Note: Front Cover -- SERTOLI CELL BIOLOGY -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- PART I: INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 1. History of the Sertoli Cell Discovery -- Chapter 2. Perspective on the Function of Sertoli Cells -- Chapter 3. Structure of the Sertoli Cell -- PART II: SERTOLI CELL DEVELOPMENT -- Chapter 4. Embryonic Sertoli Cell Differentiation -- Chapter 5. Sertoli Cell Biology in Fishes and Amphibians -- Chapter 6. Sertoli Cell Biology in Seasonal Breeders -- PART III: SERTOLI CELL FUNCTION AND GENE EXPRESSION -- Chapter 7. Sertoli Cell Gene Expression and Protein Secretion -- Chapter 8. Sertoli Cell Secreted Regulatory Factors -- Chapter 9. Proteases and Protease Inhibitors -- PART IV: SERTOLI CELL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION -- Chapter 10. FSH Regulation at the Molecular and Cellular Levels: Mechanisms of Action and Functional Effects -- Chapter 11. In Vivo FSH Actions -- Chapter 12. Sertoli Cell Endocrinology and Signal Transduction: Androgen Regulation -- Chapter 13. Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Sertoli Cell Development -- Chapter 14.The Transforming Growth Factor β Superfamily in Sertoli Cell Biology -- PART V: SERTOLI CELL TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION -- Chapter 15. Transcription Factors in Sertoli Cells -- Chapter 16. Structure and Regulation of the FSH Receptor Gene -- PART VI: CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS INVOLVING SERTOLI CELLS -- Chapter 17. The Role of the Sertoli Cell in Spermatogonial Stem Cell Fate -- Chapter 18. Sertoli Cell-Somatic Cell Interactions -- Chapter 19. Sertoli Cell Lines -- PART VII: SERTOLI CELL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY -- Chapter 20. Sertoli Cell Toxicants -- Chapter 21. Conditions Affecting Sertoli Cells -- PART VIII: SPERMATOGONIAL STEM CELLS -- Chapter 22. Gonocyte Development and Differentiation -- Chapter 23. Hormones and Spermatogonial Development. , Chapter 24. Long-Term Cultures of Mammalian Spermatogonia -- Chapter 25. Transplantation -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Series Preface -- Volume Preface -- Part 1 Assembly and Trafficking of Simple Fe-S Clusters -- Nif System for Simple [Fe-S] Cluster Assembly in Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nif System as a Model for Analysis of Simple [Fe-S] Cluster Assembly -- 3 Analysis of the Mo-Dependent Nitrogen-Fixing System in A. vinelandii -- 4 Genetic Phenotypes and Biochemical Features Indicated a Role for NifU and NifS in [Fe-S] Cluster Formation -- 5 NifS Cysteine Desulfurase -- 6 NifU Provides a Scaffold for [Fe-S] Cluster Assembly -- 7 NifU and NifS as the Minimum Set for the Assembly and Transfer of Fe-S Clusters -- 8 The NifS/NifU [Fe-S] Cluster Assembly Toolkit Provides a Paradigm for Simple [Fe-S] Cluster Assembly -- 9 Functional Cross Talk Between [Fe-S] Cluster Biosynthetic Systems -- 10 Concluding Remarks -- 11 Acknowledgments -- 12 Related Articles -- 13 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 14 References -- Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly in Bacteria and Eukarya using the ISC Biosynthesis Machinery -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Core Fe-S Cluster Assembly Step -- 3 Fe-S Cluster Transfer Step -- 4 From the Mitochondria to the Cytosol -- 5 Unsolved Questions -- 6 Related Articles -- 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 8 References -- The Suf System in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotic Organelles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bacterial Suf Pathways: Diverse Roles in Fe-S Cluster Biogenesis -- 3 Archaea and the Origin of the Suf Pathway -- 4 Eukaryotic Suf Systems: A Role for Suf in Plastid Organelles and in the Cytoplasm -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Related Articles -- 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 8 References -- Roles of Class II Glutaredoxins in the Maturation of Fe-S Proteins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Cellular Maturation of Fe-S Proteins in Model Organisms. , 3 Involvement of Glutaredoxins in the Maturation of Fe-S Proteins in Eukaryotes -- 4 Spectroscopic and Structural Data for Fe-S Bridged Complexes Involving Class II GRXs -- 5 Molecular Interactions Between Class II GRXs and their Partners -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Related Articles -- 8 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 9 References -- Part 2 Assembly of Complex and Heterometallic Fe-S Cluster Active Sites -- Nitrogenase Metallocluster Assembly -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Properties of NifDK Metalloclusters -- 3 Biosynthetic Factors -- 4 M-Cluster Biosynthesis -- 5 Biosynthesis of P Cluster -- 6 Discussion and Future Directions -- 7 Acknowledgments -- 8 Related Articles -- 9 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 10 References -- Metallocluster Assembly: Maturation of [FeFe]-Hydrogenases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Metal Center of [FeFe]-Hydrogenases -- 3 A Protein Machinery for [FeFe]-Hydrogenase Maturation -- 4 The Hyd Proteins -- 5 Mechanism of Maturation of [FeFe]-Hydrogenases -- 6 Maturase-Free Chemical Maturation: A Unique Technological Tool -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Acknowledgments -- 9 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 10 References -- CO Dehydrogenase and Acetyl-CoA Synthase -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Maturation of Ni,Fe-CODHs -- 3 Maturation of Ni,Fe-Containing ACS -- 4 Outlook -- 5 Acknowledgments -- 6 Related Articles -- 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 8 References -- Part 3 Assembly of Homometallic and Heterometalic Cu Cluster Active Sites -- Assembly of Dinuclear Copper Center in Tyrosinases and Hemocyanins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Tyrosinase and Hemocyanin: An Overview -- 3 Bacterial Tyrosinase -- 4 Mammalian Tyrosinase -- 5 Fungal Tyrosinase -- 6 Plant Tyrosinase (Catechol Oxidase) and Molluskan and Arthropod Hemocyanin -- 7 Summary -- 8 Related Articles -- 9 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 10 References -- Multicopper Oxidases -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Overview of MCO Structure and Copper-Coordination Sites -- 3 MCOs In Vitro: Interconversion of Apo and Holo Forms and Their Stability -- 4 Copper Redox State as a Probe of Copper-Site Assembly: Fet3 -- 5 The Bacillus subtilis CotA MCO: Tracking the Protein and Metal In Vivo and In Vitro -- 6 Cellular Trafficking of MCO Proteins and Prosthetic Group Copper -- 7 Summary -- 8 Related Articles -- 9 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 10 References -- Assembly of the Redox-Active Metal Centers of Cytochrome c Oxidase -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Heme a Biosynthesis and Insertion -- 3 Assembly of the CuB Center -- 4 Assembly of the CuA Center -- 5 Metallation of Copper Chaperones Involved in CcO Assembly -- 6 Acknowledgments -- 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 8 References -- CuA and CuZ Center Assembly in Nitrous Oxide Reductase -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Enzyme Nitrous Oxide Reductase -- 3 Assembly of Copper Centers into Nitrous Oxide Reductase -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Acknowledgments -- 6 Related Articles -- 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 8 References -- MoCu CO Dehydrogenase and its Active-Site Assembly -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemolithoautotrophic Growth with CO -- 3 MoCu CO Dehydrogenase of Oligotropha carboxidovorans -- 4 CO Dehydrogenase Active-Site Assembly -- 5 Function of CoxG as Membrane Anchor -- 6 Summary -- 7 Related Articles -- 8 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 9 References -- 10 Further Reading -- Part 4 Assembly of Homometallic and Heterometallic Mn Clusters -- Homo- and Heterometallic Dinuclear Manganese Proteins: Active Site Assembly -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Homometallic Manganese Proteins and their Cofactor Assembly -- 3 Heterometallic Manganese-Iron Proteins and their Cofactor Assembly -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Acknowledgments -- 6 Related Articles -- 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 8 References. , Biogenesis and Assembly of the CaMn4O5 Core of Photosynthetic Water Oxidases and Inorganic Mutants -- 1 Introduction: Brief History, Biogeological Impact -- 2 Structure and Evolution of PSII -- 3 WOC Operation -- 4 Manganese Speciation and Redox Equilibria Relevant to Cells -- 5 In Vitro Photoassembly -- 6 In Vivo Photoassembly -- 7 Future Directions -- 8 Acknowledgments -- 9 Related Articles -- 10 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 11 References -- 12 Further Reading -- Part 5 Assembly of Homometallic and Heterometallic Ni Clusters -- Urease Activation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Accessory Proteins Required for Urease Active Site Assembly -- 3 Acknowledgments -- 4 Related Articles -- 5 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 6 References -- Insights into [NiFe]-Hydrogenase Active Site Metallocluster Assembly -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Accessory Protein Machinery -- 3 Cofactor Biosynthesis -- 4 Nickel Insertion -- 5 The Conformational Switch and Active Site Closure -- 6 Protein Assembly -- 7 Perspectives -- 8 Acknowledgments -- 9 Related Articles -- 10 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 11 References -- Part 6 Assembly of Cofactors for Binding Active-site Metal Centers -- Moco in Mo/W Enzymes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Biosynthesis of the Molybdenum Cofactors -- 3 The Biosynthesis of the Molybdenum Cofactors in Humans -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Acknowledgments -- 6 Related Articles -- 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 8 References -- Heme Biosynthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Synthesis of Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA) -- 3 Conversion of ALA to Uroporphyrinogen III -- 4 Siroheme-Dependent (SHD) Pathway -- 5 Further Preparation for the Coproporphyrin and Protoporphyrin-Dependent Pathways -- 6 Coproporphyrin-Dependent (CPD) Pathway -- 7 Protoporphyrin-Dependent (PPD) Pathway -- 8 Parasite Heme Biosynthesis -- 9 Regulation of Heme Synthesis -- 10 Future Directions in Heme Synthesis. , 11 Acknowledgments -- 12 Related Articles -- 13 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 14 References -- Siroheme Assembly and Insertion to Nitrite and Sulfite Reductase -- 1 Siroheme Function -- 2 Siroheme Biogenesis: CysG -- 3 Cofactor Assembly -- 4 Related Articles -- 5 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 6 References -- Biosynthesis of Coenzyme F430 and the Posttranslational Modification of the Active Site Region of Methyl-Coenzyme M Reductase -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coenzyme F430 Biosynthesis -- 3 MCR Posttranslational Modifications -- 4 MCR Catalysis in ANME -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Related Articles -- 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 8 References -- Coenzyme B12 Biosynthesis in Bacteria and Archaea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 De Novo Corrin Ring Biosynthesis -- 3 The Nucleotide Loop Assembly (NLA) Pathway -- 4 Salvaging Complete and Incomplete Corrinoids -- 5 Biosynthesis of DMB and other Benzimidazoles -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- 7 Acknowledgments -- 8 Glossary -- 9 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 10 References -- Crosslinked Cys-Tyr Free Radical Redox Cofactor -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cys-Tyr Copper Metalloradical Active Site -- 3 Cofactor Self-Processing Reaction -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Acknowledgments -- 6 Related Articles -- 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 8 References -- Topaquinone Biogenesis and Lysyl Tyrosine Quinone Biogenesis in Cu Amine Oxidases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structural Background and Key Insights -- 3 Mechanistic Studies and the Characterization of Intermediates in TPQ Biogenesis -- 4 The Biogenesis of LTQ -- 5 Inorganic Reactivity Considerations -- 6 Acknowledgments -- 7 Related Articles -- 8 Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 9 References -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Contract-no. BMFT 50 OH 9207 3. - Uni-Project-No.: 4115. - nIndex , Differences between the printed and electronic version of the document are possible

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Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of contributors -- Dedication -- 1 German cockroach infestations in the world and their social and economic impacts -- 2 Public health and veterinary importance -- 3 Biology, nutrition and physiology -- 4 Rearing German cockroaches for research -- Colour plates -- 5 Endosymbionts and the gut microbiome -- 6 Behaviour and chemical ecology -- 7 Dispersal and population genetics -- 8 Monitoring -- 9 Chemical control methods -- 10 Management using baits -- 11 Insecticide resistance: perspectives on evolution, monitoring, mechanisms and management -- 12 Alternative control measures -- 13 Management in multi-unit dwellings and commercial kitchens -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- About the Authors -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: The Mechanism of Stem Cell Differentiation into Smooth Muscle Cells -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching in Atherosclerosis -- 1.3 Smooth Muscle Progenitors -- 1.4 Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation Mechanism -- 1.5 Microenvironment and Integrins in SMC Differentiation -- 1.6 Regulation of SMC Differentiation by TGF- b -- 1.7 PDGFs and SMC Differentiation -- 1.8 Epigenetic Modifications and HDAC Signalling -- 1.9 Nox4 and Nrf3 in SMC Differentiation -- 1.10 MicroRNA and SMC Differentiation -- 1.11 Perspective in Therapeutic Potential -- References -- Chapter 2: Recent Advances in Embryonic Stem Cell Engineering Toward Tailored Lineage Differentiation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Engineering ESC Niche for Tailored Cellular Differentiation -- 2.2.1 Physical Strategies to Optimize ESC Niche -- 2.2.1.1 Geometrical Constraint -- 2.2.1.2 External Mechanical Stimulation -- 2.2.1.3 Physical Properties of Matrix -- 2.2.2 Engineering Biochemical Cues to Induce ESC Differentiation -- 2.2.2.1 Genetic Engineering -- 2.2.2.2 Immobilized Growth Factors -- 2.2.2.3 Coculture -- 2.2.2.4 Synthetic Small Molecules -- 2.2.3 Controlling ESC Fate in 3D Microenvironment -- 2.2.3.1 Hydrogel -- 2.2.3.2 Engineered Tissue Scaffold -- 2.2.3.3 Decellularized Scaffold -- 2.3 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3: Human Amniotic Membrane: A Potential Tissue and Cell Source for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine -- 3.