Note: Intro -- Preface for the Second Edition -- Preface for the First Edition -- Contents -- Mathematical Notations -- Chapter-1 -- Introduction -- 1.1 The Ocean Near-Surface Layer in the Ocean-Atmosphere System -- 1.2 Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics and Useful Approximations -- 1.2.1 Mathematical Notation and Governing Equations -- 1.2.2 Boundary-Layer Approximation -- 1.2.3 Low Rossby Number Approximation -- 1.2.4 Turbulence and Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budget -- 1.3 Boundary Conditions -- 1.3.1 Types of Surface Boundary Conditions -- 1.3.2 Bulk-Flux Formulation -- 1.4 Radiative Forcing -- 1.4.1 Definitions -- 1.4.2 Solar Constant and Insolation -- 1.4.3 Insolation Under Clear Skies -- 1.4.4 Insolation Under Cloudy Skies -- 1.4.5 Albedo of the Sea Surface -- 1.4.6 Attenuation of Solar Radiation in the Ocean -- 1.4.7 Longwave Radiation -- 1.5 Rain Forcing -- 1.5.1 Dynamics of Raindrops at the Air-Sea Interface -- 1.5.2 Partition Between Surface and Submerged Fractions of Freshwater Due to Rain -- 1.5.3 Volume Source of Freshwater Due to Rain -- 1.5.4 Rain-Induced Heat Flux -- 1.5.5 Surface Stress Due to Rain -- 1.6 Surface Waves -- 1.6.1 Potential Approximation -- 1.6.2 Linear Waves -- 1.6.3 Nonlinear Waves -- 1.6.4 Wave Breaking -- 1.6.5 Statistical Description of Surface Waves -- 1.6.6 Wave form Stress and Kinetic Energy Flux to Waves from Wind -- 1.7 Planetary Boundary Layers -- 1.7.1 Ekman Boundary Layer -- 1.7.2 Monin-Oboukhov Similarity Theory -- 1.7.3 Surface Mixed Layer -- 1.7.4 Barrier Layer and Compensated Layer -- 1.7.5 Modeling Mixing in the Upper Ocean -- References -- Chapter-2 -- Sea Surface Microlayer -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Phenomenology -- 2.2.1 Viscous Sublayer -- 2.2.2 Thermal Sublayer -- 2.2.3 Diffusion Sublayer -- 2.2.4 Sea Surface Microlayer Ecosystem -- 2.2.5 Surfactants and Surface Films. , 2.3 Physics of Aqueous Molecular Sublayers -- 2.3.1 Convective and Shear Instability -- 2.3.2 Microscale Wave Breaking -- 2.3.3 Wave Breaking and Whitecapping -- 2.3.4 Capillary Wave Effects -- 2.3.5 Chemical and Photochemical Reactions in the Sea Surface Microlayer -- 2.3.6 Natural and Anthropogenic Influences -- 2.3.7 Effects of Surface Films -- 2.4 Parameterization of Molecular Sublayers During Nighttime Conditions -- 2.4.1 Dimensional Analysis -- 2.4.2 Renewal Model -- 2.4.3 Boundary-Layer Model -- 2.5 Effect of Penetrating Solar Radiation -- 2.5.1 Model Equations -- 2.5.2 Renewal Time -- 2.5.3 Convective Instability of The Cool Skin During Daytime -- 2.5.4 Model Calculations -- 2.5.5 Comparison with Daytime and Nighttime Cool-Skin Field Data -- 2.6 Cool and Freshwater Skin of the Ocean during Rainfall -- 2.6.1 Effects of Rain on the Cool Skin -- 2.6.2 Freshwater Skin of the Ocean -- 2.6.3 Surface Renewals Due to Rain Mixing -- 2.6.4 Buoyancy Effects in Molecular Sublayer Due to Rain -- 2.6.5 Rain Effects on Sea Surface Roughness -- 2.6.6 Flux of Kinetic Energy Carried by Rain -- 2.6.7 Combined Effect -- 2.6.8 Comparison with Data -- 2.6.9 Discussion -- References -- Chapter-3 -- Near-Surface Turbulence -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Free-Surface