Note: Front Cover -- Environmental Protection of the North Sea -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Editors' Preface -- Introduction -- Introduction to the Conference -- The European Year of the Environment -- The Role of the International Maritime Organization with respect to prevention of Marine Pollution -- Chapter I. The North Sea-setting the scene -- North Sea resources -- Physical features -- Biological considerations -- Conclusion -- References -- PART I: Organic Chemicals -- Chapter 2. Distribution of anthropogenic organic compounds in the North Sea: an overview -- Introduction -- Analytical aspects and reporting format for PCB -- Transport of PCB in abiotic phases in rivers, estuaries, and the North Sea -- PCB in biota -- References -- Chapter 3. Environmental impact of organic chemicals -- History of pollution -- Environmental effects of chemicals -- Effects of chemicals on marine biota -- Direct effects of specific chemicals -- Indirect effects -- Chemicals of potential concern -- References and further reading -- Chapter 4. Pesticides -- Introduction -- Analysis -- Sources of pesticides in the North Sea -- Environmental concentrations of organochlorine pesticides -- Assessment of the effects of organochlorine pesticides -- Other pesticides -- Ocean dumping and spillage -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. Environmental impact of PCBs in the marine environment -- Introduction -- Effects of PCBs -- Implications for intercomparison and transplantation/transposal -- Case studies -- Harbour seals in the Dutch Waddenzee -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Contamination of the North Sea by production and utilisation of organic chemicals -- Contamination by production of organic chemicals -- Contamination of organic chemicals in use -- Processes in the river -- Summary -- References. , Chapter 7. Pesticides and the North Sea: a viewpoint from the agrochemicals industry -- Introduction -- The pesticides -- The North Sea -- Pesticide input to the North Sea -- Environmental effects of pesticides in the North Sea -- Monitoring of pesticides in the North Sea -- The future -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8. Environmental protection strategies for organic chemicals -- Introduction -- Some data on the inputs of anthropogenic organic chemicals -- Concentrations and effects, general outline -- The Dutch Water Quality Plan for the North Sea [4,5,6,7,8,13] -- Description of the set of strategies -- References -- Discussion and conclusions -- PCBs -- Tributyl tin (TBT) -- Pesticides -- Others -- PART II: Nutrients -- Chapter 9. Nutrients-an overview -- Introduction -- A nutrient balance of the North Sea -- Problems with seasonality, sedimentation, and analysis -- Effects of nutrients -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10. Assessment of environmental impact of nutrients -- Introduction -- Ecological implications -- Conclusions and policies impact -- References -- Chapter 11. Nutrients in the North Sea-a fertilizer industry view -- Summary -- Nutrient inputs -- Fertilizer consumption and manufacturing losses to the environment -- Manufacturing losses -- Availability of organic manures -- Losses of nutrients from agriculture to water systems Nitrogen -- Actions by the fertilizer industry to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12. Nutrients in the North Sea-a detergents industry view -- Introduction -- Toxicity -- Nutrients -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13. Control options for nutrients -- Summary -- Control strategies -- The Development of Control Strategies in Denmark. , The Danish Action Plan of 31 January 1987 [16] -- Other actions -- Actions for nutrient reduction in other North Sea states -- References -- Postscript (19 February 1987) -- Postscript of 4 May 1987 -- Discussion and conclusions -- Eutrophication -- Controls -- Other comment -- PART III: Heavy Metal Chemicals -- Chapter 14. Heavy metal chemicals-an overview -- Introduction -- Assessing metal inputs in the North Sea: pollution history -- Processes in estuaries -- Cycling of metals in the North Sea -- References -- Chapter 15. Metaux lourds: impact environmental -- Critères d'evaluation des impacts -- Conclusions -- References -- 15 Heavy metals: environmental impact -- Criteria for evaluating impact -- Impact of metals in the North Sea -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16. Assessment of data on fish diseases -- Introduction -- Studies on fish diseases in the North Sea -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17. Pathology of fish diseases in the North Sea -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Characteristics