Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Water and Carbon Dynamics in Eastern Siberia: Introduction -- 1.1 Climate, Permafrost, and Vegetation -- 1.2 Climate of the Boreal Forest and Tundra -- 1.2.1 Formation of the Boreal Forest -- 1.2.2 Formation of Forest/Tundra Vegetation -- 1.3 Water and Carbon Dynamics in Eastern Siberia During the Former Soviet Union Period -- 1.3.1 Hydrological Processes Studies in the Soviet Union -- 1.3.1.1 Outline of Hydrological Cycles -- 1.3.1.2 Depth of Active Layer -- 1.3.1.3 Evaporation and Transpiration -- 1.3.1.4 Water Balance -- 1.3.2 Carbon Dioxide Cycles in the Soviet Union -- 1.3.2.1 Outline of Carbon Dioxide Cycles -- 1.3.2.2 Microbiology in Permafrost -- 1.3.3 Permafrost Dynamics Studies During the Soviet Period -- 1.3.3.1 Outline of Permafrost Dynamics -- 1.3.3.2 Observational Studies of Permafrost -- 1.3.3.3 Modelling Investigations of Permafrost -- 1.3.3.4 Monitoring Observations in Permafrost -- 1.3.4 Soil Investigation for the Soviet Union -- 1.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Atmospheric Water Cycle -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climatological Water Budget -- 2.3 Seasonal Cycle -- 2.4 Moisture Transport -- 2.5 Origin of Precipitating Water and Recycling -- 2.6 Seasonal Time Lag Between P-ET and R -- 2.7 Interannual Variation -- 2.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3: Water Cycles in Forests -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area -- 3.3 Evapotranspiration of the Larch Forest in Eastern Siberia -- 3.3.1 Seasonal Variation of the Forest Evapotranspiration -- 3.3.2 Evapotranspiration from the Understory Vegetation -- 3.3.3 Interception Evaporation -- 3.3.4 Forest Water Balance -- 3.4 Response of the Forest to Environmental Conditions -- 3.4.1 Evapotranspiration -- 3.4.2 Conductance -- 3.5 Spatial Variability in Eastern Siberia -- 3.6 Response of Larch Forests to Wetting Climates. , 3.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Carbon Cycles in Forests -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Photosynthetic Activity of Larch Forests -- 4.2.1 Diurnal Dynamics of Photosynthesis -- 4.2.2 Seasonal Dynamics of Photosynthesis -- 4.2.3 The Maximum Intensity of Photosynthesis (Amax) -- 4.2.4 Ratio of Photosynthesis to Dark Respiration (Rdark) of Plants -- 4.2.5 Light Dependence of Photosynthesis -- 4.2.6 Nitrogen and Nutrients in a Larch Forest -- 4.2.7 Assessment of the Biochemical Parameters that Limit Photosynthesis -- 4.3 Soil Respiration in a Larch Forest -- 4.3.1 Daily Dynamics of Soil Respiration -- 4.3.2 Seasonal Dynamics of Soil Respiration -- 4.3.3 Interannual and Spatial Variation in Soil Respiration -- 4.3.4 Environmental Dependencies of Soil Respiration -- 4.4 NEE of CO2 in Larch Forest -- 4.4.1 The Daily and Seasonal Dynamics -- 4.4.2 Contribution of Permafrost Forest in the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle of Russia -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Methane and Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions in Eastern Siberia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Ecosystem CH4 Source -- 5.2.1 Data Uncertainty -- 5.2.2 Processes -- 5.2.3 Terrestrial Ecosystems: Spatial and Seasonal Variation -- 5.2.4 The Ecosystem CH4 Source in Ponds and Lakes -- 5.3 Old Soil Carbon as a Source of CH4 -- 5.4 Deep Permafrost CH4 Sources -- 5.5 Effects of Environmental Change -- 5.5.1 Climate Change -- 5.5.2 Direct Climate Warming Effects -- 5.5.3 Geomorphological Change -- 5.5.4 Other Anthropogenic Disturbances -- 5.6 BVOC -- 5.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Stable Isotopes of Water in Permafrost Ecosystem -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Moisture in Permafrost Ecosystem -- 6.1.2 Use of Stable Isotopes of Water -- 6.2 Water Budget of Taiga Forest Ecosystem -- 6.2.1 Changes in Soil Moisture and Its Water Isotopic Composition. , 6.2.1.1 Isotopic Composition of Precipitation in Eastern Siberia -- 6.2.1.2 Soil Moisture Equivalent and the Water Isotopes -- 6.2.2 Source of Water for Plants -- 6.2.3 Role of Water and Ice in the Bottom Layer of Active Layer and Uppermost Layer of Permafrost -- 6.2.4 Discharge of Water from Land to River -- 6.3 Taiga as a Source of Atmospheric Water Vapor -- 6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7: Water-Carbon Cycle in Dendrochronology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Stable Carbon Isotope in Tree Rings -- 7.2.1 Analysis and Theory -- 7.2.2 Corrections -- 7.2.3 Intrinsic Water-Use Efficiency -- 7.3 Analysis of Tree Physiological Response to Past Climate Change -- 7.3.1 Study Sites -- 7.3.2 Positive Tree Growth Response to Warming in a Subarctic Forest Ecosystem -- 7.3.3 Negative Tree Growth Response to Warming in Southern Boreal Forests -- 7.3.4 Challenges for the Future Development of Tree-Ring Carbon Cycling Research -- 7.4 