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  • 1
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    Estimating earthquake magnitude with early arrivals; a test using dynamic and kinematic models (2010)
    Seismosoc
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-27
    Description: Recent studies on seismological data indicate that earthquake magnitude scales with either the dominant period or the peak amplitude in the seismogram’s first few seconds. At first sight, this may indicate that the earthquake’s final size is somehow related to the way rupture starts. One working hypothesis is that strong radiation from the initial phase of rupture is indicative of a triggering asperity releasing a consistent amount of elastic energy, with the potential to drive the fracture to large extents. We tested this concept with a number of numerical simulations, but within the models investigated, scaling was found only for ruptures extending up to about four times the size of the initial asperity; at larger distances the correlation was lost. Alternatively, a careful kinematic analysis of the earthquake source radiation shows that the initial signal recorded at any station does not necessarily correspond to the rupture initiation but may represent an extended portion of the radiating source. Using the concept of isochrones, we show that the apparent scaling may be explained by a simple kinematic model respecting causality, up to a given magnitude threshold where the scaling relation saturates. The saturation level is in agreement with that observed in some, but not all, of the real seismicity catalogs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-23
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: early warning ; earthquake magnitude ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Shallow slip amplification and enhanced tsunami hazard unravelled by dynamic simulations of mega-thrust earthquakes (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: The 2011 Tohoku earthquake produced an unexpected large amount of shallow slip greatly contributing to the ensuing tsunami. How frequent are such events? How can they be efficiently modelled for tsunami hazard? Stochastic slip models, which can be computed rapidly, are used to explore the natural slip variability; however, they generally do not deal specifically with shallow slip features. We study the systematic depth-dependence of slip along a thrust fault with a number of 2D dynamic simulations using stochastic shear stress distributions and a geometry based on the cross section of the Tohoku fault. We obtain a probability density for the slip distribution, which varies both with depth, earthquake size and whether the rupture breaks the surface. We propose a method to modify stochastic slip distributions according to this dynamically-derived probability distribution. This method may be efficiently applied to produce large numbers of heterogeneous slip distributions for probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis. Using numerous M9 earthquake scenarios, we demonstrate that incorporating the dynamically-derived probability distribution does enhance the conditional probability of exceedance of maximum estimated tsunami wave heights along the Japanese coast. This technique for integrating dynamic features in stochastic models can be extended to any subduction zone and faulting style.
    Description: Published
    Description: 35007
    Description: 2T. Sorgente Sismica
    Description: 5T. Modelli di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Tsunamigenic earthquake simulations using experimentally derived friction laws (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: Seismological, tsunami and geodetic observations have shown that subduction zones are complex systems where the properties of earthquake rupture vary with depth as a result of different pre-stress and frictional conditions. A wealth of earthquakes of different sizes and different source features (e.g. rupture duration) can be generated in subduction zones, including tsunami earthquakes, some of which can produce extreme tsunamigenic events. Here, we offer a geological perspective principally accounting for depth-dependent frictional conditions, while adopting a simplified distribution of on-fault tectonic pre-stress. We combine a lithology-controlled, depth-dependent experimental friction law with 2D elastodynamic rupture simulations for a Tohoku-like subduction zone cross-section. Subduction zone fault rocks are dominantly incohesive and clay-rich near the surface, transitioning to cohesive and more crystalline at depth. By randomly shifting along fault dip the location of the high shear stress regions (“asperities”), moderate to great thrust earthquakes and tsunami earthquakes are produced that are quite consistent with seismological, geodetic, and tsunami observations. As an effect of depth-dependent friction in our model, slip is confined to the high stress asperity at depth; near the surface rupture is impeded by the rock-clay transition constraining slip to the clay-rich layer. However, when the high stress asperity is located in the clay-to-crystalline rock transition, great thrust earthquakes can be generated similar to the Mw 9 Tohoku (2011) earthquake.
