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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc gluconate and zinc sulphate as dietary zinc sources for Atlantic salmon (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 7 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Different chemical forms of essential minerals and trace elements supplemented to feed may show different bioavailability in fish. The present experiment was performed to compare an organic zinc form (Zn-gluconate) with zinc sulphate as dietary zinc sources for Atlantic salmon. Triplicate groups of fish were fed commercial fish meal based diets supplemented with either a low zinc level (50 mg Zn kg−1) or medium zinc level (180 mg Zn kg−1) as zinc gluconate or zinc sulphate for 6 months. Growth, mortality and feed conversion were recorded through the experiment. Fish were sampled initially and every month for zinc status analyses measured as whole-body zinc concentration. After 4 and 6 months, vertebral zinc concentration was measured and serum zinc was analysed at the end of the experiment. There were no differences in growth or mortality during the experiment. The results showed a significant effect of dietary zinc supplementation level on zinc status in fish for both zinc forms. However, there were no differences in zinc status between groups given different zinc forms. In conclusion, the present experiment showed that zinc sulphate and zinc gluconate are equally efficient as zinc supplements in salmon feeds within the concentrations normally found in salmon feed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2001.00170.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental contaminants and biochemical responses in flatfish from the Hvaler Archipelago in Norway (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 21 (1991), S. 486-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of several environmental contaminants, including selected polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), organochlorines (DDT/DDE, hexachlorobenzene), 15 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins, PCDF/PCDD), and heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, and As) were analyzed in muscle and liver of three different flatfish species (dab,Limanda limanda; flounder,Platichthys flesus; plaice,Pleuronectes platessa) caught by gill netting at different sites in the Hvaler Archipelago. Indices of biochemical effects in liver S9-fractions were studied by measuring cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase activities, and by immunoquantitating cytochrome P450 1A1 using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Only low levels of PCDD/PCDF, Cd, and Pb were observed, whereas PCB levels were significantly elevated in fish from the inner sites of the Archipelago compared to a reference site. The contaminant gradient toward the Glomma estuary was correlated with increased cytochrome P450 1A1 activity, measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), and with immunoquantitated P450 1A1. In contrast, fish from the site at Idefjorden, although containing elevated contaminant levels, did not show elevated EROD activity, but apparently elevated P450 1A1 protein. These findings may reflect different pollution histories of the sites, and indicate the applicability of biochemical effect indices (i.e., EROD and P450 1A1 immunoquantitation) to monitoring studies. The integrated chemical-biochemical approach employed in this study can obviously be expanded to give fruitful information about cause-effect relationships in other contaminant situations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01183869
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ascorbate-2-sulfate as a dietary vitamin C source for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): 2. Effects of dietary levels and immunization on the metabolism of trace elements (1990)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 8 (1990), S. 429-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: ascorbic acid ; ascorbate-2-sulfate ; Atlantic salmon ; trace elements ; iron ; zinc ; copper ; cadmium ; selenium ; metallothionein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Atlantic salmon fingerlings were fed a vitamin C deficient diet for four months. The fish were then provided a dry, practical fishmeal based diet supplemented with 0, 500 or 5000 mg vitamin C/kg as L-ascorbic acid or equivalent amounts of ascorbate-2-sulfate. After six weeks on these diets ten fish in each group were injected with a soluble antigen (NIP11-LPH). Six weeks thereafter blood, liver, kidney, spleen and vertebrae were examined for trace elements. The livers were also analysed for metallothionein. The vitamin C deficient fish were anemic despite the significantly elevated iron concentrations in the liver. Vitamin C had no positive effect in lowering tissue levels of cadmium. The highest level of dietary vitamin C given as ascorbic acid reduced the liver selenium concentrations. In response to antigen injection, the fish in all groups showed increased levels of hepatic metallothionein, copper, zinc and cadmium, while hepatic selenium and iron levels were less affected. The elemental composition in other organs was affected by the antigen injection to a minor extent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003399
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of cadmium concentrations in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry fed different commercial feeds (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 44 (1990), S. 770-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01701801
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of metallothionein synthesis in rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri, during long-term exposure to waterborne cadmium (1989)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 6 (1989), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: metallothionein ; rainbow trout ; cadmium ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout were exposed to 200 μg cadmium/l in the water during four months at 6–10°C. The liver, kidney and gills were analyzed for cadmium, copper, zinc, metallothionein and metallothionein mRNA. Cadmium accumulated in all three organs and reached the highest concentration in the kidney. The tissue zine and copper concentrations showed no major alterations during the experiment. The cytosolic distribution of cadmium, copper and zinc was followed during four months of exposure by Sephadex G-75 chromatography. It was found that cadmium was predominantly associated with proteins of an apparent molecular vieght of 10,000 daltons. These proteins were further identified as metallothioneins after fast protein liquid chromatography on a Mono-Q column. The metallothionein concentration was significantly higher in liver of exposed fish than in control fish after only one month. The kidneys reached significantly elevated levels of metallothionein in the exposed group after three months. In the gills, elevated metallothionein concentrations were observed after four months of exposure. After four months of exposure, the metallothionein mRNA content of liver and kidney was analyzed using a rainbow trout anti-sense RNA probe. Elevated MT mRNA levels were observed in both kidney and liver. These results demonstrate thatde novo synthesis of metallothionein is induced by cadmium in rainbow trout after exposure to the metalvia water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01875025
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutritional composition of rotifers following a change in diet from yeast and emulsified oil to microalgae (1997)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 5 (1997), S. 427-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Algae (Isochrysis galbana) enrichment ; Nutrient composition ; Rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis).
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, fed baker's yeast and a lipid emulsion (High DNA Super Selco, INVE Aquaculture NV Systems SA, Belgium), were harvested and fed Isochrysis galbana for 72 h, the nutrient composition was analysed during this period. The enrichment effect on the rotifers following transfer to I. galbana was most pronounced for ascorbic acid and thiamin. I. galbana seemed to contribute very little as a source of the lipid-soluble vitamins. Most of the minerals and trace elements were unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana, but Fe, Mn, As and Cd increased, Cu and Ni decreased whereas the effect on Cr and Mo were uncertain. The fatty acid composition of the rotifers changed towards the composition of I. galbana during the experimental period. Intermediate glycogen levels were measured in the rotifers at all sampling times. With the exception of lysine, serine and proline, all amino acid levels seemed to be unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana. This study showed that transfer of rotifers to microalgae (I. galbana) feeding had a positive effect on nutritional value. Macronutrients were maintained at adequate levels, and algal feeding improved the nutritional quality of rotifers with respect to water-soluble vitamins. Changes in rotifer nutrient composition are discussed in relation to nutritional requirements of fish larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018384711958
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SHORT COMMUNICATION Addition of dietary iron(III) oxide does not increase iron status of growing Atlantic salmon (1998)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 6 (1998), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; Availability ; Dietary iron ; Fish meal supplementation ; Nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009258828313
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