Turbulent Boundary Layer -- 3.2.1 Wave-Following Coordinate System -- 3.2.2 Wall-Layer Analogy -- 3.2.3 Deviations from the Wall-Layer Analogy in a Free-Surface Layer -- 3.2.4 Structure of the Upper Ocean Turbulent Boundary Layer Below Breaking Surface Waves -- 3.3 Observation of Near-Surface Turbulence -- 3.3.1 Observational Challenges -- 3.3.2 Wave-Following Versus Fixed Coordinate System -- 3.3.3 Disturbances from Surface Waves -- 3.3.4 Dynamics of a Free-Rising Instrument in the Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean -- 3.3.5 A Near-Surface Turbulence and Microstructure Sensor System. , 3.4 Wave-Enhanced Turbulence -- 3.4.1 Dimensional analysis -- 3.4.2 Craig and Banner (1994) Model of Wave-Enhanced Turbulence -- 3.4.3 Benilov and Ly (2002) Wave-Turbulent Model -- 3.4.4 Concluding Remarks on Wave-Enhanced Turbulence -- 3.5 Effects of Thermohaline Stratification -- 3.5.1 Formulation of the Monin-Oboukhov Theory for the Upper Ocean -- 3.5.2 Asymptotic regimes -- 3.5.3 Boundary-Layer Scaling of the Velocity and Dissipation Rate Profiles -- 3.6 Parameterization of Turbulent Mixing -- 3.6.1 Parameterization of Wave-Enhanced Mixing Coefficient -- 3.6.2 Richardson-Number Type Mixing Parameterization -- 3.6.3 Rotation Effects -- 3.6.4 Boundary-Layer Horizontal Pressure Gradients -- References -- Chapter-4 -- Fine Structure and Microstructure -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Near-Surface Thermohaline Structures -- 4.2.1 Diurnal Mixed Layer and Diurnal Thermocline -- 4.2.2 Examples of Near-Surface Structures Associated with Diurnal Cycle -- 4.2.3 Wave-Like Disturbances in the Diurnal Thermocline -- 4.2.4 Rain-Formed Mixed Layer and Halocline -- 4.2.5 Low-Salinity Patches Due to Convective Rains -- 4.2.6 Combined Effect of Diurnal and Freshwater Cycles on the Upper Ocean Structure -- 4.3 Surface-Intensified Jets -- 4.3.1 Slippery Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean Arising Due to Diurnal Warming -- 4.3.2 Self-Regulating State of the Diurnal Thermocline -- 4.3.3 Upper Velocity Limit for the Diurnal Jet -- 4.3.4 Upper Velocity Limit for the Rain-Formed Jet -- 4.4 Evolution of the Diurnal Mixed Layer and Diurnal Thermocline Under Low Wind Speed Conditions -- 4.5 Large Diurnal Warming Events -- 4.5.1 In Situ Data -- 4.5.2 Global Distribution of Large Diurnal Warming Events -- 4.5.3 Physics of Large Diurnal Warming Events -- 4.6 Modeling Large Diurnal Warming Events -- 4.6.1 Radiative-Convective Mixed Layer. , 4.6.2 Transition from Radiative-Convective to Wind Mixing Regime -- 4.6.3 A Rapid Increase in the SST When the Air is Warmer Than the Water and Low Wind Speed Conditions Persist -- 4.6.4 Parameterizations for the Diurnal SST Range -- 4.6.5 One-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Diurnal Cycle -- 4.6.6 Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Diurnal Cycle -- 4.7 Fine Structure of the Near-Surface Layer in the Polar Seas -- References -- Chapter-5 -- Spatially-Varying and Coherent Structures -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Self-Organization in Two-Dimensional Turbulence -- 5.3 Horizontal Mixing as a Nonlinear Diffusion Process -- 5.3.1 Horizontal Wave Number