Note: Intro -- Preface -- Reference -- Contents -- A Brief History of Immunological Research into Psychosis and Pathways for Immune Influence of the Brain -- References -- Basic Concept of Microglia Biology and Neuroinflammation in Relation to Psychiatry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Concept of Neuroinflammation and Neuroinflammatory Processes in Relation to Psychiatry -- 3 Microglia: Historical Perspective -- 4 Microglia: Ontogeny and General Facts -- 5 Microglia: The CNS Immune Cell -- 6 Microglia Function: Beyond Central Immune Cell -- 7 The Microglia `Sensome´ -- 8 The Role of Central Cytokines Beyond Inflammation -- 9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Epidemiological Studies of Prenatal and Childhood Infection and Schizophrenia -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Timing of an Infection Affects the Outcome -- 1.2 Other Factors Affecting the Outcome -- 2 Epidemiological Studies of Infections During Pregnancy -- 3 Epidemiological Studies of Infections During Childhood -- 3.1 Childhood Infections and Development of Cognitive Abilities in Psychotic Illness -- 4 Final Remarks -- References -- Cytokines, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Markers of Inflammation in Schizophrenia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cytokines as Key Mediators of Immune Response -- 3 Evidence for Cytokine Alteration in Different Stages of Schizophrenia -- 3.1 Drug Naïve Psychosis -- 3.2 Acute Psychosis -- 3.3 Chronic Schizophrenia -- 4 Population-Based Longitudinal and Mendelian Randomization Studies Examining Causality -- 5 CSF Cytokine Alteration in Schizophrenia -- 6 Oxidative Stress Markers in Acute and Chronic Schizophrenia -- 6.1 First Episode Psychosis -- 6.2 Chronic Schizophrenia -- 6.3 Trans-diagnostic Effect of Inflammation and Potential Role of Early-Life Adversity -- 6.4 Therapeutic Implications for Low-Grade Inflammation in Schizophrenia -- 7 Conclusions and Future Directions. , References -- From Infection to the Microbiome: An Evolving Role of Microbes in Schizophrenia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Search for a Pathogen -- 3 Is It the Infectious Disease Process? -- 4 Gut Inflammation -- 5 Microbial Dysbiosis and the Brain -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Autoantibodies and Psychosis -- 1 Background -- 2 History of the Influence of Antibodies on Psychosis -- 3 N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antibody (NMDAR-Ab) -- 3.1 Structure of the NMDA Receptor -- 3.2 Mechanism of NMDAR-Ab Encephalitis -- 3.3 Incidence and Clinical Characteristics of NMDAR-Ab Encephalitis -- 3.4 Diagnosis of NMDAR-Ab Encephalitis -- 3.5 Psychiatric Features Associated with NMDAR-Ab Encephalitis -- 3.6 Treatment of NMDAR-Ab Encephalitis -- 3.7 Clinical Course and Relapse -- 4 Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Complex Antibodies (VGKCC-Ab) -- 4.1 Leucine-Rich Glioma-Inactivated-1 Antibody (LGI1-Ab) -- 4.1.1 Structure of LGI1 -- 4.1.2 Mechanism of Action of LGI1-Ab -- 4.1.3 Clinical Characteristics of LGI1-Ab Encephalitis -- 4.1.4 Psychiatric Features Associated with LGI1-Ab -- 4.1.5 Treatment of LGI1-Ab Encephalitis and Follow-Up -- 4.2 Contactin-Associated Protein-2 Antibody (CASPR2-Ab) -- 4.2.1 Structure of CASPR2 -- 4.2.2 Mechanism of Action of CASPR2-Ab -- 4.2.3 Clinical Characteristics of CASPR2-Ab-Related Disease -- 4.2.4 Psychiatric Features Associated with CASPR2-Ab -- 4.2.5 Treatment of CASPR-Ab-Related Disease and Follow-Up -- 5 α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Receptor Antibody (AMPAR-Ab) -- 5.1 Structure and Mechanism of Action -- 5.2 Clinical Features of AMPAR-Ab-Related Disease -- 5.3 Psychiatric Features Associated with AMPAR-Ab -- 5.4 Treatment and Clinical Course -- 6 γ-Aminobutyric Acid A Receptor (GABAAR) and γ-Aminobutyric Acid B Receptor (GABABR) Antibody Disease -- 6.1 Structure and Mechanism of Action. , 6.2 Clinical and Psychiatric Features of GABA Antibody-Related Disease -- 6.3 Treatment and Clinical Course -- 7 Dopamine 2 Receptor Antibody (D2R-Ab) -- 7.1 Structure and Mechanism of Action -- 7.2 Clinical and Psychiatric Features -- 7.3 Treatment and Clinical Course -- 8 Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-Like Protein 6 Antibody (DPPX-Ab) -- 8.1 Structure -- 8.2 Clinical Features -- 8.3 