Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Abstract -- Contents -- Glossary -- Chapter 1: Scientific Background -- 1.1 Atmospheric Water Vapour -- 1.2 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) -- 1.2.1 GPS Basics -- 1.2.2 Delay in the Neutral Atmosphere -- 1.2.3 Zenith Delay Estimates -- 1.2.4 Derivation of IWV from ZTD -- References -- Chapter 2: General Background -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The State-of-the-Art at the Start of the Action (E-GVAP) -- 2.3 Reasons for the Action -- 2.4 Objectives -- 2.5 Impacts and Benefits -- 2.5.1 Societal Benefits -- 2.5.2 Scientific Benefits -- 2.5.3 Technological Benefits -- 2.5.4 Economic Benefits -- 2.5.5 Target Groups and End-Users -- 2.6 Scientific Programme -- 2.7 Scientific Work Plans -- 2.7.1 Working Group 1: Advanced GNSS Processing Techniques -- 2.7.2 Working Group 2: Use of GNSS Tropospheric Products for High-Resolution, Rapid-Update NWP and Severe Weather Forecasting -- 2.7.3 Working Group 3: Use of GNSS Tropospheric Products for Climate Monitoring -- Chapter 3: Advanced GNSS Processing Techniques (Working Group 1) -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Campaigns for Development of Advanced Tropospheric Products -- 3.2.1 Benchmark Campaign - Common Data Set for New Product Development and Validation -- 3.2.1.1 Motivation -- 3.2.1.2 Description of Selected Spatial and Temporal Domain -- 3.2.1.3 Description of Collected Data Set -- 3.2.1.4 Reference Products and Their Initial Validation -- 3.2.1.5 List of Benchmark Campaign Participants and Users -- 3.2.2 GNSS Real-Time PPP Demonstration Campaign -- 3.2.2.1 Campaign Design and Contribution Specifications -- 3.2.2.2 Contribution and Monitoring -- 3.2.2.3 Link to 4.3.7 IAG Working Group -- 3.3 Tropospheric Asymmetry Monitoring and Advantage of Multi-GNSS -- 3.3.1 Concept of Tropospheric Gradients. , 3.3.2 Global Validity and Behaviour of Tropospheric Gradients Estimated by GPS -- 3.3.3 Monitoring of Severe Weather from Wet Gradients, Residuals and Slants -- 3.3.4 Indicator of Tropospheric Activity Based on the Disruption of GNSS Signals -- 3.3.5 Validation of Slant Tropospheric Delays -- 3.3.5.1 Description of STD Validation Study -- 3.3.5.2 Introduction to STD Estimation from GNSS Observations -- 3.3.5.3 Methodology of STD Comparisons -- 3.3.5.4 GNSS Versus GNSS: Evaluation of All GNSS Solutions Versus the Reference GNSS Solution -- 3.3.5.5 GNSS Versus GNSS: Evaluation in the Slant Direction -- 3.3.5.6 GNSS Versus NWM: Summary of Results -- 3.3.5.7 GNSS Versus WVR: Summary of Results -- 3.3.5.8 Results at Collocated Stations -- 3.3.5.9 Future Work -- 3.3.6 Information Content in Post-fit Residuals, PPP vs DD Approach -- 3.3.7 Tropospheric Parameters from Multi-GNSS Analysis -- 3.3.7.1 Evaluation of Results from Collocated GNSS Stations -- 3.3.7.2 Carrier-Phase Post-fit Residuals and Slant Delays -- 3.3.8 Multi-GNSS Solutions and Products -- 3.4 PPP and Ultra-Fast GNSS Tropospheric Products -- 3.4.1 Real-Time Data and Product Dissemination -- 3.4.2 BKG Real-Time Analysis Development and Contribution -- 3.4.3 Assessment of IGS RTS Orbits and Clock Corrections and GOP Real-Time Tropospheric Products -- 3.4.3.1 Assessment of Real-Time Orbit and Clock Corrections -- 3.4.3.2 Impact of IGS RTS