Note: Front Cover -- Pineal and Retinal Relationships -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF PHOTONEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS -- III. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2. MULTIPLE CELL TYPES IN THE PINEAL : FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. BINEURONAL CHAINS OF NON MAMMALIAN VERTEBRATES, FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS -- III. GRADUAL REPLACEMENT OF BINEURONAL CHAINS BY MODIFIED PHOTORECEPTORS AND PINEALOCYTES IN VERTEBRATES -- IV. EXTRINSIC (= EFFERENT) INNERVATION -- V. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. PHOTONEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF PINEALOCYTES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE PINEAL SYSTEM -- III. SUMMARY AND CONLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4. TURNOVER OF PINEAL PHOTORECEPTIVE MEMBRANES IN THE FROG, RANA ESCULENTA COMPLEX -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- III. RESULTS -- IV. DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. REGULATION OF TELEOST RETINOMOTOR MOVEMENTS BY CYCLIC AMP, CALCIUM, AND DOPAMINE -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. LIGHT AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION OF RETINOMOTOR MOVEMENTS -- III. INTRACELLULAR REGULATION OF RETINOMOTOR MOVEMENTS BY Ca++ AND cAMP -- IV. EXTRACELLULAR REGULATION OF RETINOMOTOR MOVEMENTS BY DOPAMINE -- IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6. CIRCADIAN PHOTORECEPTOR OUTER SEGMENT DISC SHEDDING IN THE RAT -- I. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND INTRODUCTION -- II. DIRECTIONS OF DISC SHEDDING RESEARCH -- III. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7. INDOLE BIOCHEMISTRY IN PINEAL AND RETINAL MECHANISMS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- III. NEUROCHEMICAL CROSSCURRENTS: SELECTIVE SURVEY -- IV. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 8. MELATONIN IN VERTEBRATES: ARGUMENTS FOR LOCAL FUNCTIONS AND HORMONAL EFFECTS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. Sites of Melatonin Synthesis in Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Survey -- III. An Hypothesis -- IV. Summary -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9. MULTIPLE AROMATIC AMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASES IN THE PINEAL GLAND -- I. SEROTONIN → MELATONIN CONVERSION -- II. NEURAL REGULATION OF SEROTONIN NAT IN THE PINEAL GLAND -- III. REGULATION OF SEROTONIN NAT IN THE EYE -- IV. ARYLAMINE AND ARYLALKYLAMINE NATS IN THE PINEAL GLAND -- V. MULTIPLE FORMS OF ARYLALKYLAMINE NAT -- VI. MULTIPLE AROMATIC AMINE NATS IN OTHER TISSUES -- VII. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10. LOCALIZATION OF MELATONIN SYNTHESIS AND BINDING IN THE VERTEBRATE RETINA -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- III. RESULTS -- IV. DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11. MELATONIN AND N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE RHYTHMS IN PINEAL AND RETINA -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE RHYTHM, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY -- III. REGULATION BY LIGHT AND DARK -- IV. PROPERTIES OF NAT IN RETINA AND PINEAL -- V. INTERACTION OF PINEAL AND RETINA -- VI. PINEAL AND RETINA ARE SIMILAR -- VII. PINEAL AND RETINA FUNCTION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 12. RHYTHMS OF MELATONIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN RETINA: INVOLVEMENT OF CALCIUM, CYCLIC AMP AND DOPAMINE IN THE REGULATION OF SEROTONIN N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF RETINAL NAT ACTIVITY -- III. EFFECT OF CYCLIC AMP ON RETINAL NAT ACTIVITY -- IV. INVOLVEMENT OF CALCIUM IN THE REGULATION OF RETINAL NAT ACTIVITY -- V. THE ROLE OF DOPAMINE IN THE REGULATION OF RETINAL NAT ACTIVITY -- VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13. MELATONIN AND DOPAMINE INTERACTIONS IN THE REGULATION OF RHYTHMIC PHOTORECEPTOR METABOLISM -- I. INTRODUCTION -- REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 14. MODULATION OF DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY BY MELATONIN IN RETINA -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- III. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 15. THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT IRRADIANCE AND WAVELENGTH ON PINEAL PHYSIOLOGY OF MAMMALS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. EFFECTS OF LIGHT IRRADIANCE AND WAVELENGTH ON PINEAL NAT AND MELATONIN -- III. EFFECTS OF LIGHT IRRADIANCE AND WAVELENGTH ON PINEAL-REPRODUCTIVE INTERACTIONS -- IV. EFFECTS OF NEAR-ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ON PINEAL MELATONIN -- V. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16. THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS (SCN) AS A SITE OF THE CIRCADIAN PACEMAKER IN MAMMALS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MULTIPLE UNIT ACTIVITY OF THE SCN -- III. STUDIES FOR THE FUTURE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 17. ADRENERGIC REGULATION OF CYCLIC AMP AND CYCLIC GMP IN RAT PINEALOCYTES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. METHODS -- III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 18. RETINAL S-ANTIGEN, AN OVERVIEW -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 19. PINEAL GLAND IN S ANTIGEN INDUCED EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE UVEITIS -- I. CROSSREACTIVITY OF S ANTIGEN FROM RETINA AND PINEAL -- II. PINEAL INVOLVEMENT IN S-INDUCED EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE UVEITIS -- III. SPECIES SPECIFICITY OF S ANTIGEN IN PINEAL -- IV. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 20. Isolation of cDNAs for Bovine S-Antigen -- I. INTRODUCTION -- Materials and Methods -- RESULTS -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHAPTER 21. S-ANTIGEN IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- III. RESULTS -- IV. DISCUSSION -- V. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 22. Effects of Continuous Light Exposure on Pinealitis Induced by Retinal Soluble Antigen -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- III. RESULTS -- IV. DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 23. Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein: A Link Between Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells and Pineal Gland -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES -- III. RESULTS -- IV. DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 24. INTERSTITIAL RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN (IRBP) IN RAT AND BOVINE PINEAL ORGANS: EVOLUTIONARY VESTIGE OR FUNCTIONAL MOLECULE? -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. RETINOID-BINDING PROTEINS AND THE EYE -- III. INTERSTITIAL RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN IN THE PINEAL ORGAN -- IV. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 25. ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC LOCALIZATION OF IMMUNOREACTIVE OPSIN IN THE PINEAL ORGAN -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. RESULTS -- III. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 26. STRUCTURE OF TRANSDUCIN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CELLULAR GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING PROTEINS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS OF TRANSDUCIN -- III. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN TRANSDUCIN AND GTP-BINDING PROTEINS OF ADENYLATE CYCLASES -- IV. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 27. LIGHT ACTIVATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C IN FROG ROD OUTER SEGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index.

