Note: Front Cover -- ACumulative Subject Index Volumes 22-42 -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contents of Volumes 22-42 -- Cumulative Subject Index -- Contributor Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Applied Microbiology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Biodegradation of Organic Pollutants in the Rhizosphere -- I. Introduction -- II. The Rhizosphere Environment and Microbial Ecology -- III. Fate of Organic Pollutants in the Rhizosphere -- IV. Mechanisms of Enhanced Biodegradation -- V. Specific and Nonspecific Interactions between Plant and Microbe -- VI. Stimulating and Initiating Rhizosphere Activity -- VII. Conclusions -- VIII. Glossary of Latin Plant Names -- References -- Chapter 2. Anaerobic Dehalogenation of Organohalide Contaminants in the Marine Environment -- I. Introduction-The Halogen Cycle -- II. Microbial Transformation of Organohalides and the Influence of Electron Donors and Alternate Electron Acceptors -- III. Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Dehalogenating Consortia in Marine Environments -- IV. Detection of Putative Reductive Dehalogenase-Encoding Genes in Dehalogenating Consortia and Marine Sediments -- V. Dehalogenation by Anaerobic Bacteria in Marine Sponges-Natural Sources of Dehalogenating Bacteria -- VI. In Situ Enhancement of Anaerobic Microbial Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Marine and Estuarine Sediments -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 3. Biotechnological Application of Metal-Reducing Microorganisms -- I. Introduction -- II. Fe(III) and Mn(IV) Reduction -- III. Reduction of Other Transition Metals -- IV. Reduction of Metalloids -- V. Reduction and Bioremediation of Actinides and Fission Products -- VI. Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 4. Determinants of Freeze Tolerance in Microorganisms, Physiological Importance, and Biotechnological Applications -- I. Introduction -- II. Freeze-Thaw Events -- III. Freeze-Thaw Injury -- IV. Microbial Freeze-Tolerance Mechanisms. , V. Physiological Importance of Microbial Freeze-Tolerance Mechanisms -- VI. Biotechnological Applications of Microbial Freeze-Tolerance Mechanisms and Freeze-Tolerant Microorganisms -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5. Fungal Osmotolerance -- I. Introduction -- II. Physiological Mechanisms of Osmotolerance -- III. Control of Osmotic Responses at the Molecular Level -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. Mycotoxin Research in South Africa -- I. South Africa-A Short Guide -- II. Introduction to South African Mycotoxin Research -- III. Mycotoxins and Agriculture in South Africa -- IV. Chronic Disease -- V. Conclusion on Currently Investigated Chronic Disease -- References -- Chapter 7. Electrophoretic Karyotype Analysis in Fungi -- I. Introduction -- II. Background -- III. Techniques -- IV. Chromosome Numbers and Size -- V. Applications of PFGE -- VI. Limitations of PFGE for Fungal Karyotype Analysis -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 8. Tissue Infection and Site-Specific Gene Expression in Candida albicans -- I. Introduction -- II. Secretory Lipases of C. albicans -- III. Agglutinin-Like Proteins of C. albicans -- IV. Secretory Proteinases of C. albicans -- V. Why Gene Families (Part I)? -- VI. Why Gene Families (Part II)? -- VII. Genome-Wide Transcriptional Profiling -- VIII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 9. LuxS and Autoinducer-2: Their Contribution to Quorum Sensing and Metabolism in Bacteria -- I. Introduction -- II. Overview of Bacterial Cell-to-Cell Communication -- III. Biochemistry of AI-2 Formation -- IV. The Structure of AI-2 -- V. LuxS: Crystal Structure and Enzymatic Properties -- VI. The Metabolic Role of LuxS -- VII. The Location of luxS and pfs in Bacterial Genomes -- VIII. Regulation of luxS Expression and AI-2 Production -- IX. Mechanisms of Bacterial Cell-to-Cell Communication. , X. The Role of AI-2 in Interspecies Communication and Alternative Functions -- References -- Chapter 10. Microbiological Contributions to the Search of Extraterrestrial Life -- I. Preface and Introduction -- II. How Has Microbiology Contributed to a Definition of Extracellular Life? -- III. Microbial Life in Extreme Environments -- IV. Relevant Microbiological Activities, at NASA and Beyond -- V. Microbiology and Planetary Protection -- VI. Value of Exomicrobiological Research -- VII. Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Index -- Contents of Previous Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Applied Microbiology, Volume 28 -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1. Immobilized Plant Cells -- I. Introduction -- II. Immobilized Plant Cells -- III. Biosynthetic Capacity of Immobilized Plant Cells -- IV. Permeabilized Plant Cells -- V. Immobilization of Protoplasts -- VI. Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2. Genetics and Biochemistry of Secondary Metabolism -- I. Introduction -- II. Illegitimate Genome Sequences -- III. Enzymes of Secondary Metabolism -- IV. Controlling Effect of the Environment -- V. Genetics of Secondary Metabolism -- VI. Control of Secondary Metabolism -- VII. Regulation of Autotoxicity -- VIII. Secondary Metabolism, Sporulation, and Exoenzyme Formation -- IX. Role of Secondary Metabolism -- X. Epilogue -- References -- Chapter 3. Partition Affinity Ligand Assay (PALA): Applications in the Analysis of Haptens, Macromolecules, and Cells -- I. Introduction -- II. Phase Partitioning -- III. The Principle of Partition Affinity Ligand Assay (PALA) -- IV. Phase Systems -- V. Modifcation of Partition -- VI. Influence of Salt on Partition -- VII. Modification of Partition by Addition of Charged Polymers -- VIII. Use of Hydrophobicity in Alteration of Partition -- IX. Biospecifc Interactions-Affinity Partition -- X. Separator Molecules -- XI. Systems Studied -- XII. Cells -- XIII. Discussion -- Refernces -- Chapter 4. Accumulation, Metabolism, and Effects of Organophosphorus Insecticides on Microorganisms -- I. Introduction -- II. Entry of Organophosphorus Insecticides into Microbial Environments -- III. Accumulation -- IV. Metabolism -- V. Effects of Organophosphorus Insecticides on Microorganisms -- VI. Summary and Future Prospects -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 5. Solid Substrate Fermentations -- I. Introduction -- II. History of Solid-State Fermentation. , III. Design Considerations and Types of Solid-State Fermentors -- IV. Characteristics of Solid-State Fermentations -- V. Advantages and Disadvantages of Solid-State Fermentation -- VI. Future Developments of Solid-State Fermentation Systems -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. Microbiology and Biochemistry of Miso (Soy Paste) Fermentation -- I. Introduction -- II. Fermented Soy Products -- III. Fermented Rice Products -- IV. History of Miso Production -- V. Types of Miso -- VI. Raw Materials for Miso Production -- VII. Ratio of Raw Materials -- VIII. Treatment of Raw Materials -- IX. Koji -- X. Moromi -- XI. Chemical Composition of Miso -- XII. Future Developments in Miso Production -- References -- Index -- Contents of Previous Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Applied Microbiology, Volume 45 -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Chapter 1. One Gene to Whole Pathway: The Role of Norsolorinic Acid in Aflatoxin Research -- I. Introduction. -- II. Discovery -- III. Aflatoxin Biosynthetic Pathway -- IV. Enzymology -- V. Molecular Genetics -- VI. Strain Degeneration -- VII. Reverse Genetics and Norsolorinic Acid -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Formation of Flavor Compounds in Cheese -- I. Introduction -- II. Glycolysis -- III. Lipolysis -- IV. Proteolysis -- V. Catabolism of Amino Acids -- VI. Chemistry of Cheese Off-Flavors -- References -- Chapter 3. The Role of Microorganisms in Soy Sauce Production -- I. Introduction -- II. Types and Composition of Soy Sauce -- III. Aroma and Flavor of Shoyu -- IV. Soy Sauce Production -- V. Effect of Water Activity on Microorganisms -- VI. Yeasts -- VII. Bacteria -- VIII. Production and Metabolism of Amino and Organic Acids in Moromi -- IX. Production and Fate of Other Substances -- X. Possible Role of Metal Ions in Soy Sauce Production -- XI. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. Gene Transfer Among Bacteria in Natural Environments -- I. Introduction -- II. Transformation -- III. Conjugation -- IV. Transduction -- V. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5. Breathing Manganese and Iron: Solid-State Respiration -- I. Introduction -- II. Respiration: Organismal and Environmental -- III. Metal-Reducing Bacteria in Captivity -- IV. Reduction of Metals by Iron and Manganese Reducers -- V. Electron Transport In Metal Reducers -- VI. Metal-Reducing Bacteria in Natural Environments -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Enzymatic Deinking -- I. Introduction -- II. Enzymes Used in Deinking -- III. Performance of Enzymes in Deinking -- IV. Effect of Enzyme on Pulp Yield and the Quality of Fiber and Paper. , V. Possible Mechanisms of Enzymatic Deinking -- VI. Factors Affecting Enzymatic Deinking -- VII. Benefits of Enzymatic Deinking -- VIII. Current Research Needs -- IX. