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  • 1
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    Drivers of snowfall accumulation in the central Idaho mountains using long-term high-resolution WRF simulations (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-20
    Description: The Western United States is highly dependent on winter snowpack from the Mountain West. Coupled with increasing water and renewable electricity demands, the predictability and viability of snowpack resources in a changing climate is becoming increasingly important. In Idaho, specifically, up to 75% of the state’s electricity comes from hydropower, which is dependent on the timing and volume of Spring snowmelt. While we know that snowpack is declining from observations and is expected to continue to decline from global climate models predictions, our ability to understand the variability of snowfall accumulation and distribution at the regional level is less robust. In this presentation, we analyze snowfall events using hourly 900-m-resolution Weather and Research Forecast model simulations to understand the intra-seasonal variability of snowfall accumulation and distribution over the mountains of Idaho between 1 Oct 2016 – 31 April 2017. Self-organizing maps and statistical analyses of snow events are used to explore the organization of snow distribution and amounts to develop a linkage between snowfall, cloud microphysics, kinematics, and thermodynamics. Our findings suggest that efficient snowfall conditions with ice water content to supercooled liquid water ratios 〉 1 produce snowfall of 〉10 mm per event throughout the winter season but are more impactful when surface temperatures are near or below freezing. Inefficient snowfall events (〈 10 mm of snowfall) are common, exceeding 50% of the total snowfall events for the year, with some of those occurring in peak winter. For such events, could for instance be targeted for glaciogenic cloud-seeding could to enhance the snowpack in this region.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 2
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    Advances in understanding orographic cloud microphysics and cloud seeding impacts using detailed observations and numerical modeling (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-12
    Description: Recent observational studies from the Seeded and Natural Orographic Wintertime clouds: the Idaho Experiment (SNOWIE) project have collected unprecedented measurements that demonstrate seeding with silver iodide (AgI) produces ice crystals that grow and fall to the ground as snow. These measurements include in situ and remote sensing data as well as ground-based observations to document the microphysics and precipitation formation processes in both natural and seeded clouds. The measurements from SNOWIE provide a rich dataset for studying the impacts of cloud seeding on orographic precipitation, as well as for improving understanding of the natural physics in orographic clouds that influence precipitation formation.In parallel, new supercomputing and sophisticated modeling capabilities have recently advanced our ability to simulate orographic precipitation. This laid the foundation to develop the WRF-WxMod® model, which simulates the physical effects of AgI seeding. WRF-WxMod is an innovative capability to evaluate the impacts of cloud seeding in controlled numerical experiments. Furthermore, when combined with detailed observations, such as from SNOWIE, WRF-WxMod provides new opportunities to transform our understanding of cloud seeding impacts as well as to investigate the impacts of cloud seeding across a variety of scales. This presentation will provide highlights of the research from SNOWIE that has advanced our understanding of natural and seeded orographic clouds and demonstrate the utility of WRF-WxMod to quantify the impacts of cloud seeding.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrocarbon chain conformation of bipolar surfactants in micelles. A magnetic field-dependent carbon-13 and nitrogen-14 NMR spin-lattice relaxation and nuclear Overhauser effect study of N,N'-1,20-eicosanediylbis(triethylammonium bromide) (1989)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 93 (1989), S. 4861-4867 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100349a036
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved plasma performance on Large Helical Device : The 42nd annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the American Physical Society and the 10th international congress on plasma physics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 2002-2008 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Since the start of the Large Helical Device (LHD) experiment, various attempts have been made to achieve improved plasma performance in LHD [A. Iiyoshi et al., Nucl. Fusion 39, 1245 (1999)]. Recently, an inward-shifted configuration with a magnetic axis position Rax of 3.6 m has been found to exhibit much better plasma performance than the standard configuration with Rax of 3.75 m. A factor of 1.6 enhancement of energy confinement time was achieved over the International Stellarator Scaling 95. This configuration has been predicted to have unfavorable magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) properties, based on linear theory, even though it has significantly better particle-orbit properties, and hence lower neoclassical transport loss. However, no serious confinement degradation due to the MHD activities was observed, resolving favorably the potential conflict between stability and confinement at least up to the realized volume-averaged beta 〈β〉 of 2.4%. An improved radial profile of electron temperature was also achieved in the configuration with magnetic islands, minimized by an external perturbation coil system for the Local Island Divertor (LID). The LID has been proposed for remarkable improvement of plasma confinement like the high (H) mode in tokamaks, and the LID function was suggested in limiter experiments. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1344561
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of fusion neutrons from a deuterium-proton mixed plasma in the GAMMA 10 Tandem Mirror (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 578-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Neutron diagnostics are applied to a deuterium plasma mixed with protons in the central cell of the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror [Inutake et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 939 (1985)]. The deuterium ions are heated with a slow ion cyclotron wave tuned to the fundamental deuterium resonance near the mid-plane of the central cell while the plasma is sustained with the fundamental resonance heating of protons in the minimum-B anchor cells. The measurement is based on in situ calibration to determine the transmission efficiency through machine walls and the counting efficiency of the detection system for neutrons emitted from 252Cf with energy close to that in the deuterium–deuterium (D–D) fusion reaction. The observation shows that the count rate of neutrons increases with diamagnetism, and this relation is accounted for in terms of fusion reaction between deuterium ions with a transverse temperature exceeding 10 keV. Discrepancies among ion temperatures determined with different diagnostics are mostly attributed to insufficient knowledge of the profiles of plasma parameters. The results indicate that the neutron measurement can be added as a powerful diagnostic tool for hot ions if combined with more detailed profile measurements. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871885
