Note: Papers based on a workshop held in Tucson, Arizona, November 5-8, 1991 , Auch als: Climatic change ; 26.1994,2/3

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Introductory Section -- 1 High-Resolution Paleoclimatology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Data Sources for High-Resolution Paleoclimatology -- 1.3 Chronology and Replication -- 1.4 High-Resolution Sampling -- 1.5 Relationships Between Natural Archives and Climate -- 1.6 Uniformitarianism -- 1.7 Frequency Response -- 1.8 High-Resolution Proxies: Challenges and Opportunities -- References -- 2 Dendroclimatology in High-Resolution Paleoclimatology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sample Design in Dendroclimatology -- 2.2.1 Natural Archives and Proxy Climate Records -- 2.2.2 Single Site Chronologies -- 2.2.3 Networks and the Relationship Between Crossdating and the Emergence of Climate Signal from Networks of Tree-Ring Data -- 2.3 Climate Signal in Tree-Ring Properties -- 2.3.1 Identifying Signal---An Empirical-Statistical Approach -- 2.3.2 Identifying Climate Signal---Process-Modeling Approaches -- 2.4 Stability of the Climate Signal -- 2.4.1 Temporal Stability -- 2.4.2 Recent Reports of Divergence Between Temperature and Tree-Ring Density and Width -- 2.5 The Quest for Unbiased Chronologies -- 2.5.1 The Problem -- 2.6 Final Thoughts -- References -- Part II Scientific Bases of Dendroclimatology -- 3 How Well Understood Are the Processes that Create Dendroclimatic Records? A Mechanistic Model of the Climatic Control on Conifer Tree-Ring Growth Dynamics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 The Substrate Source-Sink Hypothesis -- 3.1.2 The Cambial Control Hypothesis -- 3.2 Cambial Activity -- 3.3 Cell Expansion -- 3.4 Cell Wall Thickening -- 3.5 Effect of Climatic Factors on Tree-Ring Structure (Light, Temperature, and Water) -- 3.5.1 Temperature -- 3.5.2 Water -- 3.5.3 Light -- 3.6 Toward a Quantitative Description of Cambial Activity and Xylem Differentiation Under Environmental Control. , 3.7 Process Model Description -- 3.7.1 Growth (Environmental) Block -- 3.7.2 Cambial Block -- 3.8 Model Applications -- 3.8.1 Local Simulations -- 3.8.2 Mesoscale Network Simulations -- 3.8.3 Large Network Intercomparisons -- 3.8.4 Uncertainties and Caveats -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Uncertainty, Emergence, and Statistics in Dendrochronology -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Uncertainty -- 4.3 Emergence -- 4.4 Statistics -- 4.5 Correlation and Response Function Analysis -- 4.6 Response Functions and Empirical Signal Strength -- 4.7 Additional Response Function Interpretations -- 4.8 Some Implications for Climate Reconstruction -- 4.9 Concluding Remarks -- Appendix -- References -- 5 A Closer Look at Regional Curve Standardization of Tree-Ring Records: Justification of the Need, a Warning of Some Pitfalls, and Suggested Improvements in Its Application -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Frequency Limitation in Curve-Fitting Standardization -- 5.3 Background and Description of Regional Curve Standardization -- 5.4 Potential Biases in RCS -- 5.4.1 'Trend-in-Signal' Bias -- 5.4.2 'Differing-Contemporaneous-Growth-Rate' Bias -- 5.4.3 'Modern-Sample' Bias -- 5.4.3.1 Relationship Between Growth Rate and Longevity -- 5.4.3.2 Growth Rate/Longevity Association Distorts RCS Curves -- 5.5 Particular Problems Associated with the Application of RCS to Modern (i.e., Living-Tree) Sample Data -- 5.6 Examples of Issues that Arise in Various Applications of RCS -- 5.6.1 Inappropriate RCS Definition -- 5.6.2 Application of RCS Across Wide Species and Climate Ranges -- 5.6.3 Adaption of RCS to Account for Non-climate Bias -- 5.7 Discussion and Suggested Directions for RCS Development -- 5.8 Conclusions -- Appendix: Signal-Free Standardization -- Background and Rationale -- Implementing Signal-Free Standardization -- References. , 6 Stable Isotopes in Dendroclimatology: Moving Beyond `Potential' -- 6.1 Scope and Background -- 6.2 Theoretical