Note: Nanoscience -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Gold and silver nanostructures of controlled shape -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recent developments in the synthesis gold and silver nanostructures of controlled shape -- 3 Recent advances in production and uses of gold and silver nanoparticle assemblies -- 4 Concluding remarks -- References -- Nanomaterials for solar energy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ternary and quaternary materials -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Direct write nanolithography -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Direct write 'inks' for various lithography techniques -- 3 Conclusions and outlook -- References -- Nanostructured photocatalysts for solar water-splitting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Titanium dioxide-based photocatalysts -- 3 Other metal oxide photocatalysts -- 4 Other semiconductor photocatalysts -- 5 The photoelectrochemical approach -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- A perspective for photocatalytic materials chemistry in China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen generation -- 3 Photocatalytic decomposition of aqueous pollutants -- 4 The degradation of air pollutants -- References -- Nanoscience research in India: Recent contributions (2012-2013) -- 1 Design of nanomaterials -- 2 Photocatalysis -- 3 Photovoltaics -- 4 Catalysis -- 5 Electrocatalysis -- 6 Carbon based nanomaterials -- 7 Graphene-based nanocomposites -- 8 Drug delivery -- 9 Water purification -- 10 Conclusions -- References -- Metal oxide nanoparticles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Developments in the preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles -- 3 Concluding remarks -- References -- Recent developments in the design of nanomaterials for photothermal and magnetic hyperthermia induced controllable drug delivery -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Photothermal induced drug release -- 3 Magnetic hyperthermia induced drug release -- 4 Concluding remarks -- References. , Nano dimensional ZnO: new chemical insights from an old material -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Optical and structural properties of ZnO quantum dots -- 3 Chemical synthesis of ZnO nanocrystals -- 4 Chemistry on the surface of ZnO nanocrystals -- 5 Doping of ZnO quantum dots with metal ions -- 6 Technological applications of ZnO nanocrystals -- 7 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Artificial Cilia -- CONTENTS -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Natural Cilia -- 1.2 Low Reynolds Number Flows -- 1.3 Artificial Cilia: Micro-fluidics Applications -- 1.4 This Book: An Overview of Artificial Cilia Research and Technologies -- 1.5 Perspectives: Looking at the Future -- References -- Section 1 Theoretical and Numerical Descriptions of Artificial Cilia -- CHAPTER 2 Numerical Model for Artificial Cilia -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Bead-spring Model for Artificial Cilia -- 2.2.1 Method of Mobilities -- 2.2.2 Rotne-Prager Approximation -- 2.2.3 Stretching and Bending Forces -- 2.2.4 The Sperm Number -- 2.3 A Superparamagnetic Filament for Fluid Transport -- 2.3.1 Actuation of the Filament -- 2.3.2 Pumping Performance -- 2.3.3 Two-dimensional Stroke -- 2.3.4 Metachronal Waves -- 2.3.5 Three-dimensional Stroke -- 2.4 Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 3 Computational Design of Magnetic Artificial Cilia -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Equations of Motion -- 3.2.1 Governing Equations -- 3.2.2 Dimensionless Parameters -- 3.3 Asymmetric Configurations -- 3.3.1 Curled Permanently Magnetic Cilia -- 3.3.2 Super-paramagnetic Cilia -- 3.4 Fluid Transport -- 3.4.1 Basic Mechanism -- 3.4.2 Effect of Fluid Inertia -- 3.5 Effect of Channel Dimensions -- 3.5.1 Closed-loop Channel -- 3.5.2 Open-loop Channel -- 3.6 Out-of-phase Motion of Cilia -- 3.7 Design Guidelines -- References -- CHAPTER 4 Modeling the Interaction of Active Cilia with Species in Solution: From Chemical Reagents to Microscopic Particles -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Modeling the Interaction of Belousov-Zhabotinsky Cilia and Reagents in Solution -- 4.2.1 Methodology -- 4.2.2 Results and Discussion -- 4.3 Modeling the Interaction of Adhesive Cilia with Microscopic Particles -- 4.3.1 Methodology -- 4.3.2 Results and Discussion -- 4.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References. , Section 2 Experimental Approaches to Create Artificial Cilia -- CHAPTER 5 Electrostatic Artificial Cilia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Flow Generation and Micro-mixing by Electrostatic Artificial Cilia -- 5.2.1 Electrostatic Artificial Cilia -- 5.2.2 Particle Tracking Experiments -- 5.2.3 Mixing Experiments -- 5.2.4 Optical Coherence Tomography Experiments -- 5.3 Uncovering the Mechanism of Fluid Manipulation Using Electrostatic Artificial Cilia -- 5.3.1 The Numerical Model -- 5.3.2 Results -- 5.4 Fabrication and Experimental and Numerical Methods -- 5.4.1 Manufacturing of the Artificial Cilia -- 5.4.2 Manufacturing of the Mixing Channel -- 5.4.3 Driving the Artificial Cilia -- 5.4.4 High-speed Camera Measurements -- 5.4.5 Particle Tracking Measurements -- 5.4.6 Mixing Visualization Experiments -- 5.4.7 Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements -- 5.4.8 Numerical Implementation -- 5.