Note: Intro -- Pastoral practices in High Asia -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- List of Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Chapter 1: Pastoral Practices in Transition: Animal Husbandry in High Asian Contexts -- 1.1 Introduction to Pastoral Practices in Central Asia and on the Tibetan Plateau -- 1.2 Transformation Processes and Agency of Development: Pastoralism, Modernisation and 'Endism' Debates -- 1.3 Structure and Practice in Diagrams -- 1.4 Variegated Pastoral Practices in the Pamirian Knot -- 1.5 Recent Transformations on the Tibetan Plateau -- 1.6 Recent Transformations in Himalayan Mountain Pastoralism -- 1.7 Grounded Practices: Case Studies from High Asia -- References -- Chapter 2: Herding on High Grounds: Diversity and Typology of Pastoral Systems in the Eastern Hindukush (Chitral, Northwest Pakistan) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Regional Contextuality of Animal Husbandry -- 2.2.1 Environmental Settings -- 2.2.2 Importance of Animal Husbandry for Livelihood Strategies -- 2.2.3 Diverse Actors: Historical Politics and Social Heterogeneity -- 2.3 Case Studies of Pastoral Systems -- 2.3.1 Laspur and Khot: Communally Controlled Systems of Combined Mountain Agriculture -- 2.3.2 Tirich and Mehlp: Co-occurrence of Sedentary Mountain Farmers and Gujur Herders -- 2.3.3 Kesu, Shishi and Golen: Connected and Contested Pastoral Systems of the Gujur -- 2.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Pastoralism, Power and Politics: Access to Pastures in Northern Afghanistan -- 3.1 Introduction: Framing the Issues -- 3.2 Contexts: Pastoralism, Pastures and Herders in Afghanistan -- 3.3 Mobility and Territoriality in the Pastoralist Experience and the Power Geometries of Pasture Access -- 3.3.1 Winter and Spring Pastures -- 3.3.2 Summer Pastures -- 3.4 Road of Insecurity: Mobility Between Spring and Summer Pastures. , 3.5 Mobility and Identity: Pastoralist and Sedentary Ascriptions -- 3.6 Resilience of Pastoral Livelihood Systems -- References -- Chapter 4: Pastoral Production Strategies and Market Orientation of the Afghan Kirghiz -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 'Closed Frontiers' Nomadism -- 4.3 The 1978 Exodus and Its Levelling Effects -- 4.4 Patterns of Livestock Ownership -- 4.5 Recent Innovations -- 4.6 Economic History -- 4.7 Differing Economic Trajectories -- 4.8 Not-So-Closed Frontiers -- 4.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Livelihoods of the 'New Livestock Breeders' in the Eastern Pamirs of Tajikistan -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fieldwork-Based Approaches -- 5.3 District Murghab in the Eastern Pamirs -- 5.4 The Historic Legacy -- 5.4.1 The Soviet Modernisation Project: Secure Livelihoods -- 5.4.2 The Transitional Decade: Uncertainties and Opportunities -- 5.4.3 Final Reorganisation: Distribution of the Collective Assets -- 5.5 Present-Day Livelihoods: Failure and Success -- 5.5.1 Livelihood Options in the Local Economy -- 5.5.2 Household Biographies and Livelihoods -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Kirghiz in Little Kara Köl: The Forces of Modernisation in Southern Xinjiang -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Encounters -- 6.3 The Winds of Change in Little Kara Köl: Kirghiz Pastoralists in Kizil Su -- 6.3.1 Collectivisation and Communes -- 6.3.2 Pastoral Household Contract Responsibility System -- 6.3.3 Resettlement: Modernisation Strategy and Coping with Pasture Degradation? -- 6.4 The Way Forward: Coming Down from the Mountain Pastures? -- References -- Chapter 7: Legal Arrangements and Pasture-Related Socio-ecological Challenges in Kyrgyzstan -- 7.1 Kyrgyzstan's Fragile Post-Soviet Society -- 7.2 Kyrgyzstan's Pasture-Related Socio-ecological Challenges -- 7.3 Methodology: Review of Legal Norms, Interviews, Observation. , 7.4 A Challenge on Its Own: Kyrgyzstan's Pasture Legislation -- 7.5 A Pasture-Related Challenge in the Walnut-Fruit Forest Region -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Conflicting Strategies for Contested Resources: Pastoralists' Responses to Uncertainty in Post-socialist Rural Kyrgyzstan -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Research Approach and Methods -- 8.2.1 Transformation and Uncertainty -- 8.2.2 Responding to Uncertainty: Forum Shopping and Livelihoods Diversification -- 8.2.3 Methods -- 8.3 Agricultural Privatization at the National and Local Level -- 8.4 Local Disparities and Uncertainties -- 8.4.1 Local Disparities -- 8.4.2 Livelihoods Uncertainties -- 8.4.3 Knowledge Uncertainties -- 8.4.4 Social and