Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Figures -- Plates -- Tables -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Mining: The Historical Perspective -- 1.3…River Sand Mining: Environmental Issues -- 1.4…Sand: Ecological Values and Uses -- 1.5…Origin of Sand -- 1.6…Scope of the Present Study -- References -- 2 Rivers-Structure and Functions -- Abstract -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…The River Ecosystem -- 2.3…Geological Work of Rivers -- 2.4…River Sediments and Channel Processes -- 2.5…River Classification -- 2.6…Concepts in Riverine Studies -- 2.6.1 River Continuum Concept -- 2.6.2 Nutrient Spiraling Concept -- 2.6.3 Flood Pulse Concept -- 2.7…Human Interventions -- References -- 3 River Sand Mining and Mining Methods -- Abstract -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.2…Types of Alluvial Sand Extraction -- 3.2.1 Instream Mining -- 3.2.2 Floodplain Mining -- 3.2.3 Terrace Mining -- 3.3…Methods of Sand Extraction -- 3.3.1 Active Channels -- 3.3.2 Floodplains and Terraces -- 3.4…Manual and Mechanical Mining -- References -- 4 Impacts of River Sand Mining -- Abstract -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Changes in Bed Forms -- 4.3…Changes in Sediment Characteristics -- 4.4…Changes in Water Quality and Quantity -- 4.5…Changes in Biological Environment -- 4.6…Changes in Socioeconomic Environment -- 4.7…Vegetation Effects -- 4.8…Damage to Infrastructure Facilities -- 4.9…Flood Plain Pits Capturing -- 4.10…Impacts of River Sand Mining on Coastal Marine Environment -- References -- 5 Sand Mining: The World Scenario -- Abstract -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Arizona and California -- 5.3…Italy -- 5.4…Kenya -- 5.5…Jamaica and Costa Rica -- 5.6…Malaysia -- 5.7…China -- 5.8…Sri Lanka -- 5.9…Nepal -- 5.10…Maldives -- 5.11…India -- 5.12…Summary -- References -- 6 Environmental Case Studies from SW India -- Abstract -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Manimala River. , 6.2.1 Instream Sand Mining -- 6.2.2 Floodplain Sand Mining -- 6.2.3 Channel Incision -- 6.3…Periyar River -- 6.3.1 Sand Mining from Periyar River -- 6.3.2 Channel Incision -- 6.4…Drivers of Change -- 6.5…Environmental Implications of Sand Mining -- References -- 7 EIA of River Sand Mining -- Abstract -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…Environmental Impact Assessment -- 7.3…General Methodologies of EIA: An Overview -- 7.3.1 Ad hoc Method -- 7.3.2 Checklist Method -- 7.3.3 Matrix Method -- 7.3.4 Networks -- 7.3.5 Overlays -- 7.3.6 Simulation and Modeling Workshop -- 7.3.7 Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix -- 7.4…Methodology Adopted -- 7.5…EIA of Sand and Gravel Mining -- 7.5.1 Impact Assessment Using Matrix Method -- 7.5.2 Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix -- 7.5.2.1 Assessment Criteria -- 7.5.2.2 Assessment Results -- 7.5.3 Physical and Chemical Components -- 7.5.3.1 Land/River Channel -- 7.5.3.2 Air and Water -- 7.5.4 Biological Components -- 7.5.5 Social Components -- 7.6…Discussion -- References -- 8 Mining Strategies and Management -- Abstract -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Environmental Laws Pertaining to Sand Mining -- 8.3…Purpose of the Guidelines -- 8.4…A Framework for Action -- 8.5…The Importance of Channel Maintenance Processes -- 8.6…Management Options and Extraction Control Measures -- 8.7…Restoration and River Management -- 8.8…Management Plan -- 8.8.1 Instream Mining -- 8.8.2 Floodplain Mining -- 8.9…General Guidelines -- References -- 9 River Sand Auditing: An Example from SW India -- Abstract -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…River Sand Auditing -- 9.3…Methodology -- 9.3.1 Resource Estimation -- 9.3.2 Resource Allocation -- 9.3.3 Performance Evaluation/Sand Resource Accounting -- 9.3.4 Estimation of Unauthorized Sand Mining: An Example -- References -- 10 Sand: The Fine Aggregate -- Abstract -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Sand: The Fine Aggregate. , 10.3…Usefulness of Aggregates -- 10.4…Aggregates for Constructions -- 10.5…Fine Aggregate for Making Concrete -- 10.5.1 Sand for Mortars and Plasters -- 10.5.2 Sand for Filling -- 10.6…Storing and Handling of Aggregates -- 10.7…Aggregate Resource Protection -- References -- 11 Sources of Sand and Conservation -- Abstract -- 11.1…Introduction -- 11.2…Sand: River Sources -- 11.3…Non-river Sources -- 11.3.1 Dune Sands -- 11.3.2 Glacial Outwash Sand -- 11.3.3 Sand in Lakes and Backwaters -- 11.3.4 Beach Sands -- 11.3.5 Reservoir Sand -- 11.3.6 Marine Sand -- 11.4…Sand: Artificial -- 11.4.1 Crushed Rock Sand (Manufactured Sand) -- 11.4.2 Secondary Sand -- 11.5…Conservation of Sand -- References -- Subject Index.