Note: Front Cover -- Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Marine Mammals-"What Are They?" -- 1.2. Adaptations for Aquatic Life -- 1.3. Scope and Use of This Book -- 1.4. Time Scale -- 1.5. Early Observations of Marine Mammals -- 1.6. Emergence of Marine Mammal Science -- 1.7. Further Reading and Resources -- References -- PART I: Evolutionary History -- Chapter 2. Systematics and Classification -- 2.1. Introduction: Systematics-What Is It and Why Do It? -- 2.2. Some Basic Terminology and Concepts -- 2.3. How Do You Do Cladistics? -- 2.4. Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses -- 2.5. Going Beyond the Phylogenetic Framework: Elucidating Evolutionary and Ecological Patterns -- 2.6. Taxonomy and Classification -- 2.7. Summary and Conclusions -- 2.8. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 3. Pinniped Evolution and Systematics -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Origin and Evolution -- 3.3. Summary and Conclusions -- 3.4. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 4. Cetacean Evolution and Systematics -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Origin and Evolution -- 4.3. Summary and Conclusions -- 4.4. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 5. Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals: Evolution and Systematics -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Origin and Evolution of Sirenians -- 5.3. The Extinct Sirenian Relatives-Desmostylia -- 5.4. The Extinct Marine Bear-Like Carnivoran, Kolponomos -- 5.5. The Extinct Aquatic Sloth, Thalassocnus natans -- 5.6. The Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris -- 5.7. The Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus -- 5.8. Summary and Conclusions -- 5.9. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 6. Evolutionary Biogeography -- 6.1. Introduction-What Is Biogeography and Why Is It Important? -- 6.2. Ecological Factors Affecting Distributions of Marine Mammals -- 6.3. Present Patterns of Distribution. , 6.4. Reconstructing Biogeographic Patterns -- 6.5. Past Patterns of Distribution -- 6.6. Summary and Conclusions -- 6.7. Further Reading and Resources -- References -- PART II: Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, And Behavior -- Chapter 7. Integumentary and Sensory Systems -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Integumentary System -- 7.3. Nerves and Sense Organs -- 7.4. Summary and Conclusions -- 7.5. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 8. Musculoskeletal System and Locomotion -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Pinnipeds -- 8.3. Cetaceans -- 8.4. Sirenians -- 8.5. Sea Otter -- 8.6. Polar Bear -- 8.7. Summary and Conclusions -- 8.8. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 9. Energetics -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Metabolic Rates -- 9.3. Thermoregulation -- 9.4. Energetics of Locomotion -- 9.5. Osmoregulation -- 9.6. Summary and Conclusions -- 9.7. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 10. Respiration and Diving Physiology -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Problems of Deep and Prolonged Dives for Breath-Holders -- 10.3. Pulmonary and Circulatory Adaptations to Diving -- 10.4. Diving Response -- 10.5. Diving Behavior and Phylogenetic Patterns -- 10.6. Summary and Conclusions -- 10.7. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 11. Sound Production for Communication, Echolocation, and Prey Capture -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Sound Propagation in Air and Water -- 11.3. Anatomy and Physiology of Sound Production and Reception -- 11.4. Functions of Intentionally Produced Sounds -- 11.5. Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate and Low-Frequency Military Sonars -- 11.6. Summary and Conclusions -- 11.7. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 12. Diet, Foraging Structures, and Strategies -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Seasonal and Geographical Patterns of Prey Abundance -- 12.3. Adaptations for Foraging in Pinnipeds -- 12.4. Feeding Specializations of Cetaceans. , 12.5. Feeding Specializations of Sirenians -- 12.6. Feeding Specializations of Other Marine Mammals -- 12.7. Summary and Conclusions -- 12.8. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 13. Reproductive Structures, Strategies, and Patterns -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System -- 13.3. Mating Systems -- 13.4. Lactation Strategies -- 13.5. Reproductive Patterns -- 13.6. Summary and Conclusions -- 13.7. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 14. Population Structure and Dynamics -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Abundance and Its Determination in Marine Mammals -- 14.3. Techniques for Monitoring Populations -- 14.4. Population Structure and Dynamics -- 14.5. Summary and Conclusions -- 14.6. Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 15. Exploitation and Conservation -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Commercial Exploitation of Marine Mammals -- 15.3. Legal Framework for Marine Mammal Conservation and Protection -- 15.4. Incidental Taking of Marine Mammals -- 15.5. Environmental Contaminants -- 15.6. Single Beachings vs Mass Strandings -- 15.7. Ecotourism -- 15.8. Progress and the Future -- 15.9. Summary and Conclusions -- 15.10. Further Reading -- References -- Appendix: Classification of Marine Mammals -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Marine Mammals -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 MARINE MAMMALS-"WHAT ARE THEY?" -- 1.2 ADAPTATIONS FOR AQUATIC LIFE -- 1.3 SCOPE AND USE OF THIS BOOK -- 1.4 TIME SCALE -- 1.5 EARLY OBSERVATIONS OF MARINE MAMMALS -- 1.6 EMERGENCE OF MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE -- 1.7 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Part-1 - Evolutionary History -- Chapter 2 - Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Classification -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION: INVESTIGATING EVOLUTIONARY HISTORIES -- 2.2 SOME BASIC TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS -- 2.3 HOW DO YOU BUILD A PHYLOGENETIC TREE? -- 2.4 TESTING PHYLOGENETIC HYPOTHESES -- 2.5 APPLYING PHYLOGENIES: ELUCIDATING EVOLUTIONARY AND ECOLOGICAL PATTERNS -- 2.6 TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION -- 2.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 2.8 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Chapter 3 - Pinniped Evolution and Systematics -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION -- 3.3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 3.4 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Chapter 4 - Cetacean Evolution and Systematics -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION -- 4.3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 4.4 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Chapter 5 - Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals: Evolution and Systematics -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF SIRENIANS -- 5.3 THE EXTINCT SIRENIAN RELATIVES-DESMOSTYLIA -- 5.4 THE EXTINCT MARINE BEAR-LIKE CARNIVORAN, KOLPONOMOS -- 5.5 THE EXTINCT AQUATIC SLOTH, THALASSOCNUS NATANS -- 5.6 MARINE OTTERS -- 5.7 THE POLAR BEAR, URSUS MARITIMUS -- 5.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 5.9 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Chapter 6 - Evolution and Geography -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 SPECIES IDENTITY -- 6.3 SPECIATION -- 6.4 ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTIONS OF MARINE MAMMALS -- 6.5 PRESENT PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION. , 6.6 RECONSTRUCTING BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS -- 6.7 PAST PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION -- 6.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 6.9 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Part-2 - Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Behavior -- Chapter 7 - Integumentary and Sensory Systems -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM -- 7.3 NERVES AND SENSE ORGANS -- 7.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 7.5 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Chapter 8 - Musculoskeletal System and Locomotion -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 PINNIPEDS -- 8.3 CETACEANS -- 8.4 SIRENIANS -- 8.5 SEA OTTER -- 8.6 POLAR BEAR -- 8.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 8.8 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Chapter 9 - Energetics -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 METABOLIC RATES -- 9.3 THERMOREGULATION -- 9.4 ENERGETICS OF LOCOMOTION -- 9.5 OSMOREGULATION -- 9.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 9.7 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Chapter 10 - Respiration and Diving Physiology -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 CHALLENGES OF DEEP AND PROLONGED DIVES FOR BREATH-HOLDERS -- 10.3 PULMONARY AND CIRCULATORY ADAPTATIONS TO DIVING -- 10.4 DIVING RESPONSE -- 10.5 DIVING BEHAVIOR AND PHYLOGENETIC PATTERNS -- 10.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 10.7 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Chapter 11 - Sound Production for Communication, Echolocation, and Prey Capture -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN AIR AND WATER -- 11.3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SOUND PRODUCTION AND RECEPTION -- 11.4 FUNCTIONS OF INTENTIONALLY PRODUCED SOUNDS -- 11.5 ACOUSTIC THERMOMETRY OF OCEAN CLIMATE AND LOW-FREQUENCY MILITARY SONARS -- 11.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 11.7 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Chapter 12 - Diet, Foraging Structures, and Strategies -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 SEASONAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF PREY ABUNDANCE -- 12.3 ADAPTATIONS FOR FORAGING IN PINNIPEDS. , 12.4 FEEDING SPECIALIZATIONS OF CETACEANS -- 12.5 FEEDING SPECIALIZATIONS OF SIRENIANS -- 12.6 FEEDING SPECIALIZATIONS OF OTHER MARINE MAMMALS -- 12.