Political Uncertainties -- 8.4.5 Ecological Uncertainties -- 8.5 Pastoralists' Responses to Uncertainty -- 8.5.1 Forum Shopping -- 8.5.2 Precarious Diversification -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Pastoral People and Shepherding Practices in the Western Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh): A Historical Perspective -- 9.1 Pastoralism, the State and Himachal Himalaya -- 9.2 Gaddis of Brahmaur (Chamba) -- 9.3 Pastoralism in Kulu -- 9.4 Trader Pastoralists of Kinnaur -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: State Policy and Local Performance: Pasture Use and Pastoral Practices in the Kumaon Himalaya -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 State Policy and Local Performance -- 10.3 The Bhotiyas in the Kumaon Himalaya -- 10.4 From an Old to a New Periphery: Pastoral Life in Transition -- 10.5 Adjusting Pasture Use and Pastoral Practice to a Market-Oriented Borderland -- 10.6 The Ritualised Coordination of Seasonal Migration -- 10.7 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: The Changing Role of Hunting and Wildlife in Pastoral Communities of Northern Tibet -- 11.1 Preamble -- 11.2 Introduction: Local Hunting and the Case Study Area. , 11.3 Changtang Hunting: A History of Change -- 11.3.1 The Subsistence Hunting Pattern -- 11.3.2 A Pre-modern Underclass of Hunting Pastoralists -- 11.3.3 Communalization of the Hunt (1960s-1980s) -- 11.3.4 The Advent of Commercial Hunting -- 11.4 Attitudes Towards Wildlife -- 11.4.1 A Dearth of Buddhism -- 11.4.2 Territorial Deities -- 11.4.3 'Ownerless' Wildlife -- 11.4.4 Wildlife as Enemy -- 11.4.5 Notions of Abundance -- 11.4.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 12: Implementation of Resettlement Programmes Amongst Pastoralist Communities in Eastern Tibet -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 State Programmes Featuring Resettlement and Sedentarization -- 12.3 Local Implementation of the Turning Pastureland into Grassland and Ecological Resettlement Programmes -- 12.4 Selection Process for Participation in Resettlement -- 12.5 The Resettlement -- 12.6 Further Sedentarization Efforts of the Nomadic Settlement Programme -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References -- (i) Primary Chinese Sources: Administrative Documents Concerning Grassland Management (ADGM) -- (ii) Secondary Sources -- Chapter 13: 'Everybody Likes Houses. Even Birds Are Coming!': Housing Tibetan Pastoralists in Golok: Policies and Everyday Realities -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Aims of the Study -- 13.1.2 The Study Area of Domkhok -- 13.1.3 Resettlement in Domkhok -- 13.2 Houses on the Grasslands: First Encounters -- 13.3 The Present Situation in Domkhok -- 13.3.1 Nomadic Settlement Programme -- 13.3.2 If Not Nomadic Settlement Then What? -- 13.3.3 Houses as Good to Have. Not Necessarily to Live in -- 13.3.4 House as Container -- 13.4 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 14: Change and Continuity in a Nomadic Pastoralism Community in the Tibet Autonomous Region, 1959-2009 -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Phala in the Traditional Era: The Lagyab Lhojang Pastoral Estate -- 14.3 The Socialist Era. , 14.3.1 Phase One: Democratic Reforms and Collectivization (1959-1980) -- 14.3.2 Phase Two: De-collectivization and Market Economics -- 14.3.3 Phase Three: Stocking Limits and Privatization -- 14.3.3.1 Virtual Privatization -- 14.3.3.2 The 2005-2006 Re-privatization Initiative -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Tibetan Pastoralists in Transition. Political Change and State Interventions in Nomad Societies -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methodology and Research Region -- 15.3 Development Processes Since the Communist Takeover -- 15.4 Conclusion: Problems Remaining Unresolved and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 16: Enclosure and Resettlement in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau: Dilemma of Pastoral Development During the Last Three Decades -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Policy-Induced Rangeland Enclosure -- 16.2.1 Major Policy-Driven Changes in Rangeland Management -- 16.2.2 Rangeland Enclosure: Main Policy Items and Local Practice -- 16.2.3 Local People's Perception About Rangeland Enclosure -- 16.2.4 Post-Rangeland Allocation Policies and Programmes -- 16.3 Pastoral Settlement Programmes -- 16.3.1 Settlement on Individually Contracted Rangeland -- 16.3.2 Resettlement of Pastoralists in Local Rangelands -- 16.3.3 Resettlement of Pastoralists at Different Location -- 16.4 Dilemma on Pastoral Development and Discussion -- 16.4.1 Economic Viability -- 16.4.2 Ecological Feasibility -- 16.4.3 People's Vulnerability -- 16.5 Suggestions and Way Forward -- References -- Chapter 17: Pastoral Communities' Perspectives on Climate Change and Their Adaptation Strategies in the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Study Area and Methods -- 17.2.1 Keshem, Afghanistan -- 17.2.2 Upper Mustang and Langthang, Nepal -- 17.2.3 Upper Hunza Valley/Karakoram Range, Pakistan. , 17.3 Manifestations of Climate Change As Perceived by Pastoral Communities.