and pathogenesis -- Discussion and conclusions -- List of fish species quoted in text -- References -- Chapter 18. Production and use of non-ferrous metals and their impact on the North Sea -- Introduction -- Heavy metals as essential factors in modern society -- The management of metalliferrous wastes -- Regulatory controls on waste discharges -- Natural occurrence of heavy metals -- Controlling factors -- Biological impact in water -- Biological impact in sediments -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19. Use of heavy metal chemicals: impacts and strategies with regard to the aquatic environment -- What metals mean to man -- Relevance of metals for the environment -- The impact of industrial activity on the North Sea as an aquatic ecosystem -- Environmental protection geared to dangers -- Precaution as a new environmental objective. , Industry's contribution towards precautionary protection -- Summary -- Chapter 20. Practicability of reducing heavy metal inputs -- Introduction -- Measurement and monitoring -- Approaches to heavy metal reduction-broad assessment -- Heavy metal reduction-waterborne waste discharges -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21. Relationship between dredged material and toxic materials -- Introduction -- Special LDC guidelines for dredged material -- Physicochemical properties of dredged material -- Toxicants of principal concern -- Some chemical impacts during disposal -- Importance of the disposal site -- Discussion and conclusions -- Fish diseases -- Disposal of dredging spoils -- Heavy metals -- PART IV: Microbial Contaminants and Littoral Pollution -- Chapter 22. Importance of microbial life in the marine environment -- Introduction -- Ecology of marine bacteria, yeast, and fungi -- Pollution impact on marine microbial life -- Acquired bacterial resistance -- Microbiological investigations in the North Sea area -- Oil-decomposing bacteria -- Decomposition of high molecular weight compounds -- Diseases in fish caused by bacteria and virus -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 23. Microbiological effects of ocean pollution -- References -- Chapter 24. Littoral zones, amenities, and tourism -- Introduction -- Local government and environmental health officers in the UK -- Potential impact of littoral zone pollution -- Assessment of the existing pollution problem -- Perceptions of the general public -- The position of the authorities in the UK -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 25. Treatment and disposal of effluents -- Synopsis -- Composition of raw sewage -- Treatment -- Storm sewage overflows -- Effectiveness of marine treatment -- Effectiveness of land treatment -- Comparison of marine and inland treatment. , Combinations of land and marine treatment -- Conclusions -- References -- Discussion and conclusions -- Sea disposal of sewage -- Environmental monitoring -- Litter -- PART V: Contaminants from Oil and Related Industries -- Chapter 26. Pollution in the North Sea from oil-related industry-an overview -- Introduction -- Oil as a contaminant -- Sources of contamination -- Inputs to the North Sea -- Contamination levels in the environment -- Effects of oil contamination -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 27. An environmental impact assessment of oil pollution in the North Sea -- Introduction -- Experimental studies -- Field studies -- Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 28. The petroleum industry and the protection of the North Sea environment -- Introduction -- The scale of current activities -- Operational discharges -- Accidental spills -- Contingency planning -- Research and development -- Regulatory aspects -- Conclusions -- Annex 1. Operational discharges -- Annex 2. Accidental oil spills -- Annex 3. U.K. Offshore Operators Association Limited -- Annex 4. Environmental research by the North Sea oil industry -- Annex 5. Relevant international legislation -- References and Further Reading -- Chapter 29. Strategy for control of contaminants from oil and related industries -- Introduction -- Refineries and reception facilities -- Discharges from the offshore industry -- Conclusions -- Annex 1 Parcom decision 86/1 of 4 June 1986 on discharges resulting from exploration activities -- Annex 2 Parcom decision 86/2 of 4 June 1986 on the use of oil based muds -- Annex 3 Recommendation discussed at Technical Working Group meeting -March 1987 -- References -- Discussion and conclusions -- Environmental effects -- Disposal of contaminated drill cuttings -- Other topics -- PART VI: Environmental Management of the North Sea. , Chapter 30. The anticipation principle as a basis for policy?.