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 12.8 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Chapter 13 - Reproductive Structures, Strategies, and Patterns -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -- 13.3 MATING SYSTEMS -- 13.4 LACTATION STRATEGIES -- 13.5 REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS -- 13.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 13.7 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Chapter 14 - Population Structure and Dynamics -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 14.2 ABUNDANCE AND ITS DETERMINATION IN MARINE MAMMALS -- 14.3 TECHNIQUES FOR MONITORING POPULATIONS -- 14.4 POPULATION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS -- Anchor 765 -- Anchor 766 -- 14.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 14.6 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- Part-3 - Exploitation, Conservation, and Management -- Chapter 15 - Exploitation and Conservation -- 15.1 INTRODUCTION -- 15.2 EXPLOITATION OF MARINE MAMMALS -- 15.3 MARINE MAMMAL CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION -- 15.4 PROGRESS AND THE FUTURE -- 15.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 15.6 FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES -- References -- APPENDIX -- CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE MAMMALS -- CARNIVORA -- CETARTIODACTYLA -- SIRENIA (ILLIGER 1811) -- References -- Color Plates -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Inside Front Cover -- Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contents by Subject Area -- Anatomy and Physiology -- Behavior and Life History -- Ecology and Population Biology -- Evolution and Systematics -- Human Effects and Interactions -- Organisms and Faunas -- Research Methodology -- Contributors -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Preface to the First and Second Editions -- Marine Mammal Species -- Order Carnivora -- Family Otariidae -- Family Odobenidae -- Family Phocidae -- Family Ursidae -- Family Mustelidae -- Order Cetartiodactyla -- Suborder Cetacea -- Family Balaenidae -- Family Neobalaenidae -- Family Eschrichtiidae -- Family Balaenopteridae -- Family Physeteridae -- Family Kogiidae -- Family Ziphiidae -- Family Platanistidae -- Family Iniidae -- Family Lipotidae -- Family Pontoporiidae -- Family Monodontidae -- Family Delphinidae -- Family Phocoenidae -- Order Sirenia -- Family Trichechidae -- Family Dugongidae -- References -- A -- Abundance Estimation -- I. Distance Sampling -- A. Line-transect Sampling -- 1. Survey Design -- 2. Assumptions -- 3. Estimation -- 4. Multiple-Covariate Distance Sampling -- 5. Modeling Density Surfaces -- 6. Uncertain Detection on the Transect Line -- 7. Automated Design Algorithms and GIS -- B. Strip-Transect Sampling -- C. Cue Counting -- D. Acoustic Surveys -- II. Mark-Recapture -- A. Estimation from a Tagged Subset of Animals -- 1. The Petersen Estimator -- 2. Chapman's Modified Estimator -- 3. Assumptions -- 4. Estimation of Pinniped Numbers by Mark-Recapture -- 5. Mark-Recovery Methods -- B. Use of Natural Markings -- C. Spatially Explicit Capture-recapture -- III. Migration Counts -- IV. Colony Counts -- References -- Aerial Behavior -- I. Whale Breaching -- II. Dolphin Leaping -- III. Other Active Aerial Behaviors. , IV. Potential Reasons for Aerial Behaviors -- V. Fluking -- References -- Age Estimation -- I. Introduction -- II. Growth Layer Terminology -- III. Calibration of Annual Layers -- IV. Tissues Commonly Used to Obtain Absolute Age Estimates -- V. Consistency and Repeatability of Absolute Age Estimates -- VI. Growth-Layer Tissues as Recording Structures -- VII. When Absolute Age Estimates are not Feasible -- References -- Aggressive Behavior, Intraspecific -- I. Male-Male Competition for Mates -- A. Pinnipeds -- B. Cetaceans -- C. Other Aquatic Mammals -- II. Size, Special Weapons, and the Consequences of Aggression -- III. Avoiding Fights -- IV. Group Raids and Other Forms of Male Harassment of Reproductive Females -- V. Female Agonistic Behavior -- VI. Aggression Toward Young -- A. Aggression Toward and Killing of Young by Males -- B. Abuse and Killing of the Young by Females -- C. Male Violent Behavior Toward Interspecific Females and Pups -- References -- Albinism -- I. Pigmentation -- II. Albinism and Marine Mammals -- III. Problems Associated With Albinism -- References -- Amazon River Dolphin: Inia geoffrensis -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- V. Life History -- VI. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Ambergris -- References -- Antarctic Fur Seal: Arctocephalus gazella -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- V. Life History -- VI. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Antarctic Marine Mammals -- I. Background -- II. Antarctic Species -- III. Diet -- IV. Exploitation and Recovery -- V. Conservation -- References -- Archaeocetes, Archaic -- References -- Arctic Marine Mammals -- I. Introduction -- II. Cetacean Community -- III. Pinniped Community -- IV. Polar Bears. , V. Important Habitats for Arctic Marine Mammals -- A. Sea Ice -- B. Polynyas -- C. Glacial Ice -- D. Nonice Habitats -- VI. Conservation and Management Challenges -- References -- Atlantic Spotted Dolphin: Stenella frontalis -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- V. Life History -- VI. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin: Lagenorhynchus acutus -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- V. Life History -- VI. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Australian Sea Lion: Neophoca cinerea -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- V. Life History -- VI. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Australian Snubfin Dolphin: Orcaella heinsohni -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- V. Life History -- VI. Interactions With Humans -- References -- B -- Baculum -- References -- Baiji: Lipotes vexillifer -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- V. Life History -- VI. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Baikal Seal: Pusa sibirica -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- V. Life History -- VI. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Balance -- I. Introduction -- II. Comparative Morphology -- III. Functional Interpretation -- References -- Baleen -- References -- Baleen Whales (Mysticeti) -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- A. Sound Production -- B. Swimming and Migration. , C. Social Activity -- V. Life History -- VI. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Baleen Whales, Evolution -- I. Introduction -- II. Toothed Mysticetes -- III. Edentulous Mysticetes -- IV. Tooth Loss, Origin of Baleen, and Bulk Filter Feeding -- References -- Barnacles -- I. Life History -- II. Sessile Barnacles -- III. Stalked Barnacles -- IV. Barnacles and Marine Mammals -- References -- Basilosaurids and Kekenodontids -- I. Characteristics -- II. Taxonomy -- III. Life History -- A. Locomotion -- B. Feeding -- C. Habitat and Ecology -- IV. Phylogenetic Relationships -- References -- Beaked Whales, Overview -- I. Classification -- II. Diagnostic Characteristics and Taxonomy -- III. Distribution and Ecology -- A. Habitat -- B. Behavior -- C. Vocalizations -- D. Diet -- E. Social Organization -- IV. Life History and Reproduction -- V. Status, Conservation, and Interactions With Humans -- References -- Bearded Seal: Erignathus barbatus -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- V. Life History -- VI. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Behavior, Overview -- I. Foraging Behavior: How to Find, Select, and Process Prey -- II. Avoiding Predators and Defense From Predators -- III. Migration and Orientation -- IV. Competition and Agonistic Behavior -- V. Courtship and Sexual Behavior -- VI. Parental Behavior -- VII. Social Behavior and Social Relationships -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Beluga Whale: Delphinapterus leucas -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- VI. Life History -- VII. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Berardius Beaked Whales: Berardius bairdii and B. arnuxii -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology. , IV. Behavior and Physiology -- V. Life History -- IV. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Biogeography -- I. Types of Distributions -- II. Ecology and History Determine Distribution -- III. Taxonomic Patterns -- IV. Conclusion -- References -- Biotelemetry -- I. Archival Tags -- II. Transmitting Systems -- III. Biological Insights -- IV. Challenges and Future Developments -- References -- Blubber -- I. The Structure of Blubber -- A. Tissue Characteristics -- B. Variation in Thickness and Proximate Composition -- C. The Lipids in Blubber -- II. Role of Blubber in Temperature Regulation: Heat Conservation and Dissipation -- III. Role of Blubber in Energy Storage and Water Balance -- IV. Role of Blubber in Locomotion -- V. Insights From the Study of Blubber -- References -- Blue Whale: Balaenoptera musculus -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- VI. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Bones and Teeth, Histology of -- I. Bone -- A. Bone Structure and Composition -- B. Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling -- C. Marine Mammal Bone -- II. Cementum -- A. Cementum Structure and Composition -- B. Marine Mammal Cementum -- III. Dentine -- A. Dentine Structure and Composition -- B. Marine Mammal Dentine -- IV. Enamel -- A. Enamel Structure and Composition -- B. Marine Mammal Enamel -- References -- Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, Common Bottlenose Dolphin -- I. Characters and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- V. Life History -- VI. Interactions With Humans -- References -- Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops aduncus, Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin -- I. Characteristics and Taxonomy -- II. Distribution and Abundance -- III. Ecology -- IV. Behavior and Physiology -- V. Life History. , VI. Interactions With Humans.

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