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- CHAPTER 6 Ferromagnetic Cilia -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 (Ferro-)magnetic Actuation and Scaling Behaviours -- 6.2.1 Torque -- 6.2.2 Gradient Force -- 6.2.3 Scaling -- 6.2.4 Ferromagnetic Versus Super-paramagnetic -- 6.3 Fabrication and Experimental Methods -- 6.3.1 Ferromagnetic Polydimethylsiloxane Composite -- 6.3.2 Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Lying Artificial Cilia -- 6.3.3 Quadrupole Set-up for a Rotating Magnetic Field -- 6.3.4 Closed Micro-fluidic Channel Assembly and Particle Tracking Experiments -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Magnetization of the Ferromagnetic PDMS Composite -- 6.4.2 Actuation of Artificial Cilia in a Homogeneous Rotating Magnetic Field -- 6.4.3 Fluid Manipulations by Ferromagnetic Cilia -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 7 Light-actuated Artificial Cilia Based on Liquid Crystal Networks -- 7.1 Introduction. , 7.2 Anisotropy in Mechanical Properties and Thermal Expansion -- 7.3 Molecular Alignment Configurations -- 7.4 Light-induced Deformation -- 7.5 Inkjet Printing Actuators: Towards Polymer Cilia -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- CHAPTER 8 Hydrogel-Actuated Integrated Responsive Systems (HAIRS): Creating Cilia-like 'Hairy' Surfaces -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Creating the Lexicon of Nanohair Motions -- 8.2.1 Nanohair Gymnastic Abilities -- 8.2.2 Programming the Elements of Motion -- 8.2.3 Cooperation with the Solvent -- 8.3 Hydrogel as the Driving Force: Nanohairs Meet Their Match -- 8.3.1 Tailoring Hydrogels as Chemo-mechanical Transducers -- 8.3.2 Putting Hairs and Gels Together -- 8.3.3 Sculpting the Gel -- 8.4 HAIRS in the World -- 8.4.1 Reading a Complex Environment -- 8.4.2 Talking Back -- 8.5 Outlook: Small Hairs, Big Dreams -- Acknowledgement -- References -- CHAPTER 9 Microwalkers -- 9.1 Introduction: Walking and Friction -- 9.2 Single Microwalkers -- 9.2.1 Assembly and Motion of Microwalkers -- 9.3 Computational and Theoretical Approaches to Study Single Microwalkers -- 9.3.1 Theoretical Approaches -- 9.3.2 Computational Approaches -- 9.4 Microwalker 'Armies' -- 9.5 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 10 Artificial Flagellar Micro-swimmers -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Swimming at Low Reynolds Number -- 10.3 Fabrication and Modeling of Magnetic Flexible Filaments -- 10.4 Artificial Micro-swimmers -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- Section 3 The Potential of Artificial Cilia: Experimental Evidence -- CHAPTER 11 Fluid Manipulation by Artificial Cilia -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Measurement Set-up -- 11.2.2 Channel Device -- 11.3 Brightfield and μPIV Measurements -- 11.4 Results -- 11.4.1 Time-resolved Cilia and Fluid Motion. , 11.4.2 The Cilia-induced Maximum Volume Flow Rate -- 11.4.3 Comparison with Existing Micro-fluidic Systems -- 11.5 Summary and Discussion -- 11.6 Outlook -- Acknowledgement -- References -- CHAPTER 12 Measurement of Fluid Flow Generated by Artificial Cilia -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Experimental Set-up -- 12.3 Theory and Simulations -- 12.3.1 Methods of Flow Description -- 12.3.2 Rotne-Prager Approximation -- 12.3.3 Equations of Motion -- 12.3.4 Far Field of the Flow -- 12.4 Results -- 12.4.1 Flow Around a Single Artificial Cilium -- 12.4.2 Flow Induced by a Row of Cilia -- 12.4.3 Flow Above a Ciliary Array -- 12.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Recent progress in chiral inorganic nanostructures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metallic nanostructures -- 3 Chiral semiconducting nanostructures -- 4 Chiral metal oxide nanostructures -- 5 Chiral silica nanostructures -- 6 Chiral hybrid nanostructures -- 7 Conclusions and outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Metal oxide nanoparticles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recent developments in the synthesis of metal oxide nanostructures -- 3 Concluding remarks -- References -- The recent developments in nanoparticle synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 II-VI materials -- 3 III-V nanocrystals -- 4 III-VI nanocrystals -- 5 IV-VI nanocrystals -- 6 Transition metal chalcogenides -- 7 Copper-based ternerary and quartenary nanoparticles -- 8 References -- Recent developments in tuning the structural and functional properties of supported bimetallic nanoalloy catalysts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Concluding comments -- References -- Recent progress in scanning transmission electron microscope imaging and analysis: application to nanoparticles and 2D nanomaterials -- 1 Brief introduction to STEM -- 2 Two dimensional crystals -- 3 Nanoparticles -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Microsphere super-resolution imaging -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microsphere super-resolution focusing -- 3 Microsphere nanoscopy super-resolution imaging -- 4 Super-resolution mechanism -- 5 Outlooks -- References -- Several recent designs or choices of nanomaterials for photocatalysis: Ag/AgCl composite, silicate and Bi2MoO6 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of Ag/AgCl-based plasmonic photocatalysts under visible light irradiation -- 3 Preparation of the high performance of nano-silicate-based photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation. , 4 Visible light responsive Bi2MoO6 photocatalyst: the preparation, morphology modulation and heterogeneous structure building -- References -- Biological applications of nanomaterials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nanoparticles -- 3 Nanowires, nanorods and nanotubes -- 4 Nanosheets -- 5 Conclusions and outlook -- References -- 2D nanomaterials - beyond graphene -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Graphene derivatives -- 3 Other 2D nanocrystals -- 4 Applications of 2D nanocrystals -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Evolution of atomically precise clusters through the eye of mass spectrometry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Clusters of the past -- 3 Advances in cluster science -- 4 Multidimensional mass spectrometry -- 5 Clusters of other metals -- 6 Protein protected clusters -- 7 Conclusion and future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References.

