Keywords:
Volcanic ash, tuff, etc.
;
Electronic books.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (300 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9780081004241
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=4532720
DDC:
363.3495
Language:
English
Note:
Front Cover -- VOLCANIC ASH -- VOLCANIC ASH -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 - Introduction -- 1. VOLCANIC ASH: HAZARD OBSERVATION -- 2 - Volcanic Ash: Generation and Spatial Variations -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. AN OVERVIEW OF ASH FORMATION AND ERUPTION STYLES -- 2.1 Ash Formation -- 2.2 Eruptions and Tephra Deposits -- 3. TEPHRA COMPONENTS AND COMPOSITION -- 3.1 Composition -- 3.2 Ash Components -- 4. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN THE GRAIN SIZE OF VOLCANIC DEPOSITS -- 4.1 Deposit Thickness and Grain Size -- 4.2 Ultra-Distal Ash -- 4.3 Airborne Ash Measurements -- 5. ASH SHAPE, DENSITY, AND SETTLING VELOCITY -- 5.1 Ash Shape -- 5.2 Particle Density -- 5.3 Settling Velocities -- 6. IMPLICATIONS FOR ASH TRACKING AND FORECASTING -- 3 - Observations of Ash on the Ground -- 1 - Field Observations of Tephra Fallout Deposits -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FALLOUT DEPOSITS -- 3. PIECING TOGETHER THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD OF PAST ERUPTIONS -- 4. MEASURING THE SCALE OF ERUPTIONS -- 5. MAPPING FALLOUT DEPOSITS -- 6. VOLCANO METRICS: ERUPTION SIZE -- 7. VOLCANO METRICS: ERUPTION INTENSITY -- 8. QUANTIFYING ERUPTED VOLUMES FROM SPARSE FIELD OBSERVATIONS -- 9. OBSERVATIONS OF HISTORICAL AND ANCIENT FALLOUT DEPOSITS -- 10. ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTIES -- 11. PRESERVATION POTENTIAL AND CRYPTOTEPHRA -- 12. CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- 2 - Aerodynamics of Volcanic Particles: Characterization of Size, Shape, and Settling Velocity -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PARTICLE SIZE CHARACTERIZATION -- 2.1 Volume -- 2.2 Surface Area -- 3. PARTICLE SHAPE CHARACTERIZATION -- 3.1 Form -- 3.2 Sphericity -- 4. TERMINAL VELOCITY AND DRAG COEFFICIENT OF VOLCANIC PARTICLES -- 4.1 Evaluation of Drag Coefficient Models -- 4.2 Variation of Drag Coefficient and Terminal Velocity With Particle Size -- 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Acknowledgments.
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3 - Ash Aggregation in Volcanic Clouds -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ASH AGGREGATE TYPES -- 2.1 Particle Clusters -- 2.2 Accretionary Pellets -- 2.3 Liquid Ash Pellets -- 3. OBSERVATIONS OF ASH AGGREGATES FALLING FROM RECENT VOLCANIC CLOUDS -- 3.1 May 18, 1980, Eruption of Mount St. Helens, USA -- 3.2 1995-99 Eruptions at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat -- 3.3 Icelandic Eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 and Grímsvötn in 2011 -- 3.4 March 2009 Eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, USA -- 4. TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AGGREGATED ASH DEPOSITS -- 4.1 Characteristics of Aggregates in Ash Fall Deposits -- 4.2 Characteristics of Aggregates in Pyroclastic Density Current Deposits -- 5. OVERVIEW OF AGGREGATE FORMATION IN VOLCANIC ASH CLOUDS -- 5.1 Binding Mechanisms -- 5.2 Cloud Microphysical Processes -- 6. SUMMARY -- 4 - Contribution of Fine Ash to the Atmosphere From Plumes Associated With Pyroclastic Density Currents -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. OVERVIEW -- 2.1 Ignimbrite-Forming Eruptions -- 2.2 Plinian Eruptions -- 2.3 Intermediate Size Eruptions -- 2.4 Dome Collapse Events -- 2.5 Summary -- 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CO-PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENT DEPOSITS -- 3.1 Stratigraphy -- 3.2 Geometry and Volume of Co-pyroclastic Density Current and Mixed Fallout Deposits -- 3.3 Componentry of Co-pyroclastic Density Current Deposits -- 3.4 Grain Size of Co-pyroclastic Density Current and Mixed Fallout Deposits -- 3.4.1 Methods for Analyzing Particle Size Distributions of Fallout Deposits -- 3.4.2 Grain Size Characteristics of Co-pyroclastic Density Current and Mixed Fallout Deposits -- 3.4.3 Origin of the Bimodality in Mixed Fallout Deposits -- 4. CONTROLS ON CO-PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENT PLUME FORMATION AND DYNAMICS -- 4.1 Source Conditions -- 4.2 Insights from Numerical Models for Column Dynamics.