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Concept -- 3.2 Human Amniotic Membrane or Amnion -- 3.3 Localization of Human Amniotic Membrane-Derived Cells -- 3.4 Human Amniotic Membrane as a Source of Stem Cells -- 3.5 Differentiation Potential of Human Amniotic Membrane-Derived Cells -- 3.6 Preclinical Studies of Amnion-Derived Cells Applications. , 3.7 Clinical Application of Human Amniotic Membrane as Scaffold -- 3.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: Novel Strategies Applied to Provide Multiple Sources of Stem Cells as a Regenerative Therapy for Parkinson's Disease -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Stem Cell Therapy -- 4.2.1 Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) -- 4.2.2 Human ESCs -- 4.2.3 Adult NSCs -- 4.2.4 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) -- 4.2.5 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) -- References -- Chapter 5: Hair Follicle: A Novel Source of Stem Cells for Cell and Gene Therapy -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Hair Follicle Biology -- 5.3 Location and Differentiation Potential of Hair Follicle Stem Cells -- 5.3.1 Bulge and Hair Germ -- 5.3.2 Isthmus/Infundibulum -- 5.3.3 Sebaceous Gland -- 5.3.4 Dermal Papilla and Dermal Sheath -- 5.4 Putative Hair Follicle Stem Cell Markers -- 5.4.1 Murine Hair Follicles -- 5.4.1.1 Bulge -- 5.4.1.2 Upper Bulge -- 5.4.1.3 Dermal Papilla and Dermal Sheath -- 5.4.2 Human Hair Follicles -- 5.5 Methods for Isolating Hair Follicle Stem Cells -- 5.5.1 Microdissection -- 5.5.2 Enzymatic Digestion -- 5.5.3 Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting -- 5.6 Hair Follicle Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy -- 5.6.1 Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts -- 5.6.2 Tissue Engineering of Cartilage, Bone, and Fat -- 5.6.3 Skin Regeneration -- 5.6.4 Nerve Regeneration -- 5.6.5 Engineering Functional Hair Follicle -- 5.6.6 Drug Delivery Through the Hair Follicle -- 5.6.7 Cell and Gene Therapy Using Hair Follicle Stem Cells -- 5.6.8 Reprogramming of Hair Follicle Stem Cells -- 5.7 Conclusions: Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 6: Genetically Modified Stem Cells for Transplantation -- 6.1 Critical Challenges of Stem Cell Therapy -- 6.1.1 Types of Stem Cells -- 6.1.2 Potential of Stem Cells -- 6.1.3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. , 6.2 Current Research on Gene Modification of Stem Cells -- 6.2.1 Transgenics -- 6.2.2 Cre/lox P System -- 6.2.3 Antisense Inhibition -- 6.2.4 siRNA Gene Silencing -- 6.2.5 microRNA -- 6.2.6 Reporter Genes -- 6.2.7 Cell-Specific Promoters -- 6.2.8 Gene Switches -- 6.3 The Application of Genetic Modification of Stem Cells -- 6.3.1 Cardiology and Blood -- 6.3.1.1 Increase Graft Cell Survival -- 6.3.1.2 Increase Angiogenesis in Ischemic Heart Disease -- 6.3.1.3 Gene-Modified Stem Cells to Treat Hemophilia -- 6.3.2 Gene-Modified Stem Cells to Replenish b Cells for Treating Diabetes -- 6.3.3 Gene-Modified Stem Cells to Treat Spinal Cord Injury -- 6.3.4 Gene-Modified Stem Cells for Stroke -- 6.3.5 Gene-Modified Stem Cells for Parkinson's Disease -- 6.3.6 Gene-Modified Stem Cells to Treat Alzheimer's Disease -- 6.3.7 Gene-Modified Stem Cells to Treat Bone Defect Disease -- 6.3.8 Gene-Modified Stem Cells to Treat Cancer -- References -- Chapter 7: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Basics and the Application in Disease Model and Regenerative Medicine -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Comparison Between ES Cells and iPS Cells -- 7.2.1 Morphology -- 7.2.2 Gene-Expression Patterns -- 7.2.3 Telomerase Activity -- 7.2.4 Capacity of Forming Embryonic Body -- 7.2.5 Teratoma Formation -- 7.2.6 Tetraploid Complementation Assay -- 7.3 Applications of iPS Cells in Human Disease Models -- 7.3.1 Spinal Muscular Atrophy -- 7.3.2 Rett Syndrome -- 7.3.3 Familial Dysautonomia -- 7.3.4 Alzheimer's Disease -- 7.3.5 Parkinson's Disease -- 7.3.6 Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome -- 7.4 Shortcut Approach to Generate Interested Somatic Cell Types for Modeling Human Diseases -- 7.5 Applications of iPS Cells in Gene Therapy and Cell-Based Therapy -- 7.5.1 Sickle Cell Disease -- 7.5.2 b -Thalassemia -- 7.5.3 Type I Diabetes. , 7.6 Auditor Hair Cell Regeneration Through the iPS-Cell-Based Approach -- 7.6.1 Histology of Mouse Cochlea -- 7.6.2 Development of Mouse Cochlea -- 7.6.3 Auditory HC Regeneration in Nonmammalian Vertebrates Versus Mammals -- 7.6.4 iPS Cells Can Differentiate into New HCs In Vitro -- 7.6.5 Challenges of Auditory HC Regeneration Using iPS Cells In Vivo -- 7.