Products on ZTD Estimates -- 3.4.3.3 Long-Term Quality of Operational RT ZTD Production -- 3.4.4 Real-Time Product Development and Evaluation at ROB -- 3.4.4.1 Monitoring and Validation -- 3.4.4.2 Assessment of RT Products in Simulated RT Analysis of Benchmark Data -- 3.4.5 GFZ Real-Time Product Development and Assessment in RT Analysis -- 3.4.6 Contribution to RT Demonstration Campaign from ULX. , 3.4.7 New Adaptable Strategy for RT and NRT Troposphere Monitoring -- 3.4.7.1 Epoch-Wise Filtering vs. Batch Processing -- 3.4.7.2 RT and NRT Combined Processing Supported by Observations from Files or Streams -- 3.4.7.3 Estimating High-Resolution ZTDs and Horizontal Gradients -- 3.4.7.4 Assessment of New Method Compared to the Existing E-GVAP Processing -- 3.4.8 Optimum Stochastic Modeling for GNSS Tropospheric Delay Estimation in Real-Time -- 3.5 Exploiting NWM-Based Products for Precise Positioning -- 3.5.1 Tropospheric Parameters from Numerical Weather Models -- 3.5.1.1 Mapping Function Coefficients -- 3.5.1.2 Gradient Components -- 3.5.1.3 Tropospheric Model Errors -- 3.5.2 The Impact of Global and Regional Climatology on the Performance of Tropospheric Blind Models -- 3.5.3 Refined Discrete and Empirical Troposphere Mapping Functions VMF3 and GPT3 -- 3.5.4 The Impact of NWM Forecast Length on ZTDs -- 3.5.5 Dual-Layer Tropospheric Correction Model Combining Data from GNSS and NWM -- 3.5.6 Tropospheric Refractivity and Zenith Path Delays from Least-Squares Collocation of Meteorological and GNSS Data -- 3.5.7 Improving Precise Point Positioning with Numerical Weather Models -- 3.5.8 Using External Tropospheric Corrections to Improve GNSS Positioning of Hot-Air Balloon -- 3.5.9 Real-Time PPP Augmented with High-Resolution NWM Model Data -- 3.5.10 Validation and Implementation of Direct Tropospheric Delay Estimation for Precise Real-Time Positioning -- 3.5.10.1 Impact of the Multiple Tiers -- 3.5.10.2 Flag Map -- 3.5.10.3 PPP Improvement -- 3.5.10.4 Bandwidth -- 3.5.10.5 Summary -- 3.6 GNSS Data Reprocessing for Climate -- 3.6.1 EUREF Repro2 Contribution of Swisstopo -- 3.6.2 EUREF Repro2 Assessment of GOP Processing Variants -- 3.6.3 CORDEX.be Reprocessing -- 3.6.4 GRUAN Reprocessing -- 3.6.5 GFZ TIGA Reprocessing -- 3.6.6 ULX TIGA Reprocessing. , 3.7 New Analysis Centres, Networks and Solutions -- 3.7.1 Trop-NET System for Collaborative Ground-Based GNSS Meteorology -- 3.7.1.1 Strategy for NRT Troposphere Monitoring -- 3.7.2 Sofia University GNSS Analysis Centre (SUGAC): First Processing Campaign -- 3.7.2.1 Motivation -- 3.7.2.2 Main results -- 3.7.2.3 Future Work -- 3.7.3 TU Wien Near Real-Time GNSS Analysis Centre in Austria (TUW AC): First Processing Results -- 3.7.4 New Operational Solutions from ROB in Support to Global NWP Models and Rapid-Update Numerical Nowcasting -- 3.7.4.1 New Sub-Hourly GPS + GLONASS Troposphere Monitoring -- 3.7.4.2 New Near Real-Time GPS + GLONASS Global Troposphere Monitoring -- 3.7.5 New Methods to User GNSS Vapor Estimates for Meteorology (NUVEM) -- 3.7.5.1 GNSS Data Providers -- 3.7.6 Near Real-Time GNSS Processing at ASI/CGS, Italy -- 3.7.7 New Analysis Centre (AUTh) and National Observatory of Athens (NOA) -- 3.7.7.1 New Analysis Centre (AUTh) -- 3.7.7.2 National Observatory of Athens (NOA) -- 3.7.8 New Analysis Centre in Iceland, Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) -- 3.7.9 New Analysis Centre in Hungary (BUTE) -- References -- Chapter 4: Use of GNSS Tropospheric Products for High-Resolution, Rapid-Update NWP and Severe Weather Forecasting (Working Gro... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Non-numerical Nowcasting -- 4.2.1 Investigation of Fog in Bulgaria Using GNSS Tropospheric Products -- 4.2.2 WRF Model Evaluation with GNSS IWV for Intense Precipitation Cases in Bulgaria -- 4.2.3 Case Study of Foehn in Sofia with GNSS Tropospheric Products -- 4.2.4 A GNSS-Based Nowcasting Toolbox for Severe Weather in Belgium -- 4.3 Numerical Nowcasting and NWP Data Assimilation -- 4.3.1 HARMONIE-AROME Group -- 4.3.2 Assimilation of E-GVAP ZTD Data into the WRF Model -- 4.3.3 Improvement of Forecast Skill of the GLAMEPS Model. , 4.3.4 Slant Total Delay Assimilation in COSMO-DE: First Results -- 4.3.5 Data Assimilation Experiments with GNSS ZTD in AROME 3DVAR -- 4.4 Tomography -- 4.4.1 Nowcasting Using Tomography -- 4.4.2 Requirements for Assimilation of Tomography Results -- 4.4.3 Assimilation of Relative Humidity -- 4.4.4 Assimilation of Temperature and Specific Humidity -- 4.4.5 Assimilation of Wet Refractivity -- 4.4.6 Conclusions -- 4.5 Benchmark and Case Study Databases at the U.K. Met Office -- 4.6 ZTD to IWV Conversion -- References -- Chapter 5: Use of GNSS Tropospheric Products for Climate Monitoring (Working Group 3) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Motivation -- 5.1.1.1 Context -- 5.1.1.2 Objectives and Organisation of Activities -- 5.2 Available Reprocessed ZTD and IWV Datasets -- 5.2.1 Inventory of Available Reprocessed ZTD Datasets -- 5.2.2 IGS Repro1 as First Reference GNSS IWV Dataset -- 5.2.2.1 Objectives -- 5.2.2.2 Description of the ZTD Dataset -- 5.2.3 EPN Repro2 GNSS Reprocessing Campaign -- 5.2.4 VLBI Reprocessing Campaign -- 5.2.5 DORIS Reprocessing Campaign -- 5.3 Sensitivity Studies on GNSS Processing Options -- 5.3.1 An Overview of the GNSS Data Processing Strategies -- 5.3.2 Software Agreement -- 5.3.3 PPP vs. DD Processing Modes -- 5.3.4 Baseline Strategy in DD Processing -- 5.3.5 Mapping Functions -- 5.3.5.1 Tests with DD and PPP Processing of GNSS Data -- 5.3.5.2 Tests for EPN Repro2 at GOP -- 5.3.5.3 Tests with VLBI Data -- 5.3.6 Trends in the IWV Estimated from Ground-Based GPS Data: Sensitivity to the Elevation Cutoff Angle -- 5.3.7 Improving Stochastic Tropospheric Model for Better Estimates During Extreme Weather Events -- 5.3.8 Multi-GNSS Data Processing -- 5.3.9 Impact of IGS Type Mean and EPN Individual Antenna Calibration Models -- 5.3.10 Impact of Non-Tidal Atmospheric Loading Models. , 5.3.11 Using Estimated Horizontal Gradients as a Tool for Assessment of GNSS Data Quality.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Table of Contents -- CONTENTS -- Chapter 1: ORIGINS -- Chapter 2: GENOMES -- Chapter 3: CELLS -- Chapter 4: METABOLISM -- Chapter 5: DEVELOPMENT -- Chapter 6: ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS -- Chapter 7: ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS -- Chapter 8: INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER ORGANISMS -- Chapter 9: DOMESTICATION AND AGRICULTURE -- Glossary -- Figure Acknowledgments -- Index.