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. Microbial Production of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA, C22:6) -- I. Introduction -- II. Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids -- III. Potential Microorganisms for DHA Production -- IV. Kinetics of Microbial Growth and DHA Production -- V. Factors Affecting Microbial DHA Production -- VI. Downstream Processing -- VII. Epilogue -- References -- Index -- Contents of Previous Volumes.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Chapter 1. The Insecticidal Proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis -- I. Introduction -- II. Classification of Bt Toxins -- III. Structure of Bt Toxin Proteins and Genes -- IV. Screening for New Insecticidal Proteins and Genes -- V. Mechanism of Action -- VI. Bt as a Biological Insecticide -- VII. Resistance Development and Management Strategies -- VIII. Epilogue -- References -- Chapter 2. Microbiological Production of Lactic Acid -- I. Introduction -- II. Microorganisms for Lactic Acid Production -- III. Lactic Acid Fermentation -- IV. Product Recovery and Purification -- V. Process Control -- VI. Economics -- References -- Chapter 3. Biodegradable Polyesters -- I. Introduction -- II. Classification of Biodegradable Polyesters -- III. Biodegradable Natural Polyesters -- IV. Biodegradable Synthetic Polyesters -- V. Poly(L-malate): A Potential Biodegradable Polyester -- VI. PHAs: A Group of Polyesters Produced Naturally and Synthetically -- VII. Application of Biodegradable Polyesters -- VIII. Biodegraduation of Polyesters -- References -- Chapter 4. The Utility of Strains of Morphological Group II Bacillus -- I. Introduction -- II. General Considerations -- III. Utility According to Target -- IV. Utility According to Strain and Species -- V. Fermentation Processes, Toxins, and Products -- VI. Past Needs and Future Needs -- References -- Chapter 5. Phytase -- I. Introduction -- II. Importance of Phytic Acid and Hydrolysis Products -- III. Sources of Phytase -- IV. Regulation of Phytase Synthesis -- V. Biochemistry of Phytase and Acid Phosphatases -- VI. Feed Studies with Phytase -- VII. Economics and Potential Effect of Phytase on Pollution Abatement -- VIII. Future Studies -- IX. Summary -- References -- Index -- Contents of Previous Volumes.

Note: Cover -- Advances in Applied Microbiology -- Copyright Page -- TOCContents -- Contributors -- CHChapter 1: Diversity of Microbial Toluene Degradation Pathways -- I. Introduction -- II. Dioxygenase Mediated Pathway: Pseudomonas putida F1 -- A. Pathway details and enzymology -- B. Genetics and regulation -- III. Toluene 2-Monooxygenase Pathway: Burkholderia vietnamiensis G4 -- A. Pathway details and enzymology -- B. Genetics and pathway regulation -- IV. Toluene-3-monooxygenase Pathway: Ralstonia pickettii PKO1 -- V. Toluene-4-monooxygenase Pathway: Pseudomonas mendocina KR1 -- VI. A Strain with Multiple Toluene Degradation Pathways: Burkholderia sp. Strain JS150 -- VII. A Nonspecific Toluene Monooxygenase Pathway: Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1 -- A. Pathway details and enzymology -- B. Pathway regulation -- VIII. TOL Pathway: Pseudomonas putida mt-2 -- A. Pathway and enzymology -- B. Genetics and regulation -- IX. A Fungal Toluene Degradation Pathway -- X. Anaerobic Toluene Pathway: Thauera aromatica K172 -- A. Pathway details and enzymology -- B. Genetics and regulation -- XI. Conclusions -- Acknowledments -- References -- CHChapter 2: Microbial Endocrinology: Experimental Design Issues in the Study of Interkingdom Signalling in Infectious Disease -- I. Microbial Endocrinology as a New Scientific Discipline -- A. Overview and goal of review -- B. The stress response and its influence on the immune system and the infectious agent -- C. Mechanisms by which stress-related neuroendocrine hormones can enhance bacterial growth and virulence -- D. The spectrum of catecholamine responsive bacteria -- E. Catecholamine specificity in enteric bacteria -- F. Molecular analyses of bacterial catecholamine responsiveness -- II. Experimental Design Issues in the Study of Microbial Endocrinology -- A. Medium comparability. , B. Bacterial inoculum size and its influence on stress neurohormone responsiveness -- C. The importance of neuroendocrine hormone concentration -- D. Neuroendocrine stress neurohormone assay methodologies -- III. Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- CHChapter 3: Molecular Genetics of Selenate Reduction by Enterobacter cloacae SLD1a-1 -- I. Introduction -- II. Physiology and Biochemistry of E. cloacae SLD1a-1 -- III. Basic Systems of Molecular Genetics in Facultative Se-reducing Bacteria -- A. Growth of E. cloacae SLD1a-1 on selenate-containing agar plates -- B. Direct cloning experiments -- C. Gene specific mutagenesis -- D. Random mutagenesis using transposons -- IV. Genetic Analysis of Selenate Reduction in E. cloacae SLD1a-1 -- V. A Molecular Model for Selenate Reduction in E. cloacae SLD1a-1 -- VI. Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHChapter 4: Metagenomics of Dental Biofilms -- I. Introduction -- II. Isolation of Metagenomic DNA -- III. Sample Collection and Processing -- IV. DNA Extraction -- V. Preparation of the Insert DNA for Cloning -- A. Partial restriction digestion -- B. Mechanical shearing of the DNA -- VI. Removal of Human DNA -- VII. Metagenomic Library Construction -- A. Construction of large insert metagenomic libraries -- B. Construction of small insert libraries -- C. Phage display -- VIII. Limitations of Metagenomics -- IX. Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- CHChapter 5: Biosensors for Ligand Detection -- I. Introduction -- II. Induction Biosensors -- A. General considerations for use of induction biosensors -- B. Reporter genes -- III. Molecular Biosensors -- A. Optical biosensors -- B. Electrical biosensors -- IV. Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHChapter 6: Islands Shaping Thought in Microbial Ecology -- I. Introduction. , II. The Importance of Islands -- A. Biogeographic islands for studies of bacterial diversity -- B. Island biogeography -- III. Species-Area Relationships -- A. Microbial biogeography -- B. Island size and bacterial diversity -- IV. Beta Diversity -- A. Smaller islands are less stable than larger ones -- B. Species-time relationships -- C. Distance-decay relationships -- V. Opposing Perspectives on Community Assembly -- VI. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHChapter 7: Human Pathogens and the Phyllosphere -- I. Introduction -- II. Food Poisoning Outbreaks Associated with Consumption of Fresh and Minimally Processed Fresh Vegetables, Salads, and Fruit -- III. Sources of Human Pathogens on Plants -- IV. Ecology of Human Pathogens in Relation to Phyllosphere Contamination -- A. Ecology and survival in sewage, manure, soil, and water -- B. Ecology and survival in association with plants -- C. Ecology and survival during processing -- V. Conclusions and Future -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHChapter 8: Microbial Retention on Open Food Contact Surfaces and Implications for Food Contamination -- I. Introduction -- II. Microbial Attachment, Biofilm Formation, and Cell Retention -- III. Surfaces (substrata) Encountered -- IV. Factors Affecting Retention -- A. Surface topography -- B. Surface chemistry -- C. Presence of organic material -- V. Characterization of Surfaces -- A. Topography -- B. Chemistry -- VI. Measuring Retention and Assessing Cleaning and Disinfection -- A. Substratum preparation -- B. Amount of retention -- C. Strength of retention -- D. Quantifying organic material -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- IDXIndex -- Contents of Previous Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Applied Microbiology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter One: Encapsulins: Nanotechnology's future in a shell -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Protein-based organelles: a unique prokaryotic compartmentalization strategy -- 1.2 Bacterial microcompartment-based biotechnological applications -- 2 The biology of encapsulins -- 2.1 The roles of encapsulins -- 2.2 Diversity and classification of encapsulin systems -- 2.3 Phylogenetic origin and evolution of encapsulins -- 3 Encapsulin structure and assembly -- 3.1 The shell protomer -- 3.2 The loading and release of cargo -- 3.3 The complete assembly -- 4 Amenability of encapsulins to engineering -- 5 Biotechnological applications of encapsulins -- 5.1 Creation of encapsulin-based artificial bioreactors and metabolons -- 6 Medical applications -- 6.1 Nanoreactors for antimicrobial compound synthesis and storage -- 6.2 Novel vaccination strategies -- 6.3 Cancer therapeutics and drug delivery -- 6.4 Imaging and diagnostics -- 7 Engineering applications -- 7.1 Synthesis of inorganic