Note: Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Maps -- List of Pictures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Prerequisites -- 1.2 Structure of the Book -- References -- Part I: Observations, Definitions, and Theories About Environment, Disease, and the Body: How to Embrace the Whole World -- Chapter 2: Creation, Generation, Force, Motion and Habit: Medieval Theoretical Definitions of Nature -- 2.1 Cultural Context of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries -- 2.2 Some Definitions of Nature in Encyclopaedias on the Nature of Things -- 2.3 Definitions of Nature in Two Medieval Dictionaries -- 2.4 The Place of Wonder and Space Outside of Nature -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Sources -- Works -- Chapter 3: The Animal Environment and Human Health: The Approach Followed by the Medieval Zoologist Ğāḥiẓ (Ninth Century) -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Desired Cohabitation: Animals in Captivity -- 3.3 Necessary Cohabitation -- 3.4 Animal, Man, Painful Promiscuity, and Mortal Terror -- 3.4.1 The Case of Small Harmful Animals (الضارة) -- 3.4.2 Examples of Venomous and Impressive Animals -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Transliteration Adopted for Arabic in This Article -- Short Glossary -- Geographical Zones -- References -- Primary Source -- Secondary Sources -- Chapter 4: Landscaped Environment and Health in Han China (208 BCE-220) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Environment and Health -- 4.3 The Ideal Environment Described in the Medical Sources -- 4.4 Structure and Composition of the Ideal Landscape -- 4.4.1 The Sun, the Moon, and the Stars -- 4.4.2 The Climate and the Seasons -- 4.4.3 The Land -- 4.4.4 Water -- 4.4.5 Plants and Minerals -- 4.4.6 Nature's Invisible Powers -- 4.5 Characteristics of the Ideal Landscape -- 4.5.1 From Nature to a Constructed Landscape -- 4.5.2 A Space That Is Both Closed and Open. , 4.5.3 A Harmonious Place -- 4.6 Importance of Links Between an Individual and His Environment -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Observations, Definitions, and Theories About Environment, Disease, and the Body: Questioning the Meaning of the Environment -- Chapter 5: The Construction of Thinking on the Environment: The Words, Their Meanings, and Their Uses from 1790 to 1970 -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Notions of the Influence of Milieu and Interdependence Before the Nineteenth Century -- 5.3 The Emergence of a Vocabulary Around the Notion of Environment, an Epistemological Break? -- 5.4 Evolution as an Explanation of the Influence of the Milieu -- 5.5 The Emergence of Disciplinary Terms -- 5.6 Upheaval in the Post-War Period -- References -- Chapter 6: Environment in Relation to Health, Wellbeing and Human Flourishing: The Contribution of Twentieth-Century Continental Philosophy of Life and of the Subject -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Healthy and Pathological States as Modes of Relationship to the World and to Others in Kurt Goldstein's Conception -- 6.3 The "Encounter" Between G. Canguilhem's Philosophy of Life and Medicine and K. Goldstein's Holistic Approach to Human Nature -- 6.4 The Lived World of Health and Disease -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7: Environment and Chagas Disease: An Elusive and Diverse Relationship -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 A Detrimental Scientific Environment -- 7.3 An Ideal Environmental Culprit: The Adobe Wall of the Cafuas -- 7.4 A Rapidly Evolving Disease -- 7.5 Chagas Disease and the Debate on the Nakedness of the Indians -- 7.6 A Disease as Old as the Human Populations -- 7.7 Economic Pressure as a Pathogenic Environment -- 7.8 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part III: Healthy or Unhealthy Environments: Sensorial Experiences of Lands, Spaces, and Milieus. , Chapter 8: The Worst Environment in Which to Live in China: A Question of Points of View. The Legendary Miasmatic Far South of China Challenged by Local Doctors in Late Imperial China -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Human Beings, Health, and Localities in Chinese Medicine -- 8.2.1 Man, Disease, Health, and Environment in the Inner Classic of the Yellow Thearch -- 8.2.2 Northwest, Southeast, and the Frightening Far Southern Margins of the Empire -- 8.3 Places with Zhang or the Worst Environments for Health -- 8.3.1 Local Gazetteers and Local Medical Treatises: The Viewpoints of Outsiders and of Insiders -- 8.3.2 The Localization of Zhang in History -- 8.3.3 The Complicated Identity of Zhang in Late Imperial Gazetteers: From Disease, Death Cause, to Repellent Emanations -- 8.3.4 Zhang as a Repellent Environmental Emanation Linked to the Sweltering