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- List of Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Pamirian Spaces: Mapping Process Geographies in the Mountainous Periphery -- Introduction -- Protection of Indigenous Rights? -- Alai and Pamirs: Environmental Niche and Hub of Ecological Resources -- Border Processes -- Scope of the Volume -- References -- Pamir or Pamirs: Perceptions and Interpretations -- Introduction -- Colonial Exploration of the Pamirian Void -- Classification of Exclusion and Inclusion -- The Pamir Highway: An Internal Artery Motivating Cross-­Border Road Construction -- Regionalisation of the Pamirs: Introduction of the Various Pamirian Regions -- Importance of the Pamirian Knot -- References -- Archival Records -- Who Is Mapping the Pamirs? A Review on Plant and Vegetation Sciences -- Introduction -- Data Collection -- Discussion of the Dataset -- Results -- Paper Statistics -- Journal Statistics -- Author Statistics -- Coauthor Networks -- Discussion -- References -- Geomorphic Features of the Eastern Pamirs, with a Focus on the Occurrence of Intermontane Basins -- Introduction -- Regional Setting -- Tectonic Features -- Present and Past Climatic Features -- Intermontane Basins in the Eastern Pamirs -- Tectonic Basins -- Basins Related to Downstream Damming -- Glaciated Basins -- Alichur Pamir -- Great Pamir -- Little Pamir -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Water of the Pamir - Potential and Constraints -- Introduction -- Observed Glacier Changes -- Observed Runoff Changes -- Future Trends -- Conclusions -- References -- Khans, Kings, Communists, Warlords and Presidents: Afghan Kirghiz Socioeconomic Strategies for Extorting and Extracting from the State -- Introduction -- State-Society Relations: The Kirghiz Experience -- Political Capital -- Non-state Sources of Patronage -- A Direct Line to Kabul. , The Politics of State Patronage -- A Last Migration for the Afghan Kirghiz? -- References -- Changes in the Relationship Between Borders and Pastoral Mobility in Mountain Regions of Central Asia -- National Independence: An Obstacle for Transboundary Pastoral Mobility in Central Asia? -- Spatial Boundaries and Pastoral Mobility: A Tricky Relationship -- 'Containment of Chaotic Land Use' under Russia's Colonial Rule -- 'Nationalisation of the Means of Production' and Planned Economy in Soviet Times -- Contemporary Suppressed Transboundary Mobility -- Conclusion: Effects and Risks of Resource-Related 'Othering' Strategies -- Interview Partners -- References -- Seasonal Pasture Use and Vegetation Cover Changes in the Alai Valley, Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data Set and Methods -- Interviews -- Satellite-Based Vegetation Index Data -- Grazing Intensity -- GIS -- Results -- Seasonal Pasture Use -- Changes in Vegetated Cover -- Analysis of Grazing Intensity -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Diversity of Seasonal Migration of Livestock in the Eastern Alai Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Study Area and Method -- Movement Patterns of Livestock Grazing in the Eastern Alai Valley -- Sary-Tash -- Taldy-Suu -- Seasonal Pastoral Practise and Natural Environments in the Eastern and Western Alai Valley -- Discussion -- Comparison Between the Eastern and Western Valleys -- Inequality of Pastureland Use and Future Sustainability -- Conclusions -- References -- Kezüü and Novad: A Form of Pastoralism in the Eastern Alai Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Development of the Cooperative Daily Grazing System of Kezüü/Novad in the Alai Valley -- Study Area and Method -- The Cooperative Daily Grazing System of Kezüü in Sary-Tash and Taldy-Suu -- Kezüü in Sary-Tash AA -- Kezüü in Taldy-Suu AA. , Types of Kezüü and Novad Throughout the Entire Alai Valley -- Types of Kezüü and Novad Throughout the Entire Alai Valley -- References -- External Support and Local Agency: Uncertain Transformations of Livelihoods in the Pamirian Borderland of Tajikistan -- Introduction -- Borderlands as Social Space -- Historic Legacy: The Pamirs as a Soviet Borderland -- Persistence and Change in Tajikistan's Borderland During the Transition Period -- Russian Border Forces: Persisting Role after the Soviet Dissolution -- Post-Soviet Economic Realities: Humanitarian Relief and Dissolution of Exchange Relations -- Livelihood Trajectories in the Border District -- Less Urgency for Economic Success -- 'Hidden' Emergency Assistance -- Exclusive Buffer Zone Access -- Conclusions -- Interview Partners -- References -- The Current Status of Lifestyle and Occupations in the Wakhan Area of Tajikistan -- Introduction -- General Description of the Wakhan Area and Its Inhabitants -- Status of Agriculture and Local Society -- Agriculture and Other Employment -- Infrastructure and Education -- Introducing Sustainable Tourism -- Conclusions -- References -- Political Ecology of Human-Environment Change in Gojal, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan -- Introduction -- Legal and Constitutional Liminality -- Global Conservation -- Transnational Ismailism -- Road Infrastructure -- The Attabad Landslide -- Conclusion -- References -- The Changes in Regional Structure and Land Use Related to External Factors in Hussaini Village, Northern Pakistan -- Introduction -- Changes in the Regional Structure and Farmland Use in Hussaini Village -- The Period of Isolation before the Opening of the Karakoram Highway -- The Period of Opening Up: The 1980s Until the Late 2000s -- The Period between 2010 and the Present after the Emergence of the Dammed Lake -- Conclusions -- References. , Humanitarianism Across Mountain Valleys: "Shia Aid" and Development Encounters in Northern Pakistan and Eastern Tajikistan -- Introduction -- Entering Contact Zones -- Developing Hunza -- Education for Nagar -- Saving and Substituting in the State in Gorno-Badakhshan -- Worldly Duties and Sectarian Aims -- Conclusion -- References -- History of the Development of the Pamir Region of Tajikistan (Gorno-Badakhshan) -- Introduction -- Early Development History -- Nineteenth-Century Russian Exploration -- Permanent Russian Presence and Early Development Activities -- Population Growth -- Soviet Period -- Socialist Revolution in a Muslim Country -- Food Production -- The Post-Soviet Period and the Aga Khan Foundation -- A New Paradigm -- Sustainable Solutions -- Health -- Emergency Needs -- Pharmaceuticals -- Essential Hospital Services -- Health Management Information System (HMIS) -- Education -- Agricultural Reform -- Food Diversification -- Village-Level Autonomy -- Gender and Social Equality -- Energy -- Challenges and Future Prospects -- References -- Conclusions: Why Do We Need to Make Efforts to Map the Transition? -- Introduction -- Transitions: Driven by External Pressures or Internal Efforts? -- The Next Step -- References.

Note: 1. Pamirian Spaces - Mapping Process Geographies in the Mountainous Periphery2. Pamir or Pamirs - Perceptions and Interpretations -- 3. Who is mapping the Pamirs? A Review on Plant and Vegetation Sciences -- 4. Geomorphic Features of the Eastern Pamirs, with a Focus on the Occurrence of Intermontane Basins -- 5. Water of the Pamir - Potential and Constraints -- 6. Khans, Kings, Communists, Warlords, and Presidents: Afghan Kirghiz Socio-economic Strategies for Extorting and Extracting from the State -- 7. Changes in the Relationship between Borders and Pastoral Mobility in Mountain Regions of Central Asia -- 8. Seasonal Pasture Use and Vegetation Cover Changes in the Alai Valley, Kyrgyzstan -- 9. Diversity of Seasonal Migration of Livestock in the Eastern Alai Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan -- 10. Kezüü and Novad: A Form of Pastoralism in the Eastern Alai Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan -- 11. External Support and Local Agency: Uncertain Transformations of Livelihoods in the Pamirian Borderland of Tajikistan -- 12. The Current Status of Lifestyle and Occupations in the Wakhan Area of Tajikistan -- 13. Political Ecology of Human-Environmental Change in Gojal, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan -- 14. The Changes in Regional Structure and Land Use related to External Factors in Hussaini Village, Northern Pakistan -- 15. Humanitarianism across Mountain Valleys: “Shia Aid” and Development Encounters in Northern Pakistan and Eastern Tajikistan -- 16. History of the Development of the Pamir Region of Tajikistan (Gorno-Badakhshan) -- 17. Conclusions: Why do we need to make Efforts to Map the Transition?

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