Publication Date:
2022-05-25
Description:
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2011
Description:
The sinking flux of particulate matter into the ocean interior is an oceanographic phenomenon
that fuels much of the metabolic demand of the subsurface ocean and affects the distribution of
carbon and other elements throughout the biosphere. In this thesis, I use a new suite of
observations to study the dynamics of marine particulate matter at the contrasting sites of the
subtropical Sargasso Sea near Bermuda and the waters above the continental shelf of the Western
Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). An underwater digital camera system was employed to capture
images of particles in the water column. The subsequent analysis of these images allowed for the
determination of the particle concentration size distribution at high spatial, depth, and temporal
resolutions. Drifting sediment traps were also deployed to assess both the bulk particle flux and
determine the size distribution of the particle flux via image analysis of particles collected in
polyacrylamide gel traps. The size distribution of the particle concentration and flux were then
compared to calculate the average sinking velocity as a function of particle size. I found that the
average sinking velocities of particles ranged from about 10-200 m d-1 and exhibited large
variability with respect to location, depth, and date. Particles in the Sargasso Sea, which
consisted primarily of small heterogeneous marine snow aggregates, sank more slowly than the
rapidly sinking krill fecal pellets and diatom aggregates of the WAP. Moreover, the average
sinking velocity did not follow a pattern of increasing velocities for the larger particles, a result
contrary to what would be predicted from a simple formulation of Stokes’ Law. At each location,
I derived a best-fit fractal correlation between the flux size distribution and the total carbon flux.
The use of this relationship and the computed average sinking velocities enabled the estimation of
particle flux from measurements of the particle concentration size distribution. This approach
offers greatly improved spatial and temporal resolution when compared to traditional sediment
trap methods for measuring the downward flux of particulate matter. Finally, I deployed
specialized in situ incubation chambers to assess the respiration rates of microbes attached to
sinking particles. I found that at Bermuda, the carbon specific remineralization rate of sinking
particulate matter ranged from 0.2 to 1.1 d-1, while along the WAP, these rates were very slow
and below the detection limit of the instruments. The high microbial respiration rates and slow
sinking velocities in the Sargasso Sea resulted in the strong attenuation of the flux with respect to
depth, whereas the rapid sinking velocities and slow microbial degradation rates of the WAP
resulted in nearly constant fluxes with respect to depth.
Description:
The Scurlock Bermuda Biological Station for Research Fund
provided travel support to and from Bermuda. A grant from the National Science Foundation
(NSF) Carbon and Water Program (06028416) enabled all the Sargasso Sea research as well as
the opportunity to develop and test much of the methodology presented in this thesis. Internal
awards from the WHOI Rinehart Access to the Sea Program and the WHOI Coastal Oceans
Institute provided early funding that supported my first season of research in Antarctica and were
instrumental in securing the larger external NSF Office of Polar Programs (OPP) Western
Antarctic Peninsula Flux Project (OPP 0838866) grant for a second year of science in the region.
The NSF OPP Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research Project and the Food for Benthos on the
Antarctic Continental Shelf Project provided logistical support in the region. Phoebe Lam and
Scott Doney’s grant from the WHOI Ocean Carbon and Climate Institute supported a semester of
my time. The Henry G. Houghton Fund and the MIT Student Assistance Fund subsidized
educational costs, textbooks, equipment, and travel expenses to conferences. In my first year I
was supported by funding from Scott Doney’s NSF grant (OCCE-0312710).
Keywords:
Sediment transport
;
Carbon cycle
;
Laurence M. Gould (Ship) Cruise LMG0901
;
Laurence M. Gould (Ship) Cruise LMG0902
;
Laurence M. Gould (Ship) Cruise LMG1001
;
Nathaniel B. Palmer (Ship) Cruise NBP1002
Repository Name:
Woods Hole Open Access Server
Type:
Thesis
Format:
application/pdf
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