Reconstruction of Past Climate and Environmental Changes -- 7.4.1 Hydroclimatic Reconstruction Based on Larch Tree-Ring δ13C -- 7.4.2 Reconstruction of In Situ Soil Moisture Observational Record Based on Larch Tree-Ring δ13C -- 7.5 Conclusion Remarks -- Reference -- Chapter 8: Permafrost-Forest Dynamics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Permafrost-Related Landscape -- 8.2.1 Geological History of Permafrost Evolution -- 8.2.2 Yedoma and Alas Formation -- 8.2.3 Recent Thermokarst Depression -- 8.2.4 Mountain Permafrost -- 8.3 Permafrost Structure (Profile, Ice) -- 8.3.1 Ice Complex (Yedoma) Distribution in Lena-Aldan Interfluve -- 8.3.2 Shielding Layer -- 8.4 Permafrost Temperature Change -- 8.4.1 Long-Term Changes in Northern Eurasia -- 8.4.2 Long-Term Changes in Eastern Siberia -- 8.5 Active-Layer Thickness Change -- 8.5.1 Russia -- 8.5.2 Central Yakutia -- 8.6 Permafrost Degradation in Forests (Forest Fires, Wetting). , 8.6.1 Forest Fire -- 8.6.2 Clear-Cutting -- 8.6.3 Wet Climate -- 8.7 Permafrost Degradation in Grassland (Thermokarst, Alas) -- 8.7.1 Evolution of Yedoma and Thermokarst Lakes -- 8.7.2 Emerging Degradation in Dry Grassland (Churapcha) -- 8.8 Future Climate Projection -- 8.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: River Discharge -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Lena River Basin -- 9.2.1 Geographical Scope -- 9.2.2 Seasonal Changes in Lena River Discharge -- 9.2.3 Long-Term Trend of Lena River Discharge -- 9.3 Hydrological Modeling for Arctic River Discharge -- 9.3.1 River Runoff Modeling -- 9.3.2 River Ice Modeling -- 9.3.3 Future Projections -- 9.4 River Water Chemistry in the Arctic -- 9.4.1 Importance of River Water Chemistry in the Arctic -- 9.4.2 Monitoring of River Water Chemistry in the Arctic -- 9.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 10: Remote Sensing of Vegetation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Observation of Aboveground Biomass -- 10.2.1 Vegetation Indices -- 10.2.2 Leaf Area Index -- 10.2.3 Radar and LiDAR Remote Sensing -- 10.3 Observation of Plant Functional Type -- 10.4 Observations of Growing Season Duration -- 10.4.1 Satellite Observation -- 10.4.2 Satellite Observation Issues -- 10.4.2.1 Issue 1: Systematic Noise -- 10.4.2.2 Issue 2: Atmospheric Noise and Cloud Contamination -- 10.4.2.3 Issue 3: Heterogeneity of Plant Functional Type -- 10.4.2.4 Issue 4: Effect of Solar Zenith and View Angles -- 10.4.2.5 Issue 5: Insufficient Ground-Truthing -- 10.4.3 In Situ Observations -- 10.4.4 Integrating In Situ and Satellite Observations -- 10.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 11: Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Water -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) -- 11.2.1 Remote Sensing of TWS -- 11.2.2 TWS Datasets -- 11.2.3 Scientific Applications of TWS -- 11.2.4 Perspectives on TWS Remote Sensing. , 11.3 Soil Moisture (SM) -- 11.3.1 Remote Sensing of SM -- 11.3.2 SM Datasets -- 11.3.2.1 ASCAT -- 11.3.2.2 AMSR2 -- 11.3.2.3 SMOS -- 11.3.2.4 SMAP -- 11.3.2.5 Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) -- 11.3.3 Scientific Applications of SM -- 11.3.4 Perspectives on SM Remote Sensing -- 11.4 Snow -- 11.4.1 Remote Sensing of Snow -- 11.4.2 Snow Datasets -- 11.4.2.1 Snow Coverage Area -- 11.4.2.1.1 MODIS -- 11.4.2.1.2 IMS (Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System) -- 11.4.2.1.3 NOAA Weekly Data -- 11.4.2.2 Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) -- 11.4.2.2.1 Passive Microwave Instruments (SSM/I and AMSR2) (Foster et al. 2005 -- Tedesco and Jeyaratnam 2016) -- 11.4.2.2.2 GlobSnow, European Space Agency (ESA) -- 11.4.3 Scientific Applications of Snow -- 11.4.4 Perspectives on Snow Remote Sensing -- 11.5 Surface Water (SW) -- 11.5.1 Remote Sensing of SW -- 11.5.2 SW Datasets -- 11.5.2.1 Landsat-TM -- 11.5.2.2 AMSR-E/AMSR2 -- 11.5.2.3 Multiple Sensors -- 11.5.3 Scientific Applications of SW -- 11.5.4 Perspectives on SW Remote Sensing -- 11.6 Emerging Research: Data Assimilation -- 11.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12: Carbon-Water Cycle Modeling -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Model Assessment at Site-Specific Scales -- 12.2.1 Model Description -- 12.2.2 Water and Energy Balance -- 12.2.3 Rapid Increases in Soil Temperature and Moisture -- 12.3 Pan-Arctic Model Simulation -- 12.3.1 Model Description -- 12.3.2 Increasing Snow in Siberia -- 12.3.3 Warming and Permafrost Degradation -- 12.3.4 Changes in Hydrologic Processes in Eastern Siberia -- 12.3.5 Changes in Carbon Fluxes in Eastern Siberia -- 12.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 13: Water and Carbon Dynamics in Eastern Siberia: Concluding Remarks -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Main Results in the Water and Carbon Dynamics in Eastern Siberia -- 13.3 Future Works in Eastern Siberia. , References.