1B. Integral Laws and Homology -- 1C. Cohomology and Vector Analysis -- 1D. Nineteenth-Century Problems Illustrating the First and Second Homology Groups -- 1E. Homotopy Versus Homology and Linking Numbers -- 1F. Chain and Cochain Complexes -- 1G. Relative Homology Groups -- 1H. The Long Exact Homology Sequence -- 1I. Relative Cohomology and Vector Analysis -- 1J. A Remark on the Association of Relative Cohomology Groups with Perfect Conductors -- 2 Quasistatic Electromagnetic Fields -- 2A. The Quasistatic Limit of Maxwell's Equations -- 2B. Variational Principles For Electroquasistatics -- 2C. Variational Principles for Magnetoquasistatics -- 2D. Steady Current Flow -- 2E. The Electromagnetic Lagrangian and Rayleigh Dissipation Functions -- 3 Duality Theorems for Manifolds With Boundary -- 3A. Duality Theorems -- 3B. Examples of Duality Theorems in Electromagnetism -- 3C. Linking Numbers, Solid Angle, and Cuts -- 3D. Lack of Torsion for Three-Manifolds with Boundary -- 4 The Finite Element Method and Data Structures -- 4A. The Finite Element Method for Laplace's Equation -- 4B. Finite Element Data Structures -- 4C. The Euler Characteristic and the Long Exact Homology Sequence -- 5 Computing Eddy Currents on Thin Conductors with Scalar Potentials -- 5A. Introduction -- 5B. Potentials as a Consequence of Ampère's Law -- 5D. Solution of Governing Equations by Projective Methods -- 5E. Weak Form and Discretization -- 6 An Algorithm to Make Cuts for Magnetic Scalar Potentials -- 6A. Introduction and Outline -- 6B. Topological and Variational Context -- 6C. Variational Formulation of the Cuts Problem -- 6D. The Connection Between Finite Elements and Cuts. , 6E. Computation of 1-Cocycle Basis -- 6F. Summary and Conclusions -- 7 A Paradigm Problem -- 7A. The Paradigm Problem -- 7B. The Constitutive Relation and Variational Formulation -- 7C. Gauge Transformations and Conservation Law -- 7D. Modi ed Variational Principles -- 7E. Tonti Diagrams -- Mathematical Appendix: Manifolds, Differential Forms, Cohomology, Riemannian Structures -- MA-A. Differentiable Manifolds -- MA-B. Tangent Vectors and the Dual Space of One-Forms -- MA-C. Higher-Order Differential Forms and Exterior Algebra -- MA-D. Behavior of Differential Forms Under Mappings -- MA-E. The Exterior Derivative -- MA-F. Cohomology with Differential Forms -- MA-G. Cochain Maps Induced by Mappings Between Manifolds -- MA-H. Stokes' Theorem, de Rham's Theorems and Duality Theorems -- MA-I. Existence of Cuts Via Eilenberg-MacLane Spaces -- MA-J. Riemannian Structures, the Hodge Star Operator and an Inner Product for Differential Forms -- MA-K. The Operator Adjoint to the Exterior Derivative -- MA-L. The Hodge Decomposition and Ellipticity -- MA-M. Orthogonal Decompositions of p-Forms and Duality Theorems -- Bibliography -- Summary of Notation -- Examples and Tables -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Ultra Clean Processing of Semiconductor Surfaces XIII -- Preface, Committees, Sponsor -- Table of Contents -- Chapter 1: FEOL: Surface Chemistry Group IV Semiconductors -- Wet Selective SiGe Etch to Enable Ge Nanowire Formation -- Silicon Surface Passivation in HF Solutions for Improved Gate Oxide Reliability -- Surface Preparation Quality before Epitaxy our Paper's -- Study of Oxygen Concentration in TMAH Solution for Improvement of Sigma-Shaped Wet Etching Process -- The Effect of Rinsing a Germanium Surface after Wet Chemical Treatment -- Effect of Dilute Hydrogen Peroxide in Ultrapure Water on SiGe Epitaxial Process -- Surface Passivation of New Channel Materials Utilizing Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydrazine Gas -- Tris(Trimethylsilyl)Germane (Me3Si)3GeH: A Molecular Model for Sulfur Passivation of Ge(111) Surfaces -- Applications for Surface Engineering Using Atomic Layer Etching - Invited Paper -- Chapter 2: FEOL: Surface Chemistry Groups III-V Compound Semiconductors -- Towards Atomic-Layer-Scale Processing of High Mobility Channel Materials in Acidic Solutions for N5 and N7 Technology Nodes -- Comparison of the Chemical Passivation of GaAs, In0.53Ga0.47As, and InSb with 1-Eicosanethiol -- Digital Etching of GaAs Materials: Comparison of Oxidation Treatments -- Chapter 3: FEOL: Etching -- Thin Layer Etching of Silicon Nitride: Comparison of Downstream Plasma, Liquid HF and Gaseous HF Processes for Selective Removal after Light Ion Implantation -- Selective Etching of Silicon Oxide versus Nitride with Low Oxide Etching Rate -- Metrology for High Selective Silicon Nitride Etch -- Study on the Etching Selectivity of Oxide Films in Dry Cleaning Process with NF3 and H2O -- Titanium Nitride Hard Mask Removal with Selectivity to Tungsten in FEOL -- Analysis of Si Wet Etching Effect on Wafer Edge. , Chapter 4: FEOL: Photoresist Removal, General Cleaning -- Middle of Line (MoL) Cleaning Challenges in Sub-20nm Node Device Manufacturing -- Characterization and Development of High Dose Implanted Resist Stripping Processes -- Chemical Infiltration through Deep UV Photoresist -- Efficient Photoresist Residue Removal with 172nm Excimer Radiation -- Chapter 5: Processes of Wetting and Drying -- Deep Trench Isolation and through Silicon via Wetting Characterization by High-Frequency Acoustic Reflectometry -- Pattern Collapse of High-Aspect-Ratio Silicon Nanostructures - A Parametric Study -- Influence of CO2 Gas Atmosphere on the Liquid Filling of Superhydrophobic Nanostructures -- Some Critical Issues in Pattern Collapse Prevention and Repair -- Watermark-Free and Efficient Spray Clean on Hydrophobic Surface with Single-Wafer Technology -- Extended-Nanofluidic Devices and the Unique Liquid Properties - Invited Paper -- Chapter 6: Mechanical Fluid Effects, Nanoparticles -- Measurement of the Frictional Force between PVA Roller Brushes and Semiconductor Wafers with Various Films Immersed in Chemicals -- Removal of Bull's Eye Signature by Optimizing Wet Cleans Recipe -- Toward CO2 Beam Cleaning of 20-nm Particles in Atmospheric Pressure -- Liquid Cell Platform to Directly Visualize Bottom-Up Assembly and Top-Down Etch Processes inside TEM -- A Study on the Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Defect in SOH Mask Pattern Cleaning -- Post-CMP Cleaners for Tungsten at Advanced Nodes -- Advanced Cryogenic Aerosol Cleaning: Small Particle Removal and Damage-Free Performance -- Developments for Physical Cleaning Sample with High Adhesion Force Particles and Direct Measurement of its Removal Force -- Characterization of Cavitation in a Single Wafer or Photomask Cleaning Tool -- Chapter 7: Interconnect Cleaning. , Molecular Simulation Contribution to Porous Low-k Pore Size Determination after Damage by Etch and Wet Clean Processes - Invited Paper -- Rapid Recovery Process of Plasma Damaged Porous Low-k Dielectrics by Wet Surface Modifying Treatment -- Characterization of Etch Residues Generated on Damascene Structures -- Evaluation of Post Etch Residue Cleaning Solutions for the Removal of TiN Hardmask after Dry Etch of Low-k Dielectric Materials on 45 nm Pitch Interconnects -- Optimization of Cu/Low-k Dual Damascene Post-Etch Residue and TiN Hard Mask Removal -- TiN Metal Hardmask Etch Residues Removal with AlN Etch -- High Throughput Wet Etch Solution for BEOL TiN Removal -- Impact of Dissolved Oxygen in Dilute HF Solution on Material Etch -- The Effect of Inhibitors on Co Corrosion in Alkaline Post Cu-CMP Cleaning Solutions -- Oxygen Control for Wet Clean Process on Single Wafer Platform -- Study of TiW Conditioning through Different Wet and Dry Treatments to Promote Ni Electroless Growth -- Post CMP Wet Cleaning Influence on Cu Hillocks -- Minimizing Wafer Surface Charging for Single-Wafer Wet Cleaning for 10 nm and beyond -- Chapter 8: 3D Integrated Structures -- Silica Formation during Etching of Silicon Nitride in Phosphoric Acid -- Low Undercut Ti Etch Chemistry for Cu Bump Pillar under Bump Metallization Wet Etch Process -- Chapter 9: Metrology, Specification and Control of Contamination -- Electrical Characterization of As-Processed Semiconductor Surfaces - Invited Paper -- Atomic Resolution Quality Control for Fin Oxide Recess by Atomic Resolution Profiler -- Specification of Trace Metal Contamination for Image Sensors -- Metal Removal Efficiency in High Aspect Ratio Structures -- Quantitative Analysis of Trace Metallic Contamination on III-V Compound Semiconductor Surfaces. , A Mathematical Model Forecasting HF Adsorption onto Cu-Coated Wafers as a Function of the Airborne Concentration and Moisture -- Chapter 10: Photovoltaics -- Oxidation of Si Surfaces: Effect of Ambient Air and Water Treatments on Surface Charge and Interface State Density -- Surface Optimization of Random Pyramid Textured Silicon Substrates for Improving Heterojunction Solar Cells -- 'Just-Clean-Enough': Optimization of Wet Chemical Cleaning Processes for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells -- Progress in Cleaning and Wet Processing for Kesterite Thin Film Solar Cells -- Chapter 11: Non-Wafer Cleaning, Mask Cleaning -- Optimization of EUV Reticle Cleaning by Evaluation of Chemistries on Wafer-Based Mimic Test Structures -- Ultra-Trace Sulfate Ion Removal on Photomasks for Haze Reduction -- 172 nm Excimer Radiation as a Technology Accelerator for Bio-Electronic Applications -- Chapter 12: Contamination Сontrol of Wafer Ambient -- Electrolyzed Water for Efficient Metal Removal -- Contamination Control for Wafer Container Used within 300 mm Manufacturing for Power Microelectronics -- Inline FOUP Cleaner - The New Type FOUP Cleaner for the Next Generation -- Keyword Index -- Author Index.