Far South, Its Topography, or Its Dense Vegetation -- 8.3.5 Exceptional Good Environments in the Far South -- 8.3.6 Jin Gui (ca.1464-1520?): The Discordant Voice of an Outside Scholar -- 8.4 Zhang and the Environment of the Far South, Through the Eyes of Local Doctors -- 8.4.1 The Mysterious Absence of Zhang in Local Medical Texts -- 8.4.2 The Far South's Identity Through the Eyes of Local Doctors and Its Influence on Health and Disease -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Primary sources -- a. Medical sources from Guangdong and Guangxi. The original publication date, when known, follows the title. The edition consulted, in a reprint or in a collection, is in square brackets. -- b. Gazetteers from Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong Cited -- Others Primary Sources -- Secondary Sources -- Chapter 9: Inhabited Lands and Temperaments: Observations and Therapeutic Solutions, the Views of Scientists and Medieval Physicians - Ğāḥiẓ (9th), Rāzī (9th-10th), Ibn Riḍwān (11th). , 9.1 Geographical Space, Languages, and Cultural Variety -- 9.1.1 Theoretical Frameworks and Relations Between the Temperament and the "Milieu" -- 9.1.2 Points of View from Botanists, Pharmacists, and Zoologists on the Relationship Between the Environment and Human Beings -- 9.1.3 Geographers' Points of View -- 9.1.4 Points of View of Physicians -- A Look at the Sky: The Moon and Atmospheric Conditions -- A Look Toward the Land: The Territories -- Disturbances Linked to Traveling -- The Winds, Rains, and Climates -- The Water of the Different Lands -- 9.1.5 The Nature of the Body and Its Relationship with Its Surroundings -- 9.2 Conclusion -- Various Terms that Could Design the Humans' "Milieu" -- Bibliography -- Antique and Medieval Primary Sources -- Secondary Sources -- Chapter 10: Health and the Environment: Aldo Leopold, Land Health, and the First-Person Ecology Approach -- 10.1 Ethics -- 10.2 Esthetics -- 10.3 Political Dimension -- References -- Chapter 11: Urban Space of the Living and Dead: The Conception of Environment and Death in Beijing from the Eighteenth Century to the Middle Twentieth Century -- 11.1 Research Scope and Materials -- 11.2 Death Observances and Related Practices -- 11.3 Conceptions of Death: Three Stages and Three Risks -- 11.4 Urban Space Shared by the Dead and the Living -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Primary Sources (Ordered by Original Publication Date) -- (a) Diaries, Collections of Folktales, Customs and Rituals -- (b) Gazetteers, Chronicles and Collection of Regulations -- (c) Archives Kept in Beijing Archive Collection (Abbreviated to BA in the Text): -- (d) Archives Kept in the First Historical Archives of China (Abbreviated to FHA in the Text) -- (e) Maps -- Secondary Sources. , Part IV: Healthy or Unhealthy Environments: Techniques, Tools, and Concepts to Reconsider the Relationship Between the Environment, Disease and Health -- Chapter 12: Urban Nature: (The) Good and (The) Bad -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The First Urban Hygienist Utopias -- 12.3 Nature Between Utopia and Technology -- 12.4 Urban Planning in the Twentieth Century: From the Respect of the Site to an Abstract Nature -- 12.5 Towards Ecological Urban Planning -- 12.6 Conclusion: Promethean and Orphic Attitudes -- References -- Chapter 13: Health and the Environment in Ecological Transition: The Case of the Permaculture Movement -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Permaculture Movement: A Composite Ethical Framework for Ecological Design Activism in a World of Energy Descent -- 13.3 An Ecological Approach to Human Health: "Healing" the Soil for the Healthy Development of Human Societies -- 13.4 Recovering a "Sense of Place" Through Learning and Teaching Emplaced Modes of Valuing the Environment -- References -- Chapter 14: "Affordances": A Notion that Reveals How Artificial It Is to Separate the Body and Its Environment -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Framework of Affordances -- 14.3 A Blind Football 5-a-Side Team: An Example of Adjusting Affordances -- 14.4 The "Space" of Affordances in the Context of a Disability -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Gestalt Therapy and Its Contribution to the Understanding of the Link Between Health and the Environment -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 What Is the Link to the Environment in the Postmodern World? -- 15.2.1 A Weak Link to the Environment? -- 15.2.2 The Gestalt Postulate: The Inseparability of Organism and Environment -- 15.3 The Gestalt Position: Another Way of Being in the World -- 15.3.1 History and Foundations: An Integrative Approach -- 15.3.2 The Rebellious Child of Psychoanalysis. , 15.3.3 From Gestalt Psychology to Gestalt Therapy.