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Gene Transfer to the Heart: Emerging Strategies for the Selection of Vectors, Delivery Techniques, and Therapeutic Targets -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Strategies for Genetic Manipulation of the Cardiovascular System -- 8.2.1 Overexpression of Target Gene -- 8.2.2 Specific Gene Blockade -- 8.2.2.1 Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) -- 8.2.2.2 Decoy-Based Gene Therapy -- 8.2.2.3 Short Interfering RNA (siRNA) -- 8.2.2.4 Ribozymes -- 8.3 Cardiac Gene Delivery Vectors -- 8.3.1 Nonviral Vectors -- 8.3.2 Viral Vectors -- 8.3.2.1 Lentiviruses -- 8.3.2.2 Adenoviruses -- 8.3.2.3 Adeno-Associated Viruses -- AAV Endocytosis and Intracellular Trafficking -- Challenges -- 8.4 Gene Delivery Techniques -- 8.4.1 Direct Gene Delivery -- 8.4.1.1 Intramyocardial Delivery -- 8.4.1.2 Intrapericardial Delivery -- 8.4.2 Transvascular Gene Delivery -- 8.4.2.1 Antegrade Intracoronary Gene Delivery -- 8.4.2.2 Retrograde Intracoronary Sinus Gene Delivery -- 8.4.2.3 Transvascular Intracoronary Wall Delivery -- 8.4.2.4 Ex Vivo Gene Delivery -- 8.4.2.5 Cardiopulmonary Bypass-Based Gene Delivery -- 8.4.3 Physical Methods for Enhancement Gene Transfer -- 8.4.3.1 Sonoporation -- 8.4.3.2 Electroporation -- 8.4.3.3 Magnetic Field-Enhanced Transfection (Magnetofection) -- 8.4.4 Guidance Systems to Identify Targeted Area -- 8.4.4.1 X-Ray Fluoroscopy -- 8.4.4.2 Real-Time MRI -- 8.4.4.3 Electromechanical Mapping -- 8.4.4.4 Echocardiography Guidance -- Challenges. , 8.5 Cardiac Gene Therapy Molecular Targets -- 8.5.1 Heart Failure -- 8.5.1.1 The Calcium Cycling Proteins -- SERCA2a -- S100A1 -- Phospholamban (PLN) -- 8.5.1.2 The b -Adrenergic Signaling Cascade -- b ARKct -- 8.5.2 Ischemic Heart Disease -- 8.5.2.1 Stimulation of Cardiac Angiogenesis -- VEGF -- Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) -- 8.5.3 Cardiac Arrhythmias -- 8.5.4 Congenital Diseases -- 8.5.4.1 Challenges -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Injury -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Injection Therapy of Dissociated Cells -- 9.2.1 Skeletal Myoblasts -- 9.2.2 Cardiac Stem Cells -- 9.2.3 Bone Marrow- and Peripheral Blood-Derived Cells -- 9.3 Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.1 Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.2 Cell Sheet-Based Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Culture Surface -- 9.3.2.2 Skeletal Myoblast Sheet -- 9.3.2.3 Adult Stem/Progenitor Cell Sheets -- 9.3.3 Pulsatile 3D Cardiac Tissue -- 9.3.3.1 Fabrication of Cardiac Tissue Using Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.3.2 Human Cell Sources of Beating Cardiomyocytes -- 9.4 Challenging Trials: From Tissue Engineering to Organ Engineering -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: New Advances in Cardiac Regenerative Medicine -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Potential and Challenges of iPS Cells: Comparison with ESC -- 10.3 Methods Used to Generate iPS -- 10.3.1 Methods Used to Generate iPS: Donor Cells -- 10.3.2 Methods Used to Generate iPS: Vectors -- 10.4 Tumor Formation -- 10.5 Differentiation to Cardiomyocytes -- 10.6 Methods Used to Differentiate iPS Cells -- 10.6.1 Methods Used to Differentiate iPS Cells: EB -- 10.6.2 Methods Used to Differentiate iPS Cells: Techniques Used for Cardiomyocyte Isolation -- 10.7 Application of iPS Cells in Cardiac Regenerative Medicine. , 10.8 Application of iPS Cells in the Genetic Analysis of Cardiac Disease.

Note: VOLUME 1: MALE REPRODUCTION -- Contents of Volume 1 -- Contributors to Volume 1 -- Biographies -- Preface -- Permission Acknowledgments -- Content and Volume Overview -- TESTIS -- Historic Considerations in Male Reproduction -- Structure/Cells Overview -- Endocrinology Overview RSS -- TESTIS CELL BIOLOGY -- Sertoli Cell -- Molecular Biology of Sertoli Cells -- Leydig Cells -- Leydig Cells: Fetal to Aged Testes -- Peritubular Myoid Cells in Testis -- Vascular Cells -- Spermatogenic Cells-Structure -- Energetics of Spermatogenic Cells -- Spermatozoa and Sperm Structure -- Cell-Cell Interactions-Structural -- Cell-Cell Interactions-Molecular -- DEVELOPMENT -- Formation of the Testis Primordium -- Male Sex DeterminationdPhenotypic -- The Molecular Control of Testis Determination -- Pubertal Development -- TESTIS PHYSIOLOGY -- Testis PhysiologydOverview and Histology -- Spermatogonial Stem Cell and Niche -- Spermatogenic Cell Syncytium -- Seminiferous Cycle -- Spermiation -- Blood-Testis Barrier -- Testis Cell and Organ Culture -- Castration -- Germ Cell Transplantation -- MALE ENDOCRINOLOGY -- Hypothalamic Pituitary Testis Axis -- Pituitary Cell and Molecular -- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Male Reproduction in Mammals -- LH and the Male -- Inhibin and Male -- Activins in Male Reproduction -- Leydig Cell Androgen Synthesis -- Androgen Receptor -- Nongenomic Androgen Actions in Male Reproductive Tissues -- Androgen Receptor Ligands: Agonists and Antagonists -- Aggressive Behavior -- MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT -- Male Reproductive Tract: Development Overview -- Wolffian Duct Development -- Rete Testis: Structure, Cell Biology and Site for Stem Cell Transplantation -- Efferent Ductules: Structure and Function -- Endocrinology and Pathology of Rete Testis and Efferent Ductules -- Cell Biology of the Epididymis. , Epididymis: Sperm Maturation and Motility -- Gene Regulation in the Epididymis -- Vas Deferens -- Prostate-Overview -- Prostate Structure -- Prostate-Cell Biology and Secretion -- Prostate Disease Overview -- Seminal Vesicle Gland-Overview -- Seminal Vesicle-Structure -- Seminal Vesicle-Secretion -- The Seminal Vesicles: Endocrinological Aspects -- Penis Structure -- Penis Structure-Erection -- Penis Endocrinology -- Erection Abnormality -- Ejaculation/Semen -- MALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY -- Male Puberty: Neuroendocrine Disruption of Reproduction -- Male Fertility Overview -- Fertility, Sperm Number and Motility -- Male Reproductive Senescence -- Autonomic Nervous System and Male Reproduction -- Circadian Rhythms-Male -- Circannual Rhythms -- Energetics of the Male Reproduction -- Nutritional Factors and Male Reproduction -- Pineal Gland and Melatonin Biosynthesis -- Pineal Gland and Regulatory Function -- Male contraception -- COMPARATIVE MAMMALIAN MALE REPRODUCTION -- Mammalian Reproduction Overview -- Cattle Overview -- Pig Overview -- Horse Overview -- Sheep Overview -- Rodent Overview -- Male Dog Overview -- The Male Cat -- Human and Primate Overview -- Male ART in Animal Species -- Male Contraception in Animal Species -- ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY -- Testis Toxicants -- Toxicant Actions: Mode of Action of Endocrine Disruptors -- Temperature and Testis -- Metals -- Anogenital Distance: A Marker of Steroidal Endocrine Disruption -- Antiandrogens -- Antiestrogens -- Estrogen Agonists -- Plastics -- Pesticides -- Endocrine Disruptors and Male Reproductive Function -- Transgenerational and Epigenetic Impacts of Environmental Exposures in Male Reproduction -- Preconception Generational Impacts Male -- Pharmaceutical Drugs -- VOLUME 2: FEMALE REPRODUCTION -- Contents of Volume 2 -- Contributors to Volume 2 -- Biographies -- Preface. , Permission of Ackowledgments -- Content and Volume Overview -- OVARY -- Ovary, Overview -- Granulosa Cells -- Theca Cells -- The Oocyte -- The Ovarian Interstitium -- Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Ovarian Follicle -- Cumulus Cells -- OVARY DEVELOPMENT -- Fetal/Gonadogenesis -- Cellular and Structural Aspects of Fetal Ovarian Differentiation -- Female Sex Determination: Molecular -- Primordial Follicle -- Folliculogenesis -- Antral Follicles: Recruitment and Selection of Ovulatory Follicles -- Antral Follicles: Recruitment and Selection of Ovulatory Follicles -- Ovulation -- Corpus Luteum -- Luteolysis -- FEMALE ENDOCRINOLOGY -- Estrous and Menstrual Cycles -- Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary Axis -- Gonadotropins -- Gonadotropin Receptors -- Steroid Receptors Classical -- Nonclassical Steroid Receptors and Their Role in Regulating Female Reproduction -- Ovarian Production of Estradiol: The Two-Cell, Two-Gonadotropin Model -- Hormone Effects on Follicular Growth and Differentiation -- Estrogens -- Progesterone Signaling in the Endometrium -- Androgens -- Aromatization -- Activins and Inhibins in Female Reproduction -- Follistatin and Transforming Growth Factor b (TGFb) Family -- Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) -- FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY -- Female Puberty Overview -- Female Puberty: Nutrition and Endocrinology -- Menarche/Menopause -- Reproductive Senescence in the Female -- Female Contraception -- FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT -- Fetal and Postnatal Female Tract Development -- Sperm Transport and Selection in Mammals -- Fallopian Tube/Oviduct -- Fallopian Tube/Oviduct: Structure and Cell Biology -- Aspects of Rodent Implantation -- Cell Biology of the Uterus -- Uterus-Hormonal Regulation -- The Primate Uterus: Cyclic Changes -- Menstruation and Endometrial Repair -- Uterus-Endometrium -- Uterus: Growth Factors and Cytokines -- Cervix. , Cervix: Cell Biology -- Vagina -- Vagina: Cell Biology -- EARLY PREGNANCY AND IMPLANTATION -- Fertilization and the Signaling of Egg Activation -- Mammalian Gestational Strategies: Embryonic Diapause and Pseudopregnancy -- Pregnancy Recognition Signals With an Emphasis on Ruminants -- Chorionic Gonadotropin -- Uterine Receptivity: The Status of Uterus for Implantation -- Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling in Embryo-Uterine Interactions During Implantation -- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor -- Interferons -- Trophoblast -- Decidua -- Human Placentation -- Placentation in the Mouse -- Domestic Animal Placentation -- Comparative Placentation-Mammals -- Uterine Natural Killer (NK) Cells -- PREGNANCY -- Endocrinology of Pregnancy -- Fetal Maternal Unit -- Fetal Endocrinology -- Placental Endocrinology -- Placental Lactogen (CSH) -- Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins -- Adrenomedullin in Female Reproduction and Pregnancy -- Placental Angiogenesis -- Placental Transfer -- Placental Nutrient Transport -- Immunology of Pregnancy -- Yolk Sac -- Allantois -- The Amnion and Amniotic Fluid -- Nutrition and Pregnancy Outcomes -- Adaptations to Pregnancy -- Relaxin -- Oxytocin -- Pregnancy Complications (FGR, Preeclampsia) -- Parturition, Labor, Delivery -- The Intrauterine Position Phenomenon -- COMPARATIVE MAMMALIAN FEMALE REPRODUCTION -- Metatheria: Marsupials -- Pig -- Beef Cattle -- Sheep -- Horse -- Rodents -- Selected Comparative Aspects of Canine Female Reproductive Physiology -- Female Cat Reproduction -- ENVIRONMENT AND TOXICOLOGY -- Reproductive Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants in the Female -- Plastic Compounds -- Metals in Female Reproduction -- Pesticides -- Ovarian Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- Female Antiestrogens -- Female Antiandrogens -- Estrogenic Agonist -- Diethylstilbestrol (DES). , Environmentally Induced Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of FemaleReproductive Pathology -- MAMMARY GLAND -- The Mammary Gland: An Overview -- The Cell Biology of the Lactating Mammary Epithelium -- Mammary Gland Development -- The Marvels of Milk and Lactation -- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Mammary Gland (HPM) Axis -- Mammary Gland-Endocrinology -- Lactocrine Programming -- VOLUME 3: GAMETOGENESIS, FERTILIZATION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT -- Contents of Volume 3 -- Contributors to Volume 3 -- Biographies -- Preface -- Permission Acknowledgments -- Content and Overview -- GAMETOGENESIS -- Gametogenesis Overview -- SPERMATOGENESIS -- Meiosis Overview -- Spermatogenesis: Overview -- Prospermatogonia -- Spermatogonia -- Spermatocytes -- Spermatids -- The First Wave of Spermatogenesis -- Spermatogonial Response to Somatic Cell Interactions -- Differential Expression of Golgi Proteins During Spermatogenesis -- Inherent Sperm Maturation: A Role for the Hermes Body (Cytoplasmic Droplet)of Sperm -- Chromatin Structure, Composition, and Function During Spermatogenesis -- Regulation of Spermatogenesis by Noncoding RNAs -- Epigenetic Programming of Paternally Imprinted Genes DuringSpermatogenesis -- Specification of Spermatogonial Stem Cells -- Regulation of Spermatogonial Stem Cell Function -- Spermatogonial Transplantation and Spermatogonial Stem Cell Competence -- Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes in Spermatogenesis -- The Cycle of the Seminiferous Epithelium -- Structure of the Spermatozoon -- Chromatin Structure in Sperm: Composition and Function -- In Vitro Spermatogenesis -- OOGENESIS -- Growth and Meiotic Maturation of Mammalian Oocytes: An Overview -- Oocyte Meiotic Arrest -- Oocyte Meiotic Arrest -- Oocyte Meiotic Resumption Upon Puberty -- Oocyte Maturation During Folliculogenesis -- Structural Aspects of Oocyte Maturation. , Chromatin Modifications During Mammalian Oocyte Growth and Meiotic Maturation.

Note: Intro -- Preface to the Series -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1 Genome and Transcriptome of Amaranth Species -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Amaranth Draft Genome -- 1.3 Amaranth Transcriptome -- 1.3.1 Amaranth Transcriptome on Herbicide Resistance -- 1.3.2 Amaranth Transcriptome on Stress Response -- 1.3.3 Amaranth Transcriptome on Genome Rearrangement Assessment -- 1.3.4 Amaranth Transcriptome on Seed Development -- 1.3.5 Amaranth Transcriptome on Leaf Pigmentation -- 1.3.6 Amaranth Transcriptome on Flowering Genes -- 1.4 Amaranth Sequence Information in Public Databases -- 1.5 Experimental Design and Transcriptome Study -- 1.6 Final Remarks -- References -- 2 Organelle Genomics: The Chloroplast Genome of Amaranth -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Chloroplast Genome Sequencing -- 2.3 Chloroplast Genome Assembly Details -- 2.3.1 Codon Usage