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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carotid Artery Dissection (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Medicine 51 (2000), S. 329-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4219
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Among the large variety of cerebrovascular syndromes, carotid artery dissections remain often under-recognized. Many patients present with minor or transient symptoms, some with local pain only, and some are asymptomatic. A useful rule is that the coincidence of any local pain in neck or face with an ipsilateral Horner's syndrome preceding transient or persistent retinal or cerebral ischemic symptoms should alert physicians-notably those treating emergencies-to rule out an underlying dissection of the ipsilateral carotid artery. In most cases the extracranial part of the carotid artery is affected; therefore, this review will focus on this main subgroup of patients. We review the pathological anatomy, as well as possible underlying causes, clinical features, diagnostic tools, differential diagnosis, treatment options, and outcome data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.329
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ISCHEMIC STROKE THERAPY (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Medicine 53 (2002), S. 453-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4219
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Stroke is the most common life-threatening neurologic disease and the leading cause of serious long-term disability. The advent of new treatment options for selected patients suffering ischemic stroke (such as systemic administration of tissue plasminogen activator or catheter-guided intra-arterial thrombolysis), the structural reorganization of patient care facilities into stroke units, and interdisciplinary cerebrovascular centers have broadened the scope of possible therapeutic interventions in the acute and postacute phase after cerebral ischemia. This review summarizes currently available and recommended treatment modalities for acute ischemic stroke from an interdisciplinary perspective, including medical, neurointerventional, and neurosurgical therapies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenotypic variability of CADASIL and novel morphologic findings (1997)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 94 (1997), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words CADASIL ; Electron microscopy ; Granular osmiophilic material ; αB crystallin ; Heat ; shock proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a non-arterio-atherosclerotic, non-amyloidotic arteriopathy affecting preferentially the small arteries and arterioles of the brain. The morphologic hallmark is the presence of a characteristic granular alteration of the arterial media that ultrastructurally corresponds to the accumulation of electron-dense material surrounding the smooth muscle cells. Although the presence of this granular osmiophilic material (GOM) was originally described as limited to brain vessels, identical electron microscopic findings have been demonstrated in the media of peripheral tissue arteries, allowing for a pathologic diagnosis of the disease by a simple skin, muscle or nerve biopsy. We report some atypical features identified in our CADASIL patients that broaden the phenotypic expression of this disease. Firstly, we identified a cortical infarct in an otherwise typical CADASIL patient. Secondly, we observed GOM in skin arteries of a 30-year-old man with hemiplegic migraine, the son of a woman who had died with CADASIL. This confirms that it may be possible to diagnose the disease at a preclinical stage by the ultrastructural evaluation of peripheral tissue biopsy material, particularly for individuals for whom there is a supporting family history. Thirdly, ultrastructural examination of the skin, and subcutaneous and striated muscle of an unrelated and apparently sporadic patient with neuropathologic and neuroradiologic evidence of CADASIL in meningeal and cerebral vessels failed to reveal diagnostic lesions in peripheral arteries. Thus, the possibility of a false-negative pathologic diagnosis in patients with a clinicoradiologic diagnosis of CADASIL, if one relies solely on a peripheral tissue biopsy, does exist. Additionally, we have identified heat shock proteins (Hsp70 and αB crystallin) and ubiquitin in the vascular myocytes of affected arteries. αB crystallin also seemed to be deposited extracellularly, which suggests that GOM also might be immunoreactive for αB crystallin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050700
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatal or severely disabling cerebral infarction during hospitalization for stroke or transient ischemic attack (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 237 (1990), S. 306-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Cerebrovascular disease ; Cerebral infarction ; Coma ; Heparin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six (1%) of 578 patients admitted for cerebral infarction or transient ischemic attack (TIA) suffered a fatal or severely disabling in-hospital cerebral infarction following a period of stabilization or improvement lasting more than 1 day. These infarctions were characterized by the sudden onset of stupor or coma and subsequent development of transtentorial herniation due to carotid or middle cerebral artery territory infarction, or widespread brain-stem infarction due to basilar occlusion. Only one patient survived. Four patients had largevessel disease documented by Doppler, angiography, or at autopsy. Each of these six infarcts occurred during the morning hours, 4–9 days after the initial event, 3–8 days after initiation of intravenous heparin, and within 4–8 h after intravenous heparin had been discontinued. No coagulation abnormalities were documented. We believe that these cases indicate that among patients admitted for cerebral infarction or TIA, fatal or severely disabling in-hospital cerebral infarction after a period of stabilization or improvement may occur in patients having an initially mild to moderate clinical deficit, that those suffering large artery disease may be at greater risk, and that there may be a relationship between heparin withdrawal and cerebral infarction in some patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314748