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal transport barrier in heliotron-type devices (Large Helical Device and Compact Helical System) : The 41st annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the american physical society (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 1802-1808 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In the discharges of the Large Helical Device [O. Motojima et al., Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Fusion Energy, Montreal, 1996 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1997), Vol. 3, p. 437], a significant enhancement of the energy confinement has been achieved with an edge thermal transport barrier, which exhibits a sharp gradient at the edge. Key features associated with the barrier are quite different from those seen in tokamaks (i) almost no change in particle (including impurity) transport, (ii) a gradual formation of the barrier, (iii) a very high ratio of the edge temperature to the average temperature, (iv) no edge relaxation phenomenon. In the electron cyclotron heating (ECH) heated discharges in the Compact Helical System [K. Matsuoka et al., in Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, Nice, France, 1988 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1989), Vol. 2, p. 411], the internal electron transport barrier has been observed, which enhances the central electron temperature significantly. High shear of the radial electric field appears to suppress the turbulence in the core region and enhance the electron confinement there. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.874001
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatibility between high energy particle confinement and magnetohydrodynamic stability in the inward-shifted plasmas of the Large Helical Device : Review,Tutorial and Invited Papers from the 43rd Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 9 (2002), S. 2020-2026 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The experimentally optimized magnetic field configuration of the Large Helical Device [A. Iiyoshi et al., Nucl. Fusion 39, 1245 (1999)], where the magnetic axis is shifted inward by 15 cm from the early theoretical prediction, reveals 50% better global energy confinement than the prediction of the scaling law. This configuration has been investigated further from the viewpoints of high energy particle confinement and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability. The confinement of high energy ions is improved as expected. The minority heating of ion cyclotron range of frequency was successful and the heating efficiency was improved by the inward shift. The confinement of passing particles by neutral beam injection was also improved under low magnetic field strength, and there could be obtained an almost steady high beta discharge up to 3% in volume average. This was a surprising result because the observed pressure gradient exceeded the Mercier unstable limit. The observed MHD activities became as high as beta but they did not grow enough to deteriorate the confinement of high energy ions or the performance of the bulk plasma, which was still 50% better than the scaling. According to these favorable results, better performance would be expected by increasing the heating power because the neoclassical transport can also be improved there. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1448345
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Twist elastic constants of liquid crystals using in-plane electrode structure (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 5413-5416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new technique for measuring the twist elastic constant (K22) using an in-plane electrode structure was investigated. The variation in the temperature dependence of K22 with respect to the molecular structure of fluorinated phenylbicyclohexane (PBC) compounds was investigated. The experimental cell has in-plane electrodes between which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned to an offset angle of azimuthal direction. Using K22 as a fitting parameter, the transmittance–voltage curves for the calculated results are fitted to those for the experimental results. In addition, the investigation of the temperature dependence of K22 revealed that the PBC compound having a para-cyano substituent at the benzene ring exhibits larger splay elastic constant and larger temperature dependence. Finally, molecular association is discussed based on the experimental results. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371539
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical arcless dc circuit breaker by current zero operation (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 3993-3999 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A mechanical arcless dc circuit breaker is proposed and has been constructed. A rectifying device is used to block the reverse current of the breaker, allowing the breaker to open under zero current condition created by the discharge of a commutation circuit. A diode and a saturable reactor are used as the rectifying device, with a leakage current of ∼1 and ∼10 A, respectively. The duration of mechanical motion is about 20 ms, and its jitter is 2 ms, which is too long to make an economical system using a commutation capacitor. In order to avoid the dead time, the commutation circuit is started after the breaker kicks in and the final jitter is reduced to 20 μs. Arcless current interruption is achieved at 10 kA and 9.1 kV. Since a strong arc plasma is not generated between the contacts, a long lifetime of the breaker can be expected and a disconnecting switch can be used instead of a circuit breaker, reducing the size of the switch. These characteristics of the new breaker can be expanded for many applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143252
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ calibration of neutral beam port-through power and estimation of neutral beam deposition on LHD : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 590-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The neutral beam (NB) shine-through profile is routinely monitored on the Large Helical Device (LHD) both to calibrate the port-through power of the NB and to evaluate the NB-deposition power to LHD plasmas. The profile is measured with a calorimeter (CM) array on an armor plate of the NB counter wall inside the LHD vacuum vessel. An infrared camera is also used to check the beam profile where CMs are not located, and measures a temperature increase of the armor plate due to the NB heat load. The measured beam profile is compared to the calculated NB profile at the armor plate. The measurement indicates that the beam is not uniform at the exit of the ion source and that the steering angle of the beam in the horizontal direction is not the same as the designed value. It is found that the monitoring of the NB shine-through profile is important to estimate the NB port-through power and the NB deposition power, especially when the neutral beam injector (NBI) is based on a large negative-hydrogen ion source. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1319867
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