Pattern -- 2.3.2 Simple Sequence Repeat Content -- 2.3.3 Repeated Sequences -- 2.3.4 Variation Content -- 2.4 Phylogenetic Analysis -- 2.5 Genetic Diversity in Amaranths -- 2.6 Perspectives on Future Genetic Improvements -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- 3 Genetic and Phenotypic Odyssey: Voyage of the Grain Amaranths from the Americas to the Old World -- Abstract -- 3.1 Early Evidence of Grain Amaranths in the Old World -- 3.2 The Asian Grain Amaranths -- 3.3 Taxonomic Revision of the Amaranths -- 3.4 Pre-Columbian or Post-Columbian Introduction of the Grain Amaranths -- 3.5 Modern Dissemination and Use of Amaranths in the Old World -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Genetics of Betalain Pigments in Amaranth Species -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Betalains in Amaranthus Species -- 4.2.1 Type of Betalains in Amaranthus Species -- 4.2.2 Betalains in Other Plant Species -- 4.3 Divergence of Betalains from Anthocyanins. , 4.3.1 Betalains Versus Anthocyanins -- 4.3.2 Evolutionary Relationship of Betalains and Anthocyanins -- 4.4 Functional Analysis of Betalain Pigments in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses -- 4.4.1 Abiotic Stress -- 4.4.2 Biotic Stress -- 4.5 Betalain Biosynthesis Pathway Genes -- 4.5.1 Betalain Biosynthesis Pathway -- 4.5.2 Reverse Genetics Work in Amaranth -- 4.6 Perspectives on Future Research and Genetic Improvements -- 4.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Molecular Characterisation of Seed Storage Proteins (SSPs) in Grain Amaranth -- Abstract -- 5.1 Amaranth Species Used for Grain Production -- 5.2 Seeds Morphological Characteristics -- 5.3 Proximate Seed Composition of Wild and Cultivated Amaranth Species -- 5.4 Amaranth Seed Proteins According to Osborne's Classification -- 5.4.1 Albumins -- 5.4.2 Globulins -- 5.4.3 Prolamins -- 5.4.4 Glutelins -- 5.5 Biosynthesis and Accumulation of SSPs -- 5.6 Improvement of the Functional Properties of Amaranth Globulins -- 5.7 Phylogenetic Relationships of Amaranth Seed Storage Proteins -- 5.7.1 Albumins -- 5.7.2 Globulins -- 5.8 SSPs Genetics -- 5.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Genetic Diversity in Amaranth and Its Close Relatives -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Classification of Amaranths on the Bases of Their Use -- 6.3 Genetic Diversity in Amaranth and Their Wild Relatives -- 6.3.1 Morphological Approach -- 6.3.2 Biochemical Approach -- 6.3.3 Cytological Approach -- 6.3.4 Molecular Approach -- 6.4 Amaranth Germplasm Collection -- 6.5 Amaranth Varieties of India -- 6.6 Importance and Applications of Amaranth -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Searching for an Identity: Functional Characterization of Taxonomically Restricted Genes in Grain Amaranth -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Identification of TRGs -- 7.3 Features of TRGs -- 7.4 TRGs in Grain Amaranth. , 7.5 Work in Progress -- 7.6 Final Comments -- References -- 8 How to Overcome Recalcitrance? Novel Strategies and Recent Advances in the Genetic Transformation of Grain Amaranth -- Abstract -- 8.1 How It All Started: Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation -- 8.2 Variants of the Classical Agrobacterium Transformation Method: Are They Better? -- 8.3 Increasing Transformation Efficiency in Recalcitrant Crops -- 8.4 The Long and Winding Road Leading to the Best Procedure to Transform Grain Amaranth -- 8.5 A Light at the End of the Tunnel? Combined Use of A. rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens for the Generation of Transformed A. hypochondriacus Plants -- 8.6 Genetic Improvement of Amaranth Through γ-Irradiation -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Polyploidy and Hybridization for Amaranth Crop Improvement -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Potential of Amaranth as a Future Crop for the Management of Climate's Change Impact -- 9.2.1 Climate Change -- 9.2.2 Potential of Amaranth -- 9.3 Amaranth: Hybridization Versus Evolutionary Process -- 9.4 Polyploidy in Amaranths -- 9.4.1 Indonesian Amaranths -- 9.5 Amaranth Crop Improvement -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Amaranth Transcription Factors in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Identification of Amaranth TFs Involved in Stresses Tolerance -- 10.2.1 MYB Transcription Factor -- 10.2.2 bHLH Transcription Factor -- 10.2.3 WRKY Transcription Factor -- 10.3 Functional Studies of Amaranth TFs Conferring Stress Tolerance -- 10.3.1 AhERF-TF Conferred Tolerance to Water Stress by ABA-Independent Mechanisms -- 10.3.2 Dof TF Provided Tolerance to Salt Stress by ABA-Dependent and ABA-Independent Pathways -- 10.3.3 NF-YC Increase Water Stress Resistance by Partly ABA-Dependent -- 10.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References.