Note: CVD of Compound Semiconductors -- Contents -- 1 Basic Concepts -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Compound Semiconductors -- 1.3 Description of the Band Gap -- 1.3.1 Density of States -- 1.3.2 Extrinsic Semiconductors -- 1.3.3 Characterizing Carrier Concentrations -- 1.3.4 Direct and Indirect Band Gaps -- 1.3.5 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy -- 1.3.6 p-n Junctions -- 1.4 General Structural Properties of Compound Semiconductors -- 1.5 Applications of III-V Semiconductors -- 1.5.1 Light Emitting Diodes -- 1.5.2 Solid State Lasers -- 1.6 Structural Properties and Applications of II-VI Semiconductors -- 1.7 III-VI Semiconductors -- 1.8 Vapor Phase Techniques -- 1.8.1 Methods of Crystal Growth -- 1.8.2 Historical Perspective -- 1.8.3 Basic Principles of MOVPE, CBE and ALE -- 1.8.3.1 Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) -- 1.8.3.2 Chemical Beam Epitaxy -- 1.8.3.3 Photoassisted Processes -- 1.8.3.4 Atomic Layer Epitaxy (ALE) -- 1.9 References -- 2 Precursor Chemistry -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Group IIIA Metalorganic Precursors -- 2.2.1 Aluminum Chemistry -- 2.2.2 Gallium -- 2.2.3 Indium -- 2.2.4 Group III Metal Alkyl Adducts -- 2.2.5 Metalorganic Precursor Purity -- 2.3 Analysis Techniques -- 2.3.1 Determination of Trace Metal Impurities -- 2.3.2 Determination of Organic Impurities -- 2.3.3 Identification of Impurities in the Semiconductor Layer -- 2.4 Purification of Group III Trialkyl Compounds -- 2.4.1 Classical Purification Techniques -- 2.4.2 Adduct Purification Techniques -- 2.5 Group II Metalorganic Precursors -- 2.5.1 Dialkylzinc Compounds -- 2.5.2 Other Group II Metalorganic Precursors -- 2.6 Purification of Group II Precursors -- 2.6.1 Adduct Purification of Group II Metalorganic Precursors -- 2.7 Compounds of Phosphorus, Arsenic and Antimony -- 2.7.1 Alkylarsenic Compounds -- 2.7.2 Alkyl Phosphorus Hydrides -- 2.7.3 Alkylantimony Compounds. , 2.8 Group VI Metalorganic Precursors -- 2.8.1 Compounds of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium -- 2.9 Thermal Stability of Metalorganic Precursors -- 2.9.1 DSC Data for Group III Metalorganics -- 2.9.2 Base-Free Trialkyls, R3M -- 2.9.3 Adducts of Group III Trialkyls -- 2.9.4 Precursors Containing an Al-Hydride Bond -- 2.9.5 DSC Data for Group II Alkyls -- 2.9.6 Conclusions -- 2.10 References -- 3 MOVPE of III-V Compounds -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Growth of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) -- 3.2.1 Growth Using Conventional Precursors -- 3.2.1.1 Me/Ga/AsH3 -- 3.2.1.2 Et/Ga/AsH3 -- 3.2.2 Growth of GaAs Using Alternative Ga Precursors -- 3.2.3 Growth of GaAs Using Alternative As Precursors -- 3.2.3.1 Precursor Requirements -- 3.2.3.2 Trialkylarsenic Precursors -- 3.2.3.3 Alkylarsenic Hydride Precursors -- 3.2.3.4 Alternative Arsenic Precursors Containing Other Functional Groups -- 3.3 Growth of Aluminum Gallium Arsenide (AlGaAs) -- 3.3.1 Growth of AlGaAs Using Conventional Precursors -- 3.3.1.1 Carbon Incorporation -- 3.3.1.2 Oxygen Incorporation -- 3.3.2 Growth of AlGaAs Using Alternative A1 Precursors -- 3.3.2.1 AlGaAs Growth Using Methyl-Based Alternatives -- 3.3.2.2 AlGaAs Growth Using Ethyl-Based Alternatives -- 3.3.2.3 AlGaAs Growth Using Higher Al Alkyls -- 3.3.2.4 AlGaAs Growth Using Al-Hydride Precursors -- 3.3.2.5 AlGaAs Growth Using Coordinatively Saturated Al-Alkyls -- 3.3.2.6 Growth of AlGaAs Using TBA -- 3.4 Growth of Indium-Based Alloys -- 3.4.1 Growth Using Conventional Precursors -- 3.4.2 Growth of InP Using Alternative In Precursors -- 3.4.2.1 Use of Adducts in InP Growth -- 3.4.2.2 Alternative Liquid Indium Precursors for InP Growth -- 3.4.3 Growth of InP Using Alternative Phosphorus Precursors -- 3.4.3.1 Tertiarybutylphosphine -- 3.4.3.2 Alternative RPH2 Precursors -- 3.4.4 Precursors for AlInAs and AlInGaAs Growth. , 3.5 Growth of Antimony-Based Alloys -- 3.5.1 Antimonide Growth Using Conventional Precursors -- 3.5.2 Alternative Sb Precursors -- 3.5.3 Alternative Group III Precursors for Group III-Antimonide Growth -- 3.6 Growth of Group III Nitrides -- 3.6.1 Growth Using Conventional Precursors -- 3.6.1.1 Mechanism of Group III Nitride Growth from Conventional Sources -- 3.6.2 Growth of Group III Nitrides Using Alternative Precursors -- 3.6.2.1 Alternative Nitrogen Sources -- 3.6.2.2 Alternative Group III Precursors -- 3.6.3 Conclusions Concerning the Low Temperature Growth of Group III Nitrides -- 3.7 Metalorganic Dopant Sources for III-V Alloys -- 3.7.1 Doping of Group III Arsenides and Phosphides -- 3.7.2 Doping of Group III Nitrides -- 3.8 Hydrogen Passivation of Intentional Dopants -- 3.9 Selective Area Epitaxy -- 3.10 Photo-Assisted Growth of III-V Materials -- 3.11 References -- 4 MOVPE of II-VI Compounds -- 4.1 Precursors for Wide Band Gap II-VI Alloys -- 4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 Growth of Zinc-Based Chalcogenides -- 4.1.2.1 Alternative Zinc Precursors -- 4.1.2.2 Alternative Group VI Precursors -- 4.1.3 Metalorganic Dopant Sources for ZnSe and ZnS -- 4.1.4 Precursors for Cadmium-Based Chalcogenides -- 4.2 Metalorganic Precursors for Narrow Band Gap II-VI Materials -- 4.2.1 Alternative Organotellurium Precursors for Growth of CdTe and CdHgTe -- 4.2.2 Alternative Cd Precursors for Growth of CdTe and CdHgTe -- 4.2.3 Alternative Hg Precursors -- 4.2.4 Metalorganic Dopant Sources for CdHgTe and Related Alloys -- 4.2.4.1 n-Type Doping -- 4.2.4.2 p-Type Doping -- 4.2.4.3 Mn-Doping of Cd-Based Narrow Band Gap Alloys -- 4.2.5 Reaction Mechanisms in Narrow Gap Alloy Growth -- 4.3 Photoassisted MOVPE of II-VI Semiconductors -- 4.3.1 Photodissociation of Group II Metal Alkyls -- 4.3.1.1 Vapor Phase Photodissociation -- 4.3.1.2 Surface Photodissociation Reactions. , 4.3.2 Photoepitaxy of CdTe and CdxHg1-xTe -- 4.3.3 Photoepitaxy of Zn-Based II-VI Semiconductors -- 4.4 References -- 5 Metalorganic Precursors for Chemical Beam Epitaxy -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Growth