    Description: Published
    Description: 155-165
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Optimal time alignment of tide-gauge tsunami waveforms in nonlinear inversions: Application to the 2015 Illapel (Chile) earthquake (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: Tsunami waveform inversion is often used to retrieve information about the causative seismic tsunami source. Tide gauges record tsunamis routinely; however, compared to deep-ocean sensor data, tide-gauge waveform modeling is more difficult due to coarse/inaccurate local bathymetric models resulting in a time mismatch between observed and predicted waveforms. This can affect the retrieved tsunami source model, thus limiting the use of tide-gauge data. A method for nonlinear inversion with an automatic optimal time alignment (OTA), calculated by including a time shift parameter in the cost function, is presented. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through a series of synthetic tests and is applied as part of a joint inversion with interferometric synthetic aperture radar data for the slip distribution of the 2015 Mw 8.3 Illapel earthquake. The results show that without OTA, the resolution on the slip model degrades significantly and that using this method for a real case strongly affects the retrieved slip pattern.
    Description: Published
    Description: 11226-11235
    Description: 2T. Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Self-similar slip distributions on irregular shaped faults (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-23
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: We propose a strategy to place a self-similar slip distribution on a complex fault surface that is represented by an unstructured mesh. This is possible by applying a strategy based on the composite source model where a hierarchical set of asperities, each with its own slip function which is dependent on the distance from the asperity centre. Central to this technique is the efficient, accurate computation of distance between two points on the fault surface. This is known as the geodetic distance problem. We propose a method to compute the distance across complex non-planar surfaces based on a corollary of the Huygens’ principle. The difference between this method compared to others sample-based algorithms which precede it is the use of a curved front at a local level to calculate the distance. This technique produces a highly accurate computation of the distance as the curvature of the front is linked to the distance from the source. Our local scheme is based on a sequence of two trilaterations, producing a robust algorithm which is highly precise. We test the strategy on a planar surface in order to assess its ability to keep the self-similarity properties of a slip distribution. We also present a synthetic self-similar slip distribution on a real slab topography for a M 8.5 event. This method for computing distance may be extended to the estimation of first arrival times in both complex 3D surfaces or 3D volumes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2060–2070
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of Cyclic GMP Production via a Nitrosyl Factor in Sensory Neuronal Cultures by Algesic or Inflammatory Agents (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 65 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Capsaicin stimulates cyclic GMP production via nitric oxide (NO) (or another nitrosyl factor) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons maintained in culture. The purpose of the present study was to characterize further capsaicin stimulation of cyclic GMP production in DRG cells maintained in culture, investigate other algesic and/or inflammatory agents for effects on cyclic GMP production, and examine cells responsible for NO production and cyclic GMP production. Capsaicin stimulation of cyclic GMP production in DRG cells was dose dependent, receptor mediated, and attenuated by hemoglobin. Prostaglandin E2, substance P, and calcitonin gene-related peptide did not affect basal, capsaicin-stimulated, or bradykinin-stimulated cyclic GMP production. Other inflammatory or algesic agents, including serotonin, histamine, ATP, glutamate, aspartate, and NMDA, did not affect cyclic GMP production. Pretreatment of DRG cells with lipopolysaccharide increased basal cyclic GMP production in neuronal but not in nonneuronal cultures and facilitated stimulation of cyclic GMP production by l-arginine. Capsaicin pretreatment of neuronal DRG cultures, which destroys capsaicin-sensitive (small diameter) afferent neurons, attenuated capsaicin- and bradykinin-stimulated cyclic GMP production but did not affect basal or sodium nitroprusside-stimulated cyclic GMP production. These results indicate that capsaicin elicits production of a nitrosyl factor via capsaicin-sensitive (small diameter) neurons. Capsaicin evoked cyclic GMP production in nonneuronal DRG cultures in the presence but not in the absence of apposed neuronal DRG cultures. Overall, these findings suggest that specific exogenous (or endogenous) substances may stimulate production of a nitrosyl factor(s) by a subset of DRG neurons, and nitrosyl factors produced by these neurons may affect cyclic GMP production in neighboring neuronal or non-neuronal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65010363.