Treatment and Clinical Course -- 9 Rare Autoimmune Syndromes -- 10 Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Infection: Associations with Inflammation and Cognitive Aging in Relation to Schizophrenia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nature of HSV-1 Infections -- 3 Plausible Mechanisms for Cognitive Aging Attributed to HSV-1 -- 4 Bradford Hill Viewpoints for Etiological Links for Chronic Diseases -- 4.1 Strength -- 4.2 Consistency -- 4.3 Specificity -- 4.4 Temporality -- 4.5 Biological Gradient -- 4.6 Plausibility -- 4.7 Coherence -- 4.8 Experiment -- 4.9 Analogy -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Role of Infection, Autoimmunity, Atopic Disorders, and the Immune System in Schizophrenia: Evidence from Epidemiological and G... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Immune Alterations in Individuals with Schizophrenia -- 3 Associations Between Infections and Schizophrenia -- 4 Associations Between Autoimmune Diseases and Schizophrenia -- 4.1 Temporal Associations Between Diagnosis of Schizophrenia and Autoimmune Disease Diagnosis -- 5 The Combined Effect of Infections and Autoimmune Diseases as Risk Factors for Schizophrenia -- 6 Associations Between Atopic Diseases and Schizophrenia -- 7 A Possible Genetic Association -- 7.1 Evidence from Epidemiological Studies Indicating Heritability -- 7.2 Genetic Evidence -- 8 Confounding Factors Potentially Influencing the Association Between Immune-Related Diseases and Schizophrenia. , 8.1 Potential Etiological Mechanisms for the Associations -- 8.2 Knowledge Gaps -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Microglial Activation and Psychotic Disorders: Evidence from Pre-clinical and Clinical Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Evidence of Neuroinflammation and Microglial Activation from Pre-clinical and Clinical Schizophrenia Studies -- 2.1 Microglia Overview -- 2.2 Evidence of Neuroinflammation and Microglial Activation in Pre-clinical Schizophrenia Models -- 3 Evidence of Neuroinflammation from Schizophrenic Patients -- 3.1 Microglia Evaluation in Post-mortem Schizophrenic Brain -- 3.2 Cytokine and Chemokine Evaluation in Post-mortem Schizophrenic Brain Samples -- 4 Mechanisms by Which Neuroinflammation Could Influence the Development of Schizophrenia -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Early-Life Adversity, Systemic Inflammation and Comorbid Physical and Psychiatric Illnesses of Adult Life -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Association Between Childhood Trauma and Psychosis -- 3 Childhood Trauma and Immune Activation -- 3.1 Preclinical Evidence of the Link Between Early Stress and Increased Inflammation -- 3.2 The Emerging Evidence of Neuroinflammation -- 3.3 From Animal to Human Models -- 4 An Inflammatory Pathway Linking Childhood Trauma and Psychosis? -- 4.1 The Allostatic Systems: The Role of the Nervous System and of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis -- 4.1.1 The Nervous System -- 4.1.2 The Endocrine System: The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis -- 4.2 The Role of Neuroinflammation -- 4.3 Possible Role of the Interaction of Childhood Trauma with Other Environmental Factors -- 5 Inflammation and Physical Health -- 5.1 Inflammation and Metabolic Complications in Psychosis -- 5.2 Childhood Trauma and Metabolic Abnormalities -- 5.3 Childhood Trauma and Metabolic Abnormalities in Patients with Psychosis -- 6 Conclusion -- References. , Inflammation, Antipsychotic Drugs, and Evidence for Effectiveness of Anti-inflammatory Agents in Schizophrenia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Anti-inflammatory Therapies in Schizophrenia -- 2.1 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) -- 2.2 Antioxidants and Nutrients -- 2.3 Anti-inflammatory Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs (APDs) -- 2.3.1 Antipsychotic Drugs -- 2.3.2 Anti-inflammatory Actions of APDs -- 2.3.3 Adverse Effects of APDs -- 3 Biologicals -- 4 Miscellaneous Agents -- 4.1 Cotinine -- 4.2 Davunetide -- 4.3 Pregnenolone -- 4.4 Estrogen -- 4.5 Erythropoietin -- 4.6 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARS) -- 4.7 Medicinal Herbs -- 4.8 Other Agents -- 5 Strategies for Consideration by Clinicians -- 6 Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions -- References.