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5. DISPERSION AND SEDIMENTATION OF CO-PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENT ASH -- 5.1 Importance of Enhanced Sedimentation -- 5.2 Source Parameters for Numerical Modeling of Dispersion and Sedimentation -- 5.3 Co-pyroclastic Density Current Plume Retrieval by Satellite Infrared Methods -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- 4 - Observations of Ash in the Air -- 5 - In Situ Observations of Airborne Ash From Manned Aircraft -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. INSTRUMENTATION AND SAMPLING -- 3. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHOICE OF AIRCRAFT -- 4. CASE STUDIES: EYJAFJALLAJÖKULL, GRÍMSVÖTN, SAKURAJIMA, AND HOLUHRAUN CAMPAIGNS -- 4.1 Eyjafjallajökull -- 4.2 Grímsvötn -- 4.3 Sakurajima -- 4.4 Holuhraun -- 5. RESULTS, DATA ANALYSIS, AND VISUALIZATION -- 6. PLUME PHYSICS AND FITTING TO MODELS -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- 6 - Electrostatics and In Situ Sampling of Volcanic Plumes -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. VOLCANIC LIGHTNING AND CHARGE IN VOLCANIC PLUMES -- 2.1 Surface-Based In Situ Electrostatic Measurements -- 2.2 Volcanic Lightning Detection -- 2.3 Measurements of Weakly Charged Plumes -- 2.4 Summary of Plume Charging Observations -- 3. CHARGING MECHANISMS AND LABORATORY STUDIES OF CHARGING -- 3.1 Tribocharging -- 3.2 Fractoemission -- 3.3 Natural Radioactivity -- 3.4 Interactions With Water -- 3.5 Plume Interactions With the Ambient Atmosphere -- 4. IN SITU SAMPLING OF VOLCANIC PLUMES WITH METEOROLOGICAL SOUNDING BALLOONS -- 4.1 Radiosonde Measurements of the Eyjafjallajökull Plume -- 4.2 Comparison of Two Volcanic Plumes Aloft -- 4.3 Broader Applications of Radiosondes to Volcanic Plume Measurements -- 5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE MEASUREMENTS -- Acknowledgments -- 7 - In Situ Observations of Volatile and Nonvolatile Particle Size Distributions From Balloon-Borne Platforms -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. AEROSOL PROFILES WITH HEATED DESCENTS FOLLOWING PINATUBO.
