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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    SEARCH : study of environmental Arctic change, science plan 2001 (2001)
    Seattle : Polar Science Center
    Details Availability
    Keywords: climatic change ; environmental change ; Arctic Ocean
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 85 S , graph. Darst
    Language: English
    Note: Enth. Literaturangaben (S. 69 - 79)
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  • 2
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    Greater role for Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 356 (6335). pp. 285-291.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Arctic sea-ice loss is a leading indicator of climate change and can be attributed, in large part, to atmospheric forcing. Here, we show that recent ice reductions, weakening of the halocline, and shoaling of intermediate-depth Atlantic Water layer in the eastern Eurasian Basin have increased winter ventilation in the ocean interior, making this region structurally similar to that of the western Eurasian Basin. The associated enhanced release of oceanic heat has reduced winter sea-ice formation at a rate now comparable to losses from atmospheric thermodynamic forcing, thus explaining the recent reduction in sea-ice cover in the eastern Eurasian Basin. This encroaching “atlantification” of the Eurasian Basin represents an essential step toward a new Arctic climate state, with a substantially greater role for Atlantic inflows.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1126/science.aai8204
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    One more step toward a warmer Arctic (2005)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 32 (17). L17605.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-10
    Description: This study was motivated by a strong warming signal seen in mooring-based and oceanographic survey data collected in 2004 in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. The source of this and earlier Arctic Ocean changes lies in interactions between polar and sub-polar basins. Evidence suggests such changes are abrupt, or pulse-like, taking the form of propagating anomalies that can be traced to higher-latitudes. For example, an anomaly found in 2004 in the eastern Eurasian Basin took ∼1.5 years to propagate from the Norwegian Sea to the Fram Strait region, and additional ∼4.5–5 years to reach the Laptev Sea slope. While the causes of the observed changes will require further investigation, our conclusions are consistent with prevailing ideas suggesting the Arctic Ocean is in transition towards a new, warmer state.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2005GL023740
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity of stomata and water use efficiency to high CO2 (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 8 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The observed responses of stomata to carbon dioxide are reviewed, and the interaction of other known factors on the sensitivity to CO2 are summarized. The role of stomatal response to CO2 is discussed, and it is argued that while the effect of the CO2 response in normal daily stomatal behaviour is presently poorly understood the stomatal response to CO2 will have major impact in improving water use efficiency in future CO2 atmospheres. However, the attenuation of this increase is emphasized so that increases at the crop level will probably be much smaller than those observed at the single leaf assimilation level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1985.tb01682.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiration of crop species under CO2 enrichment (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 63 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Respiratory characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cvs Gabo and WW15), mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek cv. Celera) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Sunfola) were studied in plants grown under a normal CO2 concentration and in air containing an additional 340 (or 250) μl l−1 CO2. Such an increase in global atmospheric CO2 concentration has been forecast for about the middle of the next century. The aim was to measure the effect of high CO2 on respiration and its components. Polarographic and, with wheat, CO2 exchange techniques were used. The capacity of the alternative pathway of respiration in roots was determined polarographically in the presence of 0.1 mM KCN. The actual rate of alternative pathway respiration was assessed by reduction in oxygen consumption caused by 10 mM salicylhydroxamic acid.Each species responded differently. In wheat, growth in high atmospheric CO2 was associated with up to 45% reduction in respiration by both roots and whole plants. Use of respiratory inhibitors in polarographic measurements on wheat roots implicated reduction in the degree of engagement of the alternative pathway as a major contributor to this reduced respiratory activity of high-CO2 plants. No change was found in the total sugar content per unit wheat root dry weight as a result of high CO2. In none of the species was there an increase in the absolute, or relative, contribution by the alternative pathway to total respiration of the root systems. Thus the improved photosynthetic assimilate supply of plants grown in high CO2 did not lead to increased diversion of carbon through the non-phosphorylating alternative pathway of respiration in the root. On the contrary, in wheat grown in high CO2 the reduced loss of carbon through that route must have contributed to their larger dry weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb02309.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthesis, water use and growth of a C4 grass stand at high CO2 concentration (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 7 (1985), S. 77-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; C4 ; Paspalum plicatulum ; water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf photosynthesis rate of the C4 species Paspalum plicatulum Michx was virtually CO2-saturated at normal atmospheric CO2 concentration but transpiration decreased as CO2 was increased above normal concentrations thereby increasing transpiration efficiency. To test whether this leaf response led growth to be CO2-sensitive when water supply was restricted, plants were grown in sealed pots of soil as miniature swards. Water was supplied either daily to maintain a constant water table, or at three growth restricting levels on a 5-day drying cycle. Plants were either in a cabinet with normal air (340 μmol (CO2) mol-1 (air)) or with 250 μmol mol-1 enrichment. Harvesting was by several cycles of defoliation. With abundant water supply high CO2 concentration did not cause increased growth, but it did not cause an increase in growth over a wide range of growth-limiting water supplies either. Only when water supply was less than 30–50% of the amount used by the stand with a water-table was there evidence that dry weight growth was enhanced by high CO2. In addition, with successive regrowth, the enhancing effect under a regime of minimal water allocations, became attenuated. Examination of leaf gas exchange, growth and water use data showed that in the long term stomatal conductance responses were of little significance in matching plant water use to low water allocation; regulation of leaf area was the mechanism through which consumption matched supply. Since high CO2 effects operate principally via stomatal conductance in C4 species, we postulate that for this species higher CO2 concentrations expected globally in future will not have much effect on long term growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032924
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
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    Greater role for Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean (2017)
    In:  EPIC3Science, 356(6335), pp. 285-291, ISSN: 0036-8075
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-15
    Description: Arctic sea-ice loss is a leading indicator of climate change and can be attributed, in large part, to atmospheric forcing. Here, we show that recent ice reductions, weakening of the halocline, and shoaling of the intermediate-depth Atlantic Water layer in the eastern Eurasian Basin have increased winter ventilation in the ocean interior, making this region structurally similar to that of the western Eurasian Basin. The associated enhanced release of oceanic heat has reduced winter sea-ice formation at a rate now comparable to losses from atmospheric thermodynamic forcing, thus explaining the recent reduction in sea-ice cover in the eastern Eurasian Basin. This encroaching "atlantification" of the Eurasian Basin represents an essential step toward a new Arctic climate state, with a substantially greater role for Atlantic inflows.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 8
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    Greater role for Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean (2017)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Science 356 (2017): 285-291, doi:10.1126/science.aai8204.
    Description: Arctic sea-ice loss is a leading indicator of climate change and can be attributed, in large part, to atmospheric forcing. Here we show that recent ice reductions, weakening of the halocline, and shoaling of intermediate-depth Atlantic Water layer in the eastern Eurasian Basin have increased winter ventilation in the ocean interior, making this region structurally similar to that of the western Eurasian Basin. The associated enhanced release of oceanic heat has reduced winter sea-ice formation at a rate now comparable to losses from atmospheric thermodynamic forcing, thus explaining the recent reduction in sea-ice cover in the eastern Eurasian Basin. This encroaching “atlantification” of the Eurasian Basin represents an essential step toward a new Arctic climate state, with a substantially greater role for Atlantic inflows.
    Description: This study was supported by NSF grants #1203473 and #1249133 (AP, IP, MA, RR, VI), NOAA grant # NA15OAR4310155 (AP, IP, MA, RR, TB, VI) and by the A-TWAIN project, funded by the Arctic Ocean program at the FRAM-High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 9
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    Diffusive vertical heat flux in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean inferred from moored instruments (2014)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119 (2014): 496-508, doi:10.1002/2013JC009346.
    Description: Observational studies have shown that an unprecedented warm anomaly has recently affected the temperature of the Atlantic Water (AW) layer lying at intermediate depth in the Arctic Ocean. Using observations from four profiling moorings, deployed in the interior of the Canada Basin between 2003 and 2011, the upward diffusive vertical heat flux from this layer is quantified. Vertical diffusivity is first estimated from a fine-scale parameterization method based on CTD and velocity profiles. Resulting diffusive vertical heat fluxes from the AW are in the range 0.1–0.2 W m−2 on average. Although large over the period considered, the variations of the AW temperature maximum yields small variations for the temperature gradient and thus the vertical diffusive heat flux. In most areas, variations in upward diffusive vertical heat flux from the AW have only a limited effect on temperature variations of the overlying layer. However, the presence of eddies might be an effective mechanism to enhance vertical heat transfer, although the small number of eddies sampled by the moorings suggest that this mechanism remains limited and intermittent in space and time. Finally, our results suggest that computing diffusive vertical heat flux with a constant vertical diffusivity of ∼2 × 10−6 m2 s−1 provides a reasonable estimate of the upward diffusive heat transfer from the AW layer, although this approximation breaks down in the presence of eddies.
    Description: C. Lique acknowledge support from JISAO and the Program on Climate Change of the University of Washington. J. Guthrie and J. Morison are supported by National Science Foundation grants ARC-0909408 and ARC-0856330. M. Steele is supported by the Office of Naval Researches Arctic and Global Prediction Program, by NSFs Division of Polar Programs, and by NASAs Cryosphere and Physical Oceanography programs. Support for the BGOS program and R. Krishfield was provided by the National Science Foundation (under grants ARC-0806115, ARC-0631951, ARC-0806306, and ARC-0856531) and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution internal funding. For A. Proshutinsky, this research is supported by the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs, awards ARC-1203720 and ARC-0856531.
    Description: 2014-07-22
    Keywords: Arctic Ocean ; Atlantic water ; Mixing
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Rapid change in freshwater content of the Arctic Ocean (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 36 (2009): L10602, doi:10.1029/2009GL037525.
    Description: The dramatic reduction in minimum Arctic sea ice extent in recent years has been accompanied by surprising changes in the thermohaline structure of the Arctic Ocean, with potentially important impact on convection in the North Atlantic and the meridional overturning circulation of the world ocean. Extensive aerial hydrographic surveys carried out in March–April, 2008, indicate major shifts in the amount and distribution of fresh-water content (FWC) when compared with winter climatological values, including substantial freshening on the Pacific side of the Lomonosov Ridge. Measurements in the Canada and Makarov Basins suggest that total FWC there has increased by as much as 8,500 cubic kilometers in the area surveyed, effecting significant changes in the sea-surface dynamic topography, with an increase of about 75% in steric level difference from the Canada to Eurasian Basins, and a major shift in both surface geostrophic currents and freshwater transport in the Beaufort Gyre.
    Description: Support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs under grants 0352687, 0634097 (MGM); 0633979, 0806115 (AP); 0633885, 0352754, 0634226 (MAS, JHM); and 06341222 (MBA).
    Keywords: Freshwater content ; Arctic change
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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