of GaAs and AlGaAs -- 5.2.1 Growth Using Conventional Precursors -- 5.2.1.1 GaAs Growth -- 5.2.1.2 AlGaAs Growth -- 5.2.2 Growth of GaAs and AlGaAs by CBE Using Alternative Metalorganic Precursors -- 5.2.2.1 Alternative Al Precursors -- 5.2.2.2 Alternative Ga Precursors -- 5.2.2.3 New Routes to Low-Oxygen Content CBE Precursors -- 5.2.2.4 Alternative As Precursors for CBE -- 5.3 Growth of InP and Related Alloys by CBE -- 5.3.1 Conventional Precursors -- 5.3.2 Growth of In-Based Alloys Using Alternative Precursors -- 5.3.2.1 Alternative In Sources -- 5.3.2.2 Alternative Phosphorus Sources -- 5.4 Metalorganic Dopant Sources for CBE/MOMBE -- 5.4.1 Doping of GaAs and AlGaAs -- 5.4.1.1 n-Type Dopant Sources -- 5.4.1.2 p-Type Dopant Sources -- 5.4.2 Doping of InP and InGaAs -- 5.4.3 Hydrogen Passivation of Dopants in CBE -- 5.5 Growth of Group III-Antimonides -- 5.6 Precursors for the Growth of Wide Band Gap III-V and II-VI Materials by CBE -- 5.6.1 Growth of ZnSe and Related Alloys -- 5.6.2 Growth of Group III Nitrides -- 5.7 Selective Area Epitaxy of III-V Materials by CBE -- 5.8 Laser-Assisted CBE or MOMBE -- 5.9 References -- 6 Atomic Layer Epitaxy -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Growth of GaAs by ALE -- 6.2.1 Conventional Precursors -- 6.2.2 Selective Adsorption Mechanism -- 6.2.3 Adsorbable Inhibition Mechanism of ALE -- 6.2.4 The Flux Balance Mechanism of ALE -- 6.2.5 Source of Excess Gallium Deposition in GaAs ALE -- 6.2.6 Alternative Precursors for GaAs ALE -- 6.3 Growth of Other Binary III-V Alloys by ALE -- 6.3.1 InP ALE -- 6.3.2 InAs ALE -- 6.3.3 Ga PALE -- 6.3.4 AlAs ALE -- 6.4 Growth of Ternary III-V Alloys by ALE. , 6.5 Intentional Doping of III-V Alloys Grown by ALE -- 6.5.1 n-Type Doping -- 6.5.2 p-Type Doping -- 6.6 ALE of II-VI Materials -- 6.7 References -- 7 The Single Source Approach to the Deposition of Compound Semiconducting Materials by MOCVD and Related Methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Single Source Precursors for III-V Compounds -- 7.2.1 Perspective -- 7.2.2 Synthetic Methods -- 7.2.3 Recent Studies of Compounds of the Type [R2MER2]2 -- 7.2.4 Alternative Single Source III-V Precursors -- 7.2.5 Chemical Factors Influencing the Decomposition of Precursors of the Type [R2MER2]2 -- 7.2.6 Recent Developments for Nitride Deposition -- 7.3 Single-Source Precursors for II-VI Materials -- 7.3.1 Chalcogenate Precursors -- 7.3.2 Volatile Chalcogenides as Single Source Precursors -- 7.3.3 Dithio- and Diseleno-Carbamates and Related Compounds as Precursors -- 7.4 Precursors for the Deposition of III-VI Materials -- 7.5 References -- Recommended Reading -- Postscript -- Appendix 1: Selected Vapor Pressure Data -- Appendix 2: Health and Safety Information -- Appendix 3: Electron Mobility and Compensation Ratios at 77 K in n-Type GaAs and InP -- Index.

Note: Atom Resolved Surface Reactions -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Some Relevant Units - SI and Derived Units -- CHAPTER 1 Some Milestones in the Development of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 1926: Catalysis Theory and Practice -- Rideal and Taylor -- 1.3 1932: Adsorption of Gases by Solids -- Faraday Discussion, Oxford -- 1.4 1940: Seventeenth Faraday Lecture -- Langmuir -- 1.5 1950: Heterogeneous Catalysis -- Faraday Discussion, Liverpool -- 1.6 1954: Properties of Surfaces -- 1.7 1957: Advances in Catalysis -- International Congress on Catalysis, Philadelphia -- 1.8 1963: Conference on Clean Surfaces with Supplement: Surface Phenomena in Semiconductors, New York -- 1.9 1966: Faraday Discussion Meeting, Liverpool -- 1.10 1967: The Emergence of Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- 1.11 1968: Berkeley Meeting: Structure and Chemistry of Solid Surfaces -- 1.12 1972: A Discussion on the Physics and Chemistry of Surfaces, London -- 1.13 1987: Faraday Symposium, Bath -- 1.14 Summary -- References -- Further Reading -- CHAPTER 2 Experimental Methods in Surface Science Relevant to STM -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Kinetic Methods -- 2.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy -- 2.4 Work Function -- 2.5 Structural Studies -- 2.6 Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- 2.7 The Dynamics of Adsorption -- 2.8 Summary -- References -- Further Reading -- CHAPTER 3 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy: Theory and Experiment -- 3.1 The Development of Ultramicroscopy -- 3.2 The Theory of STM -- 3.3 The Interpretation of STM Images -- 3.4 Scanning Tunnelling Spectroscopy -- 3.5 The STM Experiment -- 3.6 The Scanner -- 3.6.1 Sample Approach -- 3.6.2 Adaptations of the Scanner for Specific Experiments -- 3.7 Making STM Tips -- 3.7.1 Tip Materials -- References -- CHAPTER 4 Dynamics of Surface Reactions and Oxygen Chemisorption -- 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Surface Reconstruction and ''Oxide'' Formation -- 4.3 Oxygen States at Metal Surfaces -- 4.4 Control of Oxygen States by Coadsorbates -- 4.5 Adsorbate Interactions, Mobility and Residence Times -- 4.6 Atom-tracking STM -- 4.7 Hot Oxygen Adatoms: How are they Formed? -- 4.8 Summary -- References -- Further Reading -- CHAPTER 5 Catalytic Oxidation at Metal Surfaces: Atom Resolved Evidence -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Ammonia Oxidation -- 5.2.1 Cu(110) Pre-exposed to Oxygen -- 5.2.2 Coadsorption of Ammonia-Oxygen Mixtures at Cu(110) -- 5.2.3 Coadsorption of Ammonia-Oxygen Mixtures at Mg(0001) -- 5.2.4 Ni(110) Pre-exposed to Oxygen -- 5.2.5 Ag(110) Pre-exposed to Oxygen -- 5.3 Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide -- 5.4 Oxidation of Hydrogen -- 5.5 Oxidation of Hydrocarbons -- 5.6 Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide -- 5.7 Theoretical Analysis of Activation by Oxygen -- 5.8 Summary -- References -- Further Reading -- CHAPTER 6 Surface Modification by Alkali Metals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Infrared Studies