Note: Cover -- Microbiology of waterborne diseases -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1 Introduction -- 1 Risk assessment and drinking water -- What is risk? -- Risk assessment -- Microbial risk assessment in drinking water -- Introduction -- Regulatory history -- Application of data -- Use of surveillance -- Microbial risk assessment frameworks -- Susceptible subpopulations -- Risk communication -- References -- Part 2 Bacteriology -- 2 Acinetobacter -- Basic microbiology -- Origin and taxonomy -- Metabolism and physiology -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks -- Risk assessment -- References -- 3 Aeromonas -- Basic microbiology -- Origin and taxonomy -- Metabolism and physiology -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- Treatment -- Presence in the environment -- Methods of isolation and detection -- Epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- References -- 4 Arcobacter -- Basic microbiology -- Origin of the organism -- Metabolism and biochemistry -- Clinical features -- Treatment -- Environment -- Isolation and detection -- Epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- References -- 5 Campylobacter -- Basic microbiology -- Origin and taxonomy -- Metabolism and physiology -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment and water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology and waterborne outbreaks -- Risk assessment -- References -- 6 Cyanobacteria -- Basic microbiology -- Origin and taxonomy -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- Survival in the environment and water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks -- Risk assessment -- References -- 7 Escherichia coli -- Basic microbiology -- Origins of the organism -- Metabolism and physiology -- Clinical features. , Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) -- Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) -- Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) or Vero cytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) -- Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) -- Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) -- Virulence and pathogenicity -- ETEC -- EPEC -- EHEC -- EIEC -- EAEC -- DAEC -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Water -- Detection -- EPEC -- EAEC -- ETEC -- EIEC -- VTEC -- Epidemiology -- EPEC -- ETEC -- EHEC -- EIEC -- EAEC -- Risk assessment -- References -- 8 Helicobacter pylori -- Basic microbiology -- Origin and taxonomy -- Metabolism and physiology -- Clinical features -- Virulence -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Water -- Recovery of water adapted Helicobacter pylori -- Possible mechanisms of persistence and culturability of Helicobacter pylori in water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks -- Risk assessment -- Overall risk assessment -- References -- 9 Other heterotrophic plate count bacteria (Flavobacterium, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Staphylococcus) -- Basic microbiology -- Flavobacterium -- Klebsiella -- Pseudomonas -- Serratia -- Staphylococcus -- Origin of the organism -- Flavobacterium -- Klebsiella -- Pseudomonas -- Serratia -- Staphylococcus -- Metabolism and physiology -- Flavobacterium -- Klebsiella -- Pseudomonas -- Serratia -- Staphylococcus -- Clinical features -- Flavobacterium -- Klebsiella -- Pseudomonas -- Serratia -- Staphylococcus -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- Klebsiella -- Pseudomonas -- Serratia -- Staphylococcus -- Treatment -- Klebsiella -- Pseudomonas -- Serratia -- Staphylococcus -- Survival in the environment and water -- Flavobacterium -- Klebsiella -- Pseudomonas -- Serratia -- Staphylococcus -- Methods of detection -- Flavobacterium -- Klebsiella -- Pseudomonas -- Serratia -- Staphylococcus -- Epidemiology and waterborne outbreaks. , Risk assessment -- References -- 10 Legionella -- Basic microbiology -- Origin and taxonomy of the organism -- Metabolism and physiology -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- References -- 11 The Mycobacterium avium complex -- Basic microbiology -- Origins of the organism -- Clinical features -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Detection methods -- Epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- References -- 12 Salmonella -- Basic microbiology -- Origin -- Metabolism and physiology -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Survival in water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks -- Risk assessment -- References -- 13 Shigella -- Basic microbiology -- Origin and taxonomy -- Metabolism and physiology -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Survival in water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology and waterborne outbreaks -- Risk assessment -- References -- 14 Vibrio cholerae -- Basic microbiology -- Origin and taxonomy -- Metabolism and physiology -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- V. cholerae O1 -- V. cholerae O139 -- V. cholerae non-O1 -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Survival in water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks -- Risk assessment -- References -- 15 Yersinia -- Basic microbiology -- Origins -- Metabolism and physiology -- Clinical features -- Pathogenesis and virulence -- Treatment -- Environment -- Water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- References -- Part 3 Protozoa -- 16 Acanthamoeba spp. -- Basic microbiology -- Origin of the organism -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence. , Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Survival in water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- Future implications -- References -- 17 Balantidium coli -- Basic microbiology -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity, virulence