Background -- 6.2.1 Stable Carbon Isotope Theory -- 6.2.2 Stable Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Theory -- 6.3 Sampling and Measurement -- 6.3.1 A Note on New Measurement Techniques -- 6.3.2 Data Treatment of Stable Isotope Time Series -- 6.4 Progress to Date -- 6.5 Future Directions -- 6.5.1 Climate of the Moist Midlatitudes -- 6.5.2 Different Climate Signals -- 6.5.3 Tropical Isotope Dendroclimatology -- 6.5.4 Long-Term Response of δ13C to Rising CO2 Concentrations -- 6.6 Is It Worth It? A Reply to Hughes (2002) -- References -- Part III Reconstruction of Climate Patterns and Values Relative to Today's Climate -- 7 Dendroclimatology from Regional to Continental Scales: Understanding Regional Processes to Reconstruct Large-Scale Climatic Variations Across the Western Americas -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Oscillatory Modes of Climate Variability Across the Western Cordilleras -- 7.2.1 El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) -- 7.2.2 Pacific Interdecadal Mode -- 7.2.3 Annular Modes -- 7.3 Tree-Ring Records Across the Western Americas -- Box 7.1 Climate signals in Gulf of Alaska tree-ring records -- 7.3.1 Temperature-Sensitive Records -- Box 7.2 Studies from the Canadian Cordillera -- 7.3.1.1 Extratropical Pacific Ocean -- Box 7.3 Climate signals in Patagonian upper-elevation tree-ring records -- 7.3.1.2 Tropical Pacific Ocean -- 7.3.1.3 High-Latitude Oscillations -- 7.3.2 Precipitation-Sensitive Records -- Box 7.4 Spatial patterns of drought and wetness regimes over western North America -- Box 7.5 Western United States droughts in medieval times linked to changes over the Pacific basin -- Box 7.6 A network of tree-ring chronologies for northern and central Mexico. , Box 7.7 The Polylepis tarapacana chronologies: The highest elevation tree-ring records worldwide -- 7.3.2.1 Subtropical Precipitation and ENSO -- Box 7.8 Tree-ring chronologies from Austrocedrus chilensis in central Chile -- 7.3.2.2 Dominant Oscillations in Precipitation Variations -- 7.4 Future Research -- Box 7.9 Monitoring of tree growth dynamics to improve dendroclimatic models -- 7.5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Applications of Dendroclimatology -- 8 Application of Streamflow Reconstruction to Water Resources Management -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Historical Background of Streamflow Reconstructions -- 8.3 Contributions to the Study of Water Resources -- 8.3.1 Extensions of Gauge Flow Records -- 8.3.2 Probabilistic Interpretation of Streamflow Reconstructions: Example for the Colorado River -- 8.3.3 Applications to Water Resource Management: A Case Study Using the Denver Water Board -- 8.3.4 Informing the Public -- 8.4 Challenges -- 8.4.1 High Flows -- 8.4.2 Seasonality -- 8.4.3 Uncertainty -- 8.4.4 Communication -- 8.4.5 Climate Change -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Climatic Inferences from Dendroecological Reconstructions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Examples of Dendroecological-Climate Reconstructions -- 9.2.1 Fire History and Fire Climatology -- 9.2.2 Western Spruce Budworm Outbreaks and Climatic Entrainment -- 9.2.2.1 Confounding of Dendroclimatic Signals by Insect Outbreaks -- 9.2.3 Regional Tree Demography and Climate Effects -- 9.3 The Late Eighteenth-Century, Early Nineteenth-Century Fire Gap -- 9.4 Ecologically Effective Climate Change -- References -- 10 North American Tree Rings, Climatic Extremes, and Social Disasters -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Tree-Ring Analyses of Climate Extremes and Human Impacts -- 10.3 Social Impacts of Climate Extremes During the Historic Era. , 10.4 Suspected Social Impacts of Drought Extremes During the Precolonial Era -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- Part V Overview -- 11 Tree Rings and Climate: Sharpening the Focus -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Spectrum of Climate Variability -- 11.3 Reconstruction of Regional to Hemispheric Temperature for Recent Centuries -- 11.4