of CO at Cu(110)-Cs -- 6.3 Structural Studies of the Alkali Metal-modified Cu(110) Surface -- 6.3.1 Low-energy Electron Diffraction -- 6.3.2 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy -- 6.3.3 Cu(110)-Cs System -- 6.3.4 Oxygen Chemisorption at Cu(110)-Cs -- 6.4 Reactivity of Cu(110)-Cs to NH3 and CO2 -- 6.5 Au(110)-K System -- 6.6 Cu(100)-Li System -- 6.7 Summary -- References -- Further Reading -- CHAPTER 7 STM at High Pressure -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Catalysis and Chemisorption at Metals at High Pressure -- 7.2.1 Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide -- 7.2.2 Hydrogenation of Olefins -- 7.3 Restructuring of the Pt(110)-(1 × 2) Surface by Carbon Monoxide -- 7.4 Adsorption-induced Step Formation -- 7.5 Gold Particles at FeO(111) -- 7.6 Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange and Surface Poisoning -- 7.7 Summary -- References -- Further Reading. , CHAPTER 8 Molecular and Dissociated States of Molecules: Biphasic Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Nitric Oxide -- 8.3 Nitrogen Adatoms: Surface Structure -- 8.4 Carbon Monoxide -- 8.5 Hydrogen -- 8.6 Dissociative Chemisorption of HCl at Cu(110) -- 8.7 Chlorobenzene -- 8.8 Hydrocarbon Dissociation: Carbide Formation -- 8.9 Dissociative Chemisorption of Phenyl Iodide -- 8.10 Chemisorption and Trimerisation of Acetylene at Pd(111) -- 8.11 Summary -- References -- Further Reading -- CHAPTER 9 Nanoparticles and Chemical Reactivity -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Controlling Cluster Size on Surfaces -- 9.3 Alloy Ensembles -- 9.4 Nanoclusters at Oxide Surfaces -- 9.5 Oxidation and Polymerisation at Pd Atoms Deposited on MgO Surfaces -- 9.6 Clusters in Nanocatalysis -- 9.7 Molybdenum Sulfide Nanoclusters and Catalytic Hydrodesulfurisation Reaction Pathways -- 9.8 Nanoparticle Geometry at Oxide-supported Metal Catalysts -- 9.9 Summary -- References -- Further Reading -- CHAPTER 10 Studies of Sulfur and Thiols at Metal Surfaces -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Studies of Atomic Sulfur Adsorbed at Metal Surfaces -- 10.2.1 Copper -- 10.2.2 Nickel -- 10.2.3 Gold and Silver -- 10.2.4 Platinum, Rhodium, Ruthenium and Rhenium -- 10.2.5 Alloy Systems -- 10.3 Sulfur-containing Molecules -- 10.4 Summary -- References -- Further Reading -- CHAPTER 11 Surface Engineering at the Nanoscale -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 ''Bottom-up'' Surface Engineering -- 11.2.1 Van der Waals Forces -- 11.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding -- 11.2.3 Chiral Surfaces from Prochiral Adsorbates -- 11.2.4 Covalently Bonded Systems -- 11.3 Surface Engineering Using Diblock Copolymer Templates -- 11.4 Summary -- References -- Further Reading -- Epilogue -- Subject Index.

Note: Nanoscience -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Recent advances in mesocrystals and their related structures -- 1 Introduction to mesocrystals and nonclassical crystallization -- 2 Mesocrystals and their related structures -- 3 Recent development and application of mesocrystals -- 4 Conclusions and outlook -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Nanomaterials for solar energy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ternary and quaternary materials -- 3 Binary materials -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Magnetic hyperthermia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physical principles of magnetic hyperthermia -- 3 Biocompatible magnetic colloids for hyperthermia -- 4 Clinical trials: recent case studies -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Recent developments in transmission electron microscopy and their application for nanoparticle characterisation -- 1 Aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy -- 2 Exit wavefunction restoration -- 3 Chromatic aberration correction -- 4 Electron energy loss spectroscopy -- 5 Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) -- 6 Specimen preparation -- 7 Three dimensional TEM tomography -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Extracellular bacterial production of doped magnetite nanoparticles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Exploiting extracellular biogenic magnetite -- 3 Metal doped magnetites -- 4 X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) -- 5 Vanadium biomagnetite -- 6 Bionanomagnetite in textile wastewater treatment -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Atom-technology and beyond: manipulating matter using scanning probes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A potted history of advances in (ultra)high resolution SPM -- 3 Plucking, positioning, and perturbing atoms at silicon surfaces -- 4 Visualising (intra)molecular force-fields and submolecular structure -- 5 'Dialling in' dirac fermions and addressing atomic spins -- 6 The trouble with tips (reprise). , 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Graphene -- 3 Graphene oxide -- 4 Nanocomposites -- 5 Functional nanocomposites -- 6 Conclusions and prospects -- References -- Metal oxide nanoparticles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recent synthetic developments -- 3 Case study of advances in characterisation: BaTiO3 nanoparticles -- 4 Concluding remarks -- References -- Recent advances in quantum dot synthesis -- Introduction -- II-VI chalcogenides -- Transition metal chalcogenides -- Copper chalcogenides -- IV-VI chalcogenides -- Ternary materials -- Copper-based multicomponent chalcogenides -- Phosphide and arsenide - containing quantum dots -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Nanoscience in India: a perspective -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nanoscience research in India -- 3 Applications of nanomaterials -- 4 Nano-bio interface, nanomedicine and nanotoxicity -- 5 Nano and industry -- 6 Nano and education -- 7 Future of nano-research in India -- 8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References.