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cationic Lipids and Polymers Are Able to Enhance Adenoviral Infection of Cultured Mouse Myotubes (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 72 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer has been used to promote efficient expression of various reporter and therapeutic transgenes such as minidystrophin in skeletal muscle tissue. However, down-regulation of the adenovirus internalisation receptors, αvβ3 and αvβ5, in adult myofibres and in mature cultured myotubes makes them less susceptible to infection than neonatal muscle or cultured myoblasts. It has been reported elsewhere that adenoviral transduction of cells that are normally refractory to infection can be enhanced by complexing virus particles with cationic lipids or cationic polymers. In this study we describe increased levels of adenovirusmediated transduction of cultured C2C12 myotubes, when the vector is complexed with either of the cationic lipids Lipofectamine or 1,3-dioleoyloxy-2-(6-carboxyspermyl)propylamide (DOSPER) or the cationic polymer polyethylenimine. The presence of polycations allowed a smaller dose of adenovirus vector to be used to attain the same level of infection seen with adenovirus alone, which has important relevance to future in vivo studies. Electron microscopic analysis of adenovirus/polycation complexes showed large aggregates as opposed to single adenovirus particles in the absence of polycations. Finally, by complexing adenovirus particles with polycations, partial protection against the neutralising effect of adenovirus antiserum was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0722105.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental Changes in Polypeptide Composition of, and Precursor Incorporation into, Cellular and Subcellular Fractions of Rat Cerebral Cortex (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 36 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Neuronal-enriched and glial-enriched fractions from rat cerebral cortex at 2. 5, 9, 14 and 23 days postnatally, and subcellular fractions from 2, 14 and 46 day old rat were prepared. The polypeptide composition of all fractions was analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis and quantified by densitometry. Fifty-nine polypeptides (mol. wts., 13,200–251,000) were resolved in the cell fractions of which the majority remained unchanged throughout postnatal development. Three polypeptides (mol. wts., 102,000, 56,000, 53,700) were found to increase in amount devel-opmentally in both cellular fractions, the latter two showing a peak in relative amount on day 14 and a subsequent decline. Three polypeptides (mol. wts., 47,000, 28,200, 17,400) were found to be common to the glial-enriched fraction as well as the myelin fraction, and all showed a developmental increase. The neuronal-enriched fraction was found to be enriched in five polypeptides of which one (mol. wt., 51,900) showed a developmental increase after ten days postnatally, the others (mol. wts., 178,700, 142,000, 109,000, 24,000) showing a decrease. In vitro incorporation of [35S]-methionine into the glial-enriched fraction was carried out, and a developmental decline was observed in the labelling of a polypeptide of 42,000 mol. wt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb01639.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thrombocythaemia and recurrent miscarriage (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 96 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The incidence of thrombocythaemia (a platelet count 〉600×l09/l) in a 10-year survey was 7 per 106 population per year (R. M. Pettit, personal communication). It is generally a disease of late middle age, but a second population of young and mainly female patients has been described (Hoagland & Silverstein 1978). An increased platelet count can be secondary (after splenec-tomy, associated with inflammation, malignancy or iron deficiency) or due to a primary myeloproliferative disorder. We describe four patients in whom a series of miscarriages before 20 weeks gestation appears associated with thrombocythaemia and estimate the prevalence of this association in patients with unexplained repeated miscarriage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1989.tb03203.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron cyclotron resonance in silicon/silicon germanium heterostructures (1993)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 63 (1993), S. 222-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Far-infrared measurements of the cyclotron resonance absorption of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in a strained Si/SiGe heterostructure at low temperature (0.35–4 K) in the magnetic field range 2–14 T are reported. The effective mass was determined to be m*(approximately-equal-to)0.195±0.004 m0, and exhibited only a slight decrease (3%) at low carrier densities, in contrast to the large (40%) change observed in Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors. In addition, the cyclotron absorption lines tend to be narrow ((approximately-less-than)1 cm−1), and show a significant dependence on both field and carrier density that appears to be related to the filling of the quantized Landau and spin levels of the 2DEG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.110347
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