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3. EVOLUTION OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION AS A FUNCTION OF SIZE FOLLOWING PINATUBO -- 4. PROFILES OF AEROSOL USING HEATED AND AMBIENT INTAKES FOLLOWING KELUD -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- 5 - Aircraft and Ground-Based Remote Sensing of Ash -- 8 - Detection of Airborne Volcanic Ash Using Radar -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND -- 2.1 Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves at Mono- and Polydisperse Particle Ensembles -- 2.2 The Radar Equation -- 2.3 Polarization -- 2.4 Pulsed and Continuous Wave: Measuring Distance or Velocity -- 2.5 Pulse-Doppler and FMCW: Measuring Distance and Velocity -- 3. OBSERVATIONS OF VOLCANIC ASH USING RADAR -- 3.1 Weather Radar Observations -- 3.1.1 Volcanic Ash Detected by Weather Radar -- 3.1.1.1 Early Observations -- 3.1.1.2 The Mt. St. Helens Eruption, 1980, 1982 -- 3.1.1.3 The Mt. Pinatubo 1991 and Mt. Spurr 1992 Eruptions -- 3.1.1.4 Observations of Eruptions in Japan -- 3.1.1.5 Eruptions in Iceland -- 3.1.1.6 The Te Maari Eruption 2012 in New Zealand -- 3.1.1.7 Estimating the Particle Size Distribution from Radar Observation -- 3.2 Dedicated Short Range Portable or Semiportable Doppler Radar Systems -- 3.2.1 Observations at Arenal Volcano -- 3.2.2 Observations at Santiaguito Volcano -- 3.2.3 Continuous Monitoring of Volcanoes With Dedicated Radar Systems -- 3.3 Direct Ashfall Measurements -- 3.4 Limitations of Radar Systems for Observation of Volcanic Ash -- 4. OUTLOOK AND CONCLUSION -- Acknowledgments -- 9 - Lidar Observations of Volcanic Particles -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. HISTORY OF LIDAR IN THE CONTEXT OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS -- 3. AEROSOL LIDAR TECHNIQUES -- 4. THE RETRIEVAL OF CONCENTRATIONS AND THE SYNERGY WITH SUN PHOTOMETERS -- 5. LIDAR OBSERVATIONS OF VOLCANIC PARTICLES -- 5.1 Stratospheric Measurements -- 5.2 Tropospheric Measurements -- 5.3 Intensive Optical Parameters.
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6. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- 10 - Quantitative Ground-Based Imaging of Volcanic Ash -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. INFRARED GROUND-BASED IMAGING OF VOLCANIC ASH -- 2.1 Volcanic Ash Detection Using Mid-Infrared Radiation -- 2.2 Ash Particle Size Distributions and Deposition Rate -- 2.3 A First Example of Ground-Based Thermal Infrared Ash Imaging -- 2.4 Recent Applications of Ground-Based Infrared Imaging Techniques for Ash Detection -- 3. ULTRAVIOLET GROUND-BASED IMAGING OF VOLCANIC ASH -- 3.1 Remote Sensing of Ash From Space With Ultraviolet Imagers -- 3.2 Ground-Based Quantifications of Ash Emissions With Ultraviolet Imaging Systems -- 3.3 Empirical Observations of Ash Absorptions in the Ultraviolet -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- 6 - Observing Airborne Ash From Space -- 11 - Infrared Sounding of Volcanic Ash -- 1. INFRARED RADIATION AND VOLCANIC ASH -- 1.1 Volcanic Aerosols and Trace Gases -- 1.2 Forward Modeling -- 1.3 Sensitivity Parameters -- 1.3.1 Composition and Particle Shape -- 1.3.2 Loading and Altitude -- 1.3.3 Particle Size and Size Distribution -- 1.3.4 Atmospheric and Surface Parameters -- 1.4 Example Observations -- 2. ASH DETECTION -- 2.1 Broadband -- 2.2 Hyperspectral -- 3. RETRIEVAL ALGORITHMS -- 4. VALIDATION -- 4.1 Instrument-to-Instrument Intercomparisons -- 4.2 Verification Against Independent Observations -- 4.3 Comparisons With Model Simulations -- 5. OUTLOOK -- Acknowledgments -- 12 - Ultraviolet Satellite Measurements of Volcanic Ash -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ULTRAVIOLET ASH DETECTION AND RETRIEVAL ALGORITHMS -- 2.1 The Ultraviolet Aerosol Index -- 2.2 Ultraviolet Ash Optical Depth and Mass Retrievals -- 2.2.1 Multispectral Ultraviolet Volcanic Ash Retrievals -- 2.2.2 Ash Optical Properties in the Ultraviolet -- 2.2.3 Volcanic Ash Particle Shape and Sizes -- 2.2.4 Hyperspectral Ultraviolet Volcanic Ash Retrievals.
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3. CASE STUDIES.
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