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcranial Doppler with contrast injection for the detection of patent foramen ovale in stroke patients (1993)
    Springer
    The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 9 (1993), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0743
    Keywords: cerebrovascular disorders ; contrast echocardiography ; foramen ovale ; stroke ; transcranial Doppler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale was searched for in 80 patients with acute ischemic stroke by simultaneously performing transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography and transcranial Doppler during agitated saline injection. A patent foramen ovale was detected by echocardiography in 14 patients (17.5%). Transcranial Doppler correctly identified all 14 patients, and 7 more patients in whom echocardiographic findings were indeterminate. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale by transcranial Doppler was therefore 26.3% (21 of 80 patients). Concordance between the two tests was 91.3% (73 of 80 patients). The delivery of contrast material to cerebral vessels is therefore demonstrable by transcranial Doppler in all patients diagnosed by contrast echocardiography, suggesting that paradoxical embolization through a patent foramen ovale may be more frequent than previously thought. Transcranial Doppler with contrast injection is a valid alternative in case of poor echocardiographic image quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01142927
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Therapie zerebraler arteriovenöser Malformationen (1998)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 69 (1998), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Arteriovenöse Malformation ; Hirnblutung ; endovaskuläre Behandlung ; gamm-knife ; Key words Arteriovenous malformation ; brain hemorrhage ; endovascular treatment ; gamma-knife
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The rapid development of modern endovascular, microsurgical, and radiation therapies has considerably expanded the treatment options for encephalic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Surgery has the longest history. Single or staged intravascular procedures (embolizations) using fast-acting glues, sclerotic agents, and thrombogenic coils serve to reduce the size of AVM to that suitable for extirpation and may reduce the risk of surgery. Radiation (”gamma-knife”) therapy, most frequently used in small, non-operable AVMs, is also viewed by some authors as an alternative or even superior tool in small, operable malformations. Partial embolization to reduce the mass-effect of space-occupying AVMs, to reverse diaschisis, and to treat AVM-related seizure disorders is being discussed and practiced. Given the in part competing or even controversial options, the selection of optimal treatment for AVM patients is becoming increasingly difficult. Current management is impeded by the paucity of information on the exact risks of invasive therapies and by insufficient criteria for identifying patients at risk of spontaneous bleeding during the natural course, including the seriousness of such hemorrhage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die therapeutischen Optionen für zerebrale arteriovenöse Malformationen (AVM) haben sich durch die fortschreitende Entwicklung mikrochirurgischer, endovaskulärer und strahlentherapeutischer Verfahren deutlich erweitert. Gleichzeitig ist jedoch auch die Wahl des geeigneten therapeutischen Vorgehens schwieriger geworden. Die gegenwärtigen Behandlungsentscheidungen werden sowohl durch einen Mangel an Daten zur Komplikationsrate invasiver Therapien, als auch die zu geringen Kenntnisse über den Spontanverlauf und das Blutungsrisiko von AVM beeinträchtigt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050272
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  • 7
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    Amino Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide, Secondary Stroke Prevention, and Choice of Antithrombotic Therapy [Clinical Sciences] (2013)
    American Heart Association (AHA)
    In: Stroke
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-26
    Description: Background and Purpose— Because of its association with atrial fibrillation and heart failure, we hypothesized that amino terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) would identify a subgroup of patients from the Warfarin–Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study, diagnosed with inferred noncardioembolic ischemic strokes, where anticoagulation would be more effective than antiplatelet agents in reducing risk of subsequent events. Methods— NT-proBNP was measured in stored serum collected at baseline from participants enrolled in Warfarin–Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study, a previously reported randomized trial. Relative effectiveness of warfarin and aspirin in preventing recurrent ischemic stroke or death over 2 years was compared based on NT-proBNP concentrations. Results— About 95% of 1028 patients with assays had NT-proBNP below 750 pg/mL, and among them, no evidence for treatment effect modification was evident. For 49 patients with NT-proBNP 〉750 pg/mL, the 2-year rate of events per 100 person-years was 45.9 for the aspirin group and 16.6 for the warfarin group, whereas for 979 patients with NT-proBNP ≤750 pg/mL, rates were similar for both treatments. For those with NT-proBNP 〉750 pg/mL, the hazard ratio was 0.30 (95% confidence interval: 0.12–0.84; P =0.021) significantly favoring warfarin over aspirin. A formal test for interaction of NT-proBNP with treatment was significant ( P =0.01). Conclusions— For secondary stroke prevention, elevated NT-proBNP concentrations may identify a subgroup of ischemic stroke patients without known atrial fibrillation, about 5% based on the current study, who may benefit more from anticoagulants than antiplatelet agents. Clinical Trial Registration— This trial was not registered because enrollment began before 2005.