Note: Raman Spectroscopy, Fullerenes and Nanotechnology -- Contents -- CHAPTER 1 Nanotechnology, the Technology of Small Thermodynamic Systems -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Origins of Nanotechnology -- 1.3 What Nanotechnology Is -- 1.3.1 What Can Nanotechnology Do For Us? -- 1.3.2 Where did the Name ''Nano'' Came From? -- 1.3.3 Does Every Nanosystem Have To Be So Small? -- 1.3.4 How and Why do the Properties of Matter Change by Entering the Nano-domain? -- 1.3.5 Has Nanotechnology Been Used Before? -- 1.3.6 Why did it Take us so Long to Realize the Importance of Nanotechnology? -- 1.4 Back to the Science -- 1.5 Large Systems and Small Systems Limits -- 1.6 Scales of Inhomogeneity -- 1.6.1 Thermal Gravitational Scale -- 1.6.2 Capillary Length -- 1.6.3 Tolman Length -- 1.6.4 Line Tension (τ) and the (τ/σ) Ratio -- 1.6.5 Correlation Length (ξ) -- 1.7 Thermodynamics of Small Systems -- 1.8 Configurational Entropy of Small Systems -- 1.9 Nanophenomena -- 1.9.1 Optical Phenomena -- 1.9.2 Electronic Phenomena -- 1.9.3 Thermal Phenomena -- 1.9.4 Mechanical Phenomena -- References -- CHAPTER 2 Raman Spectroscopy -- the Diagnostic Tool -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Raman Phenomenon -- 2.3 General Theory of Raman Scattering -- 2.4 Raman Selection Rules -- 2.4.1 Vibration Modes and the Polarizability Tensor -- 2.5 Symmetry -- 2.5.1 Identity (E) -- 2.5.2 Center of Symmetry (i) -- 2.5.3 Rotation Axes (Cn) -- 2.5.4 Planes of Symmetry (σ) (Mirror Planes) -- 2.5.5 Rotation Reflection Axes (Sn) (Improper Rotation) -- 2.5.6 Symmetry Elements and Symmetry Operations -- 2.6 Point Groups -- 2.6.1 Point Groups of Molecules -- 2.6.2 Point Groups of Crystals -- 2.7 Space Groups -- 2.7.1 Screw Axis (np) -- 2.7.2 Glide Planes -- 2.7.3 Space Groups in One- and Two-dimensional Space -- 2.8 Character Table -- 2.8.1 Symmetry Operations and Transformation of Directional Properties. , 2.8.2 Degenerate Symmetry Species (Degenerate Representations) -- 2.8.3 Symmetry Species in Linear Molecules -- 2.8.4 Classification of Normal Vibration by Symmetry -- 2.8.5 Raman Overtones and Combination Bands -- 2.8.6 Molecular and Lattice Raman Modes -- 2.9 Raman from an Energy Transfer Viewpoint -- 2.10 Boltzmann Distribution and its Correlation to Raman Lines -- 2.11 Perturbation Effects on Raman Bands -- 2.11.1 Strain Effects -- 2.11.2 Heat Effects -- 2.11.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Effects -- 2.11.4 Structural Imperfections Effects -- 2.11.5 Chemical Potentials Effects -- 2.12 Resonant Raman Effect -- 2.13 Calculations of Raman Band Positions -- 2.14 Polarized Raman and Band Intensity -- 2.15 Dispersion Effect -- 2.16 Instrumentation -- Recommended General Reading -- References -- CHAPTER 3 Fullerenes, the Building Blocks -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Introduction -- 3.3 Fullerenes, the Beginnings and Current State -- 3.4 Zero-dimensional Fullerenes: The Structure -- 3.4.1 Structure of the [60] Fullerene Molecule -- 3.4.2 Structure of the [70] Fullerene Molecule -- 3.5 Production Methods of Fullerenes -- 3.5.1 Huffman-Krätschmer Method -- 3.5.2 Benzene Combustion Method -- 3.5.3 Condensation Method -- 3.6 Extraction Methods of Fullerenes -- 3.7 Purification Methods of Fullerene -- 3.8 Fullerene Onions -- 3.9 One-dimensional Fullerene: The Structure -- 3.9.1 Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) -- 3.9.2 Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) -- 3.9.3 Production of Carbon Nanotubes -- 3.10 Two-dimensional Fullerenes - Graphene -- References -- CHAPTER 4 The Nano-frontier -- Properties, Achievements, and Challenges -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Raman Scattering of Fullerenes -- 4.2.1 Raman Scattering of C60 Molecules and Crystals -- 4.2.2 Raman Scattering of C70 -- 4.2.3 Raman Scattering of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes. , 4.2.4 Raman Scattering of Double- and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes -- 4.2.5 Raman Scattering of Graphene -- 4.2.6 Thermal Effects on Raman Scattering -- 4.3 Fullerene Solubility and Solvent Interactions -- 4.3.1 Solvent Effects on Fullerenes -- 4.3.2 Fullerene Effects on Solvents -- 4.4 Fullerenes under Pressure -- 4.5 Overview, Potentials, Challenges, and Concluding Remarks -- References -- APPENDIX 1 Character Tables for Various Point Groups -- APPENDIX 2 General Formula for Calculating the Number of Normal Vibrations in Each Symmetry Species -- APPENDIX 3 Polarizability Tensors for the 32 Point Groups, Including the Icosahedral Group -- Subject Index.

Note: Ebook , Introduction Principles of Nanocasting Micro-, Meso-, Macropores Nanocast Carbon Morphology and Crystallinity Control of Nanocast Carbons Nanocast Metal Oxides, Sulfides, Carbide and Polymers Repeat Nanocasting to Create Metal Oxides and Nitride Functionalization and Application of Nanocast Porous Solids Appendix.

