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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17–34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 86 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We report a trial of the technical feasibility of monitoring the state of the fetal brain during labour using the Cerebral Function Monitor (CFM). This device was developed for long-term monitoring of the electroencephalogram (EEG). A tripolar scalp electrode allows removal of the fetal electrocardiograph (ECG) from the fetal EEG. Technically satisfactory recordings were obtained from 15 fetuses during labour for periods of up to 6½ hours before delivery. There were alterations of CFM trace with fetal distress and also during general anaesthesia for Caesarean section.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 94 (1972), S. 7928-7929 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 39 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cerebral function analysing monitor is a development of the cerebral function monitor. It produces a more detailed analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) amplitude and analyses the frequency of the waveforms into standard beta, alpha, theta and delta bands. It can analyse the EEG from two input channels, produce traces of the standard EEG, and compute visual, auditory, somato sensory and brain stem evoked potentials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 39 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recordings of cerebral electrical activity produced by the cerebral function analysing monitor (CFAM) were obtained from nine healthy volunteers breathing increasing concentrations of N2O in O2. Concentrations of 30 and 50% N2O produced significant reductions in CFAM trace amplitude. Withdrawal of N2O resulted in an increase in amplitude with an initial increase above the control level. There were no consistent changes in the frequency distribution of the weighted electroencephalographic signal with increasing concentrations of N2O.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 41 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recordings of cerebral electrical activity were obtained using the cerebral function analysing monitor from eight unpremedicated patients anaesthetised with increasing concentrations of halothane in oxygen. The amplitude of the processed EEG increased at one and decreased at two minimal alveolar concentrations. The frequency distribution of the weighted EEG signal showed a linear increase of delta activity with a corresponding decrease in beta activity with increasing concentrations of halothane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 10 (1971), S. 355-360 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 10 (1971), S. 2658-2658 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 16 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of applied ichthyology 3 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0426
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An underwater T. V. camera towed on a sledge allows to estimate the densities of snow crabs Chionoecetes opilio. The camera is mounted in front of a rake which digs into the sediment. Semi buried animals flounce over the transversal bar of the rake. They are counted either immediately while watching a T.V. monitor on deck, or later on, from video recordings. The distribution of crabs on the sea floor is slightly patchy (x̄= 13 103± 2 103 individuals/Km2; the dispersion index I = S2/x̄= 1.41 is significantly 〉 1 at the 5% level). This spatial distribution is bimodal and is not satisfactorily modelled by a negative binomial. It suggests the presence of a microstructure originating from behavior of the crabs. No rhythm is detected within the spatial series of observations but a strong spatial covariance exists between sampling units for distances ranging up to 7 km. These macropatches are thought to originate from the morphology of the grounds. About 40 % of crabs are semi buried, 78 % of semi buried individuals have a carapace width smaller than 10 cm.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Abschätzung von Schneekrebsmengen (Chionoecetes opilio) durch Unterwasserfemsehen In der Untersuchung werden exemplarisch die Möglichkeit und Auswertung von Unterwasserfernsehaufnahmen zur quantitativen Bestandsanalyse von benthal-lebenden Fischereiobjekten behandelt. Die eingesetzte Unterwasserfernsehkamera ist auf einer Harke befestigt, die auf einem Schlitten montiert ist, der über den Meeresboden gezogen wird. Die von der Harke erfaßten größeren halbeingegrabenen Bodentiere—bei diesen Untersuchungen die Seekrabbe Chionoecetes opiuo—gleiten über eine Querstange ins freie Wasser und werden so von der Fernsehkamera erfaßt und auf dem Monitor zur Anzeige gebracht, direkt oder später auf Videoaufnahmen gezählt. Die Krabben sind auf dem Meeresgrund ungleich verteilt. Der Dispersionsindex beträgt I = S2/x̄= 1.41 und 〉 1 auf dem 5% Signifikanzniveau. Die Gesamtzahl der Krabben wurde mit x̄= 13.103± 2.103/km2 berechnet. Die Verteilung erwies sich als bimodal. Das weist hin auf die Anwesenheit einer Mikrostruktur, die aus der Verhaltensweise der Krebse resultiert. Eine Periodik ließ sich in der Verteilung nicht erkennen. Es besteht jedoch eine starke Autokorrelation innerhalb der einzelnen Proben in Entfernungen bis zu sieben Kilometern. Es wird vermutet, daß diese “Makro-patches” ihren Ursprung in der Morphologie der Böden haben. Die Bestandsdichte ist umgekehrt proportional zur Größe der Tiere. 78% der halbeingegrabenen Tiere haben eine Panzerbreite 〉 10cm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Evaluation de l'abondance de crabes des neiges (Chionoecetes opilio) par télévision sousmarine. Une caméra de télévision sous-marine remorquée permet d'évaluer les densités de crabes des neiges, Chionoecetes opilio. La caméra est montée en avant d'un râteau qui racle le sédiment. La faune semi endogée passe au dessus de la barre du râteau. Les comptages de crabes s' effectuent soit en temps réel sur un moniteur de télévision situéà la passerelle, soit en temps différéà partir d'enregistrements vidéo. La distribution des crabes sur le fond est de type agroupé (x = 13 103± 2 103 individus/Km2; l'indice de dispersion I = S2/x̄= 1.41 est significativement 〉 1 au seuil de 5%). Cette distribution est bimodale et s'ajuste mal à la binomiale négative. Elle est sans doute expliquée par une microstructure ayant pour origine le comportement des crabes. Aucun rythme n'est décelé dans la série spatiale des échantillons, mais une covariance spatiale nette existe entre unités d'échantillonnage jusqu'à une distance de 7 km. Ces macro agroupements ont probablement pour origine la morphologie des fonds de pèches. Près de 40% des crabes sont semi endogés, 78% des individus endogés ont une largeur de carapace inférieure à 10 cm.
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