Statistics -- 5.3.2 Nonlinear Advection-Diffusion Model -- 5.3.3 Buoyancy Flux Through the Bottom of the Mixed Layer -- 5.3.4 Atmospheric Buoyancy Forcing -- 5.3.5 Equilibrium Subrange -- 5.3.6 Numerical Diagnostics of Nonlinear Diffusion Equation -- 5.3.7 Relationship Between Vertical and Horizontal Mixing and Atmospheric Forcing Conditions -- 5.3.8 Implications for Horizontal Mixing Parameterization -- 5.4 Sharp Frontal Interfaces -- 5.4.1 Observations of Sharp Frontal Interfaces in the Western Pacific Warm Pool -- 5.4.2 Statistics of Sharp Frontal Interfaces in the Western Pacific Warm Pool -- 5.4.3 Internal Wave-Shear Flow Interaction as a Cause of Repeating Frontal Interfaces -- 5.4.4 Interaction of Sharp Fronts with Wind Stress -- 5.4.5 Parameterization for Cross-Frontal Exchange -- 5.4.6 Implications for the T-S Relationship in the Mixed Layer -- 5.4.7 Observations of Sharp Frontal Interfaces in Mid-Latitudes and High Latitudes -- 5.5 Internal Waves in the Near-Surface Pycnocline -- 5.5.1 Large-Amplitude Internal Waves -- 5.5.2 Surface-Internal Wave Resonant Interactions -- 5.5.3 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability of a Sheared Stratified Flow -- 5.6 Ramp-Like Structures. , 5.6.1 Phenomenology of Ramp-like Coherent Structures -- 5.6.2 Observation of Ramp-like Coherent Structures with Bow-Mounted Sensors -- 5.6.3 Skewness of temperature derivative -- 5.6.4 Vertical Profiles -- 5.6.5 Townsend's Hypothesis and Ramp-Like Structures -- 5.6.6 Vorticity Waves in Shear Flows -- 5.7 Langmuir Circulations -- 5.7.1 Phenomenology -- 5.7.2 Concepts and Theories -- 5.7.3 Numerical Models of Langmuir Circulations -- 5.7.4 An Alternative Mechanism of Langmuir Circulation -- 5.8 Convection -- 5.8.1 Phenomenology -- 5.8.2 Penetrative Convection -- 5.8.3 Diurnal and Seasonal Cycle of Convection -- 5.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-6 -- High Wind Speed Regime -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Air Bubbles in the Near-Surface Turbulent Boundary Layer -- 6.2.1 Active and Passive Phases in Bubble Life -- 6.2.2 Bubble Rise Velocity -- 6.2.3 Bubble Size Distribution Function -- 6.2.4 Bubble Dispersion and Diffusion -- 6.2.5 Buoyancy Effects in Bubble Plumes -- 6.3 Sea Spray Aerosol Production -- 6.3.1 Introduction -- 6.3.2 Mechanisms of Sea Spray Production -- 6.3.3 Sea Spray Source Function -- 6.3.4 Primary Aerosol Number Distributions -- 6.3.5 Parameterization of Sea Spray Aerosol Production Flux -- 6.4 Air-sea Exchange During High Wind Speeds -- 6.4.1 Effect of Spray on Air-Sea Exchanges -- 6.4.2 Dynamics of Suspension Flow -- 6.4.3 The Air-Sea Interface Under Hurricane Conditions -- 6.4.4 The Air-Sea Momentum Exchange in Very Strong Winds -- 6.4.5 Problem of Parameterization of the Air-Sea Drag Coefficient in Hurricane Conditions -- References -- Chapter-7 -- Applications -- 7.1   Introduction -- 7.2   Remote Sensing of the Ocean -- 7.2.1   Remote Sensing of Surface Winds -- 7.2.2   Sea Surface Temperature -- 7.2.3   Sea Surface Salinity -- 7.2.4   Surface Ocean Currents -- 7.3   High-Resolution Microwave Imagery of the Sea Surface. , 7.3.1   Surface Features of Natural Origin.

Note: Literaturangaben und Index