Note: Ebook , Chapter 1: Characterization of Nanomaterials using Transmission Electron Microscopy-- 1.1 Introduction-- 1.2 Imaging-- 1.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy-- 1.2.2 High-resolution electron Microscopy-- 1.2.3 Basis of High-resolution Imaging-- 1.2.4 Resolution Limits-- 1.2.5 Lattice Imaging or Atomic Imaging-- 1.2.6 Instrumental Parameters-- 1.3 Survey of Applications-- 1.3.1 Developments in HREM-- 1.3.2 Small Particles and Precipitates-- 1.3.3 Two-dimensional Objects-- 1.3.4 One-dimensional Objects-- 1.3.5 Zero-dimensional Objects-- 1.3.6 Surfaces and Interfaces-- 1.4 Emerging Trends and Practical Concerns-- 1.4.1 Atomic Location and Quantitative Imaging-- 1.4.2 Detection and Correction of Aberrations-- 1.4.3 Stobbs' Factor-- 1.4.4 Radiation Damage-- 1.5 Conclusions-- Acknowledgements-- References-- Chapter 2: Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy-- 2.1 Introduction-- 2.1.1 Basic Description-- 2.1.2 Detectors-- 2.1.3 Electron Energy-loss Spectroscopy-- 2.2 Aberration-corrected STEM-- 2.2.1 The Aberration Function-- 2.2.2 Spherical and Chromatic Aberration-- 2.2.3 Aberration Correctors-- 2.2.4 What Do We See in a STEM?-- 2.2.5 Measuring Aberrations-- 2.2.6 Phonons-- 2.2.7 Resolution-- 2.2.8 Three-dimensional Microscopy-- 2.2.9 Channeling-- 2.3 Applications to Nanostructure Characterisation in Catalysis-- 2.3.1 Anomalous Pt-Pt Distances in the Pt/alumina Catalytic Systems-- 2.3.2 La Stabilisation of Catalytic Supports-- 2.3.3 CO Oxidation by Supported Noble-metal Nanoparticles-- 2.4 Summary and Outlook-- Acknowledgements-- References-- Chapter 3: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Surfaces and Nanostructures-- 3.1 History of the STM-- 3.2 The Tunneling Interaction and Basic Operating Principles of STM-- 3.3 Atomic-resolution Imaging of Surface Reconstructions-- 3.4 Imaging of Surface Nanostructures-- 3.5 Manipulation of Adsorbed Atoms and Molecules-- 3.6 Influence of the Surface Electronic States on STM Images-- 3.7 Tunneling Spectroscopy-- 3.8 Tip Artefacts in STM Imaging-- 3.9 Conclusions-- References-- Chapter 4: Electron Energy-loss Spectroscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis-- 4.1 What is Nanoanalysis?-- 4.2 Nanoanalysis in the Electron Microscope-- 4.2.1 General Instrumentation-- 4.3 X-ray Analysis in the TEM-- 4.3.1 Basics of X-ray Analysis-- 4.3.2 Analysis and Quantification of X-ray Emission Spectra-- 4.3.3 Application to the Analysis of Nanometre Volumes in the S/TEM-- 4.3.4 Related Photon Emission Techniques in the TEM-- 4.4 Basics of EELS-- 4.4.1 Instrumentation for EELS-- 4.4.2 Basics of the EEL Spectrum-- 4.4.3 Quantification of EELS - The Determination of Chemical Composition-- 4.4.4 Determination of Electronic Structure and Bonding-- 4.4.5 Application to the Analysis of Nanometre Volumes in the S/TEM-- 4.5 EELS Imaging-- 4.6 Radiation Damage-- 4.7 Emerging Techniques-- 4.8 Conclusions-- References-- Chapter 5: Electron Holography of Nanostructured Materials-- 5.1.1 Basis of Off-axis Electron Holography-- 5.1.2 Experimental Considerations-- 5.2 The Mean Inner Potential Contribution to the Phase Shift-- 5.3 Measurement of Magnetic Fields-- 5.3.1 Early Experiments-- 5.3.2 Experiments Involving Digital Acquisition and Analysis-- 5.4 Measurement of Electrostatic Fields-- 5.4.1 Electrically Biased Nanowires-- 5.4.2 Dopant Potentials in Semiconductors-- 5.4.3 Space-charge Layers at Grain Boundaries-- 5.5 High resolution Electron Holography-- 5.6 Alternative Forms of Electron Holography-- 5.7 Discussion, Prospects for the Future and Conclusions-- Acknowledgements-- References-- Chapter 6: Electron Tomography-- 6.1 Introduction-- 6.2 Theory of Electron Tomography-- 6.2.1 From Projection to Reconstruction-- 6.2.2 Backprojection: Real-space Reconstruction-- 6.2.3 Constrained Reconstructions-- 6.2.4 Reconstruction Resolution-- 6.2.5 Measuring Reconstruction Resolution-- 6.2.6 The Projection Requirement-- 6.3 Acquiring Tilt Series-- 6.3.1 Instrumental Considerations-- 6.3.2 Specimen Support and Positioning-- 6.3.3 Specimen Considerations-- 6.4 Alignment of Tilt Series-- 6.4.1 Alignment by Tracking of Fiducial Markers-- 6.4.2 Alignment by Crosscorrelation-- 6.4.3 Rotational Alignment without Fiducial Markers-- 6.4.4 Other Markerless Alignment Techniques-- 6.5 Visualisation, Segmentation and Data Mining-- 6.5.1 Visualisation Techniques-- 6.5.2 Volume Rendering-- 6.5.3 Segmentation-- 6.5.4 Quantitative Analysis-- 6.6 Imaging Modes-- 6.6.1 Bright-field TEM-- 6.6.2 Dark-field (DF) Tomography-- 6.6.3 HAADF STEM-- 6.6.4 Meeting the Projection Requirement-- 6.6.5 Experimental Considerations-- 6.6.6 Limitations-- 6.6.7 Core-loss (Chemical Mapping) EFTEM-- 6.6.8 Low-loss EFTEM-- 6.6.9 Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Mapping-- 6.6.10 Holographic Tomography-- 6.7 New Techniques-- 6.7.1 Electron Energy-loss Spectroscopy (EELS) Spectrum Imaging-- 6.7.2 Confocal STEM-- 6.7.3 Atomistic Tomography-- 6.8 Conclusions-- References-- Chapter 7: In-situ Environmental (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy-- 7.1 Introduction-- 7.2 Background-- 7.3 Recent Advances in Atomic-resolution In-situ ETEM-- 7.4 Impact of the Atomic-resolution In-situ ETEM and Global Applications-- 7.5 Applications of Atomic-resolution In-situ ETEM in the Studies of Gas-Catalyst and Liquid-Catalyst Reactions-- 7.5.1 Liquid-phase Hydrogenation and Polymerisation Reactions-- 7.5.2 Development of Nanocatalysts for Novel Hydrogenation Chemistry and Dynamic Imaging of Desorbed Organic Products in Liquid-phase Reactions-- 7.5.3 Butane Oxidation Technology-- 7.5.4 In-situ Observations of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in Chemical and Thermal Environments-- 7.6 Conclusions-- Acknowledgements-- References-- Subject Index--.