and causation -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment and in water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- Overall risk assessment -- Future implications -- References -- 18 Cryptosporidium spp. -- Basic microbiology -- Origin of the organism -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity -- Virulence -- Causation -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Survival in water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- Overall risk assessment -- Future implications -- References -- 19 Cyclospora cayetanensis -- Basic microbiology -- Origin of the organism -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- Causation -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Survival in water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- Overall risk assessment -- Future implications -- References -- 20 Entamoeba histolytica -- Basic microbiology -- Origin of the organism -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- Causation -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment and in water -- Methods of detection -- Critical review of the epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- Overall risk assessment -- Future implications -- References -- 21 Giardia duodenalis -- Basic microbiology -- Origin of the organism -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- Causation -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Survival in water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- Overall risk assessment -- Future implications -- References -- 22 Naegleria fowleri -- Basic microbiology -- Origin of the organism -- Clinical features. , Pathogenicity, virulence and causation -- Treatment -- Survival in water and the environment -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- References -- 23 Toxoplasma gondii -- Basic microbiology -- Origin of the organism -- Clinical features -- Pathogenicity and virulence -- Causation -- Treatment -- Survival in the environment -- Survival in water -- Methods of detection -- Epidemiology -- Risk assessment -- Overall risk assessment -- Future implications -- References -- Part 4 Viruses -- 24 Common themes -- Introduction -- References -- 25 The survival and persistence of viruses in water -- References -- 26 Methods for the detection of waterborne viruses -- Concentration methods -- Adsorption/elution -- a. Adsorption to electronegative membranes and cartridges -- b. Adsorption to electropositive membranes and cartridges -- c. Adsorption to glass wool -- d. Adsorption to glass powder -- Entrapment -- a. Ultrafiltration -- b. Ultracentrifugation -- Other methods -- Hydroextraction -- Iron oxide flocculation -- Talc-celite adsorption -- Adsorption to bituminous coal -- Two-phase separation -- Immunoaffinity columns and magnetic beads -- Drying/freeze-drying -- Detection and enumeration of waterborne viruses -- Cell culture -- The plaque assay -- Monolayer plaque assay -- Suspended cell plaque assay -- Liquid assays -- Most probable number assay -- End point dilution assay (TCD[sub(50)]) -- Choice of assay method -- Isolation and identification -- Isolation -- Identification -- Detection of viruses by molecular biology -- References -- 27 Adenovirus -- Basic microbiology -- Origin of the organism -- Clinical features and virulence -- Pathogenicity -- Transmission and epidemiology -- Treatment -- Distribution in the environment -- Waterborne outbreaks -- Risk assessment -- References -- 28 Astrovirus -- Introduction. , Basic microbiology.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- 1 An introduction to Marine Protected Areas -- Marine Protected Areas as a governance challenge -- Societal concerns extend out to sea -- MPAs as part of the solution -- International policy landscape -- MPAs in the context of sustainable development -- A brief history of MPAs -- Slow progress and lack of effectiveness -- 2 Objectives and categories of MPAs -- Introduction -- The objectives of MPAs -- Different categories of MPAs -- 3 Differences and divergences -- Introduction -- Different value priorities -- Divergent views and the quest for common ground -- Some key differences between marine and terrestrial ecosystems -- Summary -- 4 Different theoretical perspectives on governance -- Introduction -- Current environmental governance theories -- Alternative concept of co-evolutionary hierarchical governance -- Co-management -- Social-ecological resilience -- 5 Empirical framework for analysing MPA governance approaches -- Introduction -- Positionality -- The empirical framework -- Summary -- 6 Overview of case studies -- Introduction -- General findings from and patterns amongst the case studies -- Driving forces -- 7 Incentives for effectiveness -- Introduction -- Incentives used to withstand driving forces -- Summary -- 8 Resilience through diversity -- Introduction -- Incentives used and needed -- Cross-cutting issues -- Social-ecological resilience through incentive diversity -- The vital reinforcing role of the state -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- Foreword by Martin Shaw -- Prologue -- The Khamsin Speaks of the Storm -- The Windflower Speaks of Flux -- The Fox Speaks of Exile -- The Mayfly Speaks of Impermanence -- The Mouse Speaks of Courage -- The Olm speaks of Khthonios -- The Bear Speaks of Carnage -- The Robin Speaks of Death -- The Heron Speaks of Sadness -- The Daisy Speaks of Receiving -- The Turtle Speaks of Communion -- The Jasmine Flower Speaks of Enchantment -- The Hawthorn Speaks of Aphrodisia -- The Painted Lady Speaks of Reverie -- The Starling Speaks of Dancing -- The Oak Speaks of Sanctuary -- The Moss Speaks of Intimacy -- The Pond Speaks of Peace -- Glossary.

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