materials -- 7.2 Electrical device development -- 7.3 Biocompatible emulsifiers -- 8 Environmental applications -- 8.1 Bioremediation -- 8.2 Crop enhancement -- 9 Summary and outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Two: Manipulation of fungal cell wall integrity to improve production of fungal natural products -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Blocking the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides to improve the production of NPs -- 2.1 The biosynthetic pathways of cell wall polysaccharides -- 2.2 Improving the production of NPs by interrupting the synthesis of glucan -- 2.3 Improving the production of NPs by interrupting the synthesis of chitin -- 2.4 Improving the production of NPs by interrupting the synthesis of GAG. , 3 Regulating the biosynthesis of cell wall binding-proteins to enhance the production of NPs -- 4 Regulating the target genes related to the biosynthesis of cell wall to enhance the production of NPs -- 4.1 Re-designing CWI signaling pathway to improve the synthesis of NPs -- 4.2 Operating cell wall synthesis related genes to improve the synthesis of NPs -- 5 Disrupting CWI by adding exogenous components to enhance the production of NPs -- 6 Conclusions and perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter Three: Extraction and application of extracellular polymeric substances from fungi -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characteristics of EPS -- 2.1 Composition of EPS -- 2.2 Structure of EPS -- 3 Extraction of EPS from fungi -- 3.1 Physical methods -- 3.2 Chemical methods -- 4 Applications of EPS -- 4.1 EPS applications as adsorbent -- 4.2 EPS as carbon source in ecosystem -- 4.3 EPS applications in basic commodities -- 4.3.1 EPS applications in food industry -- 4.3.2 EPS applications in cosmetics industry -- 4.4 EPS applications in medicine -- 4.5 EPS applications in other fields -- 5 Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- Declaration of competing interest -- References -- Chapter Four: A critical review of the occurrence of scandium and yttrium in mushrooms -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scandium and yttrium in soils -- 3 Scandium and yttrium content of mushrooms -- 4 Considerations of dietary intake of Sc and Y from mushroom consumption -- 5 Highlights -- References -- Back Cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Applied Microbiology, Volume 40 -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- Chapter 1. Microbial Cellulases: Protein Architecture, Molecular Properties, and Biosynthesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Microbial Sources of Cellulolytic Enzymes -- III. Protein Architecture and Molecular Properties -- IV. Structural and Catalytic Properties -- V. Cellulase Biosynthesis -- VI. Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 2. Factors Inhibiting and Stimulating Bacterial Growth in Milk: An Historical Perspective -- I. Introduction -- II. Early Developments -- III. Lactenin -- IV. Studies with Lactic Acid Bacteria -- V. Effect of Cow Ration on Milk as a Growth Medium for Bacteria -- VI. Role of Inhibitors in Milk Quality -- VII. Stimulators of the Growth of Lactic Acid Bacteria -- VIII. Growth Inhibitors of Other Bacteria -- IX. Applications of the Antimicrobial Systems in Milk -- X. Conclusion -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- References -- Chapter 3. Challenges in Commercial Biotechnology. Part I. Product, Process, and Market Discovery -- I. Introduction -- II. Biocatalysts: Sources for Discovery -- III. Primary Market Classification -- IV. Pathway to Commercialization: Discovery and Development (D& -- D) Cycle -- V. Product Discovery -- VI. Process Discovery -- VII. Market Discovery -- VIII. Interactions of Discovery Aspects within the D& -- D Cycle -- References -- Chapter 4. Challenges in Commercial Biotechnology. Part II. Product, Process, and Market Development -- I. Introduction -- II. Product Development -- III. Process Development and Scale-Up -- IV. Market Development -- V. Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5. Effects of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms on Microbial Populations and Processes in Natural Habitats -- I. Introduction -- II. Aquatic Environments -- III. Activated Sludge -- IV. Soil -- V. Plants -- VI. Discussion. , References -- Chapter 6. Detection, Isolation, and Stability of Megaplasmid-Encoded Chloroaromatic Herbicide-Degrading Genes within Pseudomonas Species -- I. Introduction -- II. Selected Model Haloaromatic and Aromatic Compounds of Agricultural and Industrial Importance -- III. Detection and Isolation of Large Plasmids from Pseudomonos spp -- IV. Effect of Alternative Carbon Sources on the Stability and Curing of a Large Molecular Weight Plasmid, pDK1 -- V. Summary -- References -- Index -- CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Applied Microbiology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: A Ferment of Fermentations: Reflections on the Production of Commodity Chemicals Using Microorganisms -- I. Introduction -- II. What Is Fermentation? What Is a Fermentation Industry? -- III. When Did the Production of Commodity Chemicals by Microorganisms Begin? -- A. Initial use of bacteria -- B. Initial use of fungi -- IV. Submerged Cultures -- A. An interlude -- B. Citric acid-the Wisconsin submerged process -- V. World War I Spurs Fermentation Technology to Produce Glycerol and Acetone -- A. Glycerol -- B. Acetone, butanol, ethanol -- VI. Gluconic Acid, Kojic Acid -- VII. Penicillin -- A. The work of Harold Raistrick -- B. The development of penicillin at Oxford -- C. The experience in the Unites States and development of submerged fermentation -- D. Submerged fermentation for penicillin -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Submerged Culture Fermentation of "Higher Fungi": The Macrofungi -- I. Introduction -- A. Definition of "higher fungi -- B. General considerations -- C. Life cycles -- II. Growth in Submerged Culture -- A. Solid-substrate fermentation vs. submerged liquid fermentation -- B. Isolation and maintenance of the cultures -- C. Effects of process variables on growth and product formation -- D. Fermentation strategies -- E. Optimization of culture conditions -- III. Products and Applications -- A. General comments -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Bioprocessing Using Novel Cell Culture Systems -- 1. Introduction -- II. Plant Cell Culture Development for Scale-Up -- A. Plant suspension culture initiation and establishment -- B. Development of homogeneous cell lines -- C. Development of single cell-derived cell lines -- D. Development of synchronized cell lines. , E. Example of plant cell culture-rice suspension cells -- F. Transformation and transgenic cell line development -- G. Cell banking and cryopreservation -- H. Quality control considerations on plant cell fermentation -- III. Industrial-Scale Production with Plant Suspension Cell Cultures -- A. Scale-up issues with plant suspension cell cultures -- B. Process optimization -- C. Product formation -- D. Process operation strategies on scale-up -- IV. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Nanotechnology in the Detection and Control of Microorganisms -- I. Introduction -- II. Polymeric Nanomaterials -- A. Carbohydrate-biofunctionalized polymeric nanomaterials -- B. Carbohydrate- or antibody-conjugated nanotubes -- C. Chitosan nanoparticles -- D. Nanomaterials for vaccine developments -- E. Other polymeric nanomaterials -- III. Fluorescence Detection of Microorganisms -- A. Dye-doped silica nanoparticles -- B. Quantum dots (QDs) for fluorescent detection -- C. Carbon-based fluorescent nanoparticles -- IV. Metallic Nanomaterials -- A. Elemental metal nanomaterials -- B. Metal oxide nanomaterials -- C. Magnetic nanomaterials for the detection of microbes -- V. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Metabolic Aspects of Aerobic Obligate Methanotrophy -- I. Introduction -- II. Milestones in Aerobic Obligate Methanotrophy: A Brief Historical Overview -- A. Discovery of aerobic methanotrophs and first impacts on methanotrophy -- B. Renaissance of interest in the biology and biochemistry of methanotrophs -- C. New findings (insights) in methanotrophy assessed by molecular approaches -- III. Pathways of Sequential Oxidation of Methane to CO2 -- A. Enzymes of primary methane oxidation -- B. Soluble methane monooxygenase -- C. Particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO). , D. Oxidation of methanol by methanol dehydrogenase -- E. Oxidation of formaldehyde by a linear pathway -- F. Pterin-dependent oxidation of formaldehyde -- G. Oxidation of formate to CO2 -- IV. Pathways of Primary C1 Assimilation and Intermediary Metabolism -- A. Assimilation of formaldehyde via the Quayle ribulosemonophosphate and serine pathways -- B. Pathways of nitrogen assimilation -- C. Biochemical basis/rationale of obligate methanotrophy -- V. Conclusions and Outlook -- Note Added in proof -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Bacterial