    Keywords: Primary and Secondary Stroke Prevention
    Print ISSN: 0039-2499
    Electronic ISSN: 1524-4628
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by American Heart Association (AHA)
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  • 8
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    Efficacy and Safety of Vorapaxar in Patients With Prior Ischemic Stroke [Clinical Sciences] (2013)
    American Heart Association (AHA)
    In: Stroke
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-26
    Description: Background and Purpose— Vorapaxar is an antiplatelet agent that antagonizes thrombin-mediated activation of the protease-activated receptor-1 on platelets. We tested the efficacy and safety of vorapaxar in a prespecified analysis in the stroke subcohort from a multinational, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Methods— We randomly assigned patients with prior atherothrombosis (myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, or ischemic stroke) to receive vorapaxar (2.5 mg daily) or placebo added to standard antiplatelet therapy. Patients who qualified with stroke (N=4883) had a history of ischemic stroke in the prior 2 weeks to 12 months. The primary end point was the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or any stroke. Results— The qualifying stroke was classified as large vessel in 35%, small vessel in 47%, and other/unknown in 18%. In the stroke cohort, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke through 3 years was not reduced with vorapaxar versus placebo (13.0% vs 11.7%; hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.85–1.25), including recurrent ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–1.25). There were no significant differences in the effect of vorapaxar based on the type or timing of the qualifying stroke. Intracranial hemorrhage at 3 years was increased with vorapaxar (2.5% vs 1.0%; hazard ratio, 2.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.46–4.36). Conclusions— In patients with prior ischemic stroke who receive standard antiplatelet therapy, adding vorapaxar increased the risk of intracranial hemorrhage without an improvement in major vascular events, including ischemic stroke. These findings add to the accumulating evidence establishing important risks with combination antiplatelet therapy in patients with prior stroke. Clinical Trial Registration Information— http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00526474.
    Keywords: Antiplatelets
    Print ISSN: 0039-2499
    Electronic ISSN: 1524-4628
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by American Heart Association (AHA)
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  • 9
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    Stroke After Carotid Stenting and Endarterectomy in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (CREST) [Stroke] (2012)
    American Heart Association (AHA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-18
    Description: Background— Stroke occurs more commonly after carotid artery stenting than after carotid endarterectomy. Details regarding stroke type, severity, and characteristics have not been reported previously. We describe the strokes that have occurred in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial (CREST). Methods and Results— CREST is a randomized, open-allocation, controlled trial with blinded end-point adjudication. Stroke was a component of the primary composite outcome. Patients who received their assigned treatment within 30 days of randomization were included. Stroke was adjudicated by a panel of board-certified vascular neurologists with secondary central review of clinically obtained brain images. Stroke type, laterality, timing, and outcome were reported. A periprocedural stroke occurred among 81 of the 2502 patients randomized and among 69 of the 2272 in the present analysis. Strokes were predominantly minor (81%, n=56), ischemic (90%, n=62), in the anterior circulation (94%, n=65), and ipsilateral to the treated artery (88%, n=61). There were 7 hemorrhages, which occurred 3 to 21 days after the procedure, and 5 were fatal. Major stroke occurred in 13 (0.6%) of the 2272 patients. The estimated 4-year mortality after stroke was 21.1% compared with 11.6% for those without stroke. The adjusted risk of death at 4 years was higher after periprocedural stroke (hazard ratio, 2.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.63–4.76). Conclusions— Stroke, particularly severe stroke, was uncommon after carotid intervention in CREST, but stroke was associated with significant morbidity and was independently associated with a nearly 3-fold increased future mortality. The delayed timing of major and hemorrhagic stroke after revascularization suggests that these strokes may be preventable. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00004732.
    Keywords: Restenosis, Primary prevention, Cerebrovascular disease/stroke, Carotid Stenosis, Carotid endarterectomy, Angioplasty and Stenting
    Electronic ISSN: 1524-4539
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by American Heart Association (AHA)
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  • 10
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    William L. Young, MD: August 6, 1954, to August 1, 2013 [In Memoriam] (2013)
    American Heart Association (AHA)
    In: Stroke
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-24
    Print ISSN: 0039-2499
    Electronic ISSN: 1524-4628
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by American Heart Association (AHA)
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