Efflux Transport in Biotechnology -- I. Introduction -- II. Important Efflux Transport Protein Families -- A. Energy sources and physiological roles -- B. Functions in gram negative and gram positive bacteria -- C. Substrate specificity -- D. Internet resources -- III. Discovery of Efflux Transport Function -- A. Global gene expression analyses -- B. Genetic selections and screens -- IV. Engineering Efflux Transport to Improve Amino Acid Production -- A. L-Lysine -- B. L-Threonine -- C. L-Phenylalanine -- D. L-Cysteine -- V. Efflux Transport in Whole Cell Biotransformations -- A. Solvent tolerant bacteria -- B. Mitigation of substrate and product toxicity -- VI. Limits on Efflux Transport Utility in Metabolic Engineering -- A. Hydrophobicity considerations -- B. Availability of known transporters and protein engineering -- VII. Future Prospects for Efflux Transport in Biotechnology -- References -- Chapter 7: Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment, with Particular Reference to MRSA -- I. Introduction -- II. Evolution of Resistance -- A. Origins of antibiotic resistance genes -- B. Mechanisms of resistance -- III. Mechanisms of Horizontal Gene Transfer -- A. The role of integrons in resistance gene mobility -- B. Coselection for resistance genes. , IV. Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in the Environment -- A. Sewage sludge -- B. Farm animals -- C. Transfer from the environment to the clinic -- V. MRSA in the Nonclinical Environment -- A. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus -- B. Environmental reservoirs of MRSA -- C. Pig associated MRSA -- D. Cattle associated MRSA -- E. Horse associated MRSA -- F. MRSA in companion animals -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Host Defense Peptides in the Oral Cavity -- I. Introduction -- II. Host-Microbe Interactions in the Mouth -- A. The normal oral microbiota -- B. Microbiota associated with disease -- III. HDP Expression in the Mouth -- A. Innate defenses in the mouth -- B. Histatins -- C. Defensins -- D. Cathelicidin LL-37 -- IV. Functions of HDPs in the Mouth -- A. Antibacterial functions -- B. Antifungal activities -- C. Antiviral activities -- D. Non-antimicrobial functions -- V. Roles of HDPs in Oral Health and Disease -- A. Microbial induction of oral HDP expression -- B. Expression in oral health and disease -- VI. Therapeutic Applications -- VII. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Contents of Previous Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Applied Microbiology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Microbial Transformations of Explosives -- I. Introduction -- II. Nitroaromatic Explosives -- III. Nitramine Explosives -- IV. Nitrate Ester Explosives -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Biodiversity of Acidophilic Prokaryotes -- I. Introduction -- II. Biodiversity of Acidophilic Prokaryotes -- III. Metabolism of Acidophiles -- IV. Ecology, Applications, and Environmental Significance -- References -- Chapter 3. Laboratory Bioproduction of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Dinoflagellates -- I. Introduction -- II. Culture Designs and Physiology -- III. Nutritional Factors -- IV. Environmental Factors -- V. Prototype Laboratory Production of C2 Toxin -- VI. Toxin Purification and Analyses -- VII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. Metal Toxicity in Yeasts and the Role of Oxidative Stress -- I. Introduction -- II. Metal-Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) -- III. General Evidence for Involvement of ROS in Cellular Metal Toxicity -- IV. The Yeast Model Applied to Metal Toxicology -- V. General Aspects of Metal Toxicity and Resistance in Yeasts -- VI. Targets of Metal Toxicity in Yeasts and the Role of Free Radicals -- VII. Genomic Approaches to Understanding Metal Toxicity -- VIII. Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 5. Foodborne Microbial Pathogens and the Food Research Institute -- I. Introduction -- II. Historical Overview -- III. Future Prospects and Perspectives -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. Alexander Fleming and the Discovery of Penicillin -- I. Introduction -- II. Fleming's Early Years -- III. Preludes and Penicillin -- IV. The Lull before the Storm -- V. The Oxford University Group -- VI. Scale Up and Commercialization -- VII. Fleming's Transformation into Celebrity Scientist. , VIII. Personalities -- IX. Myths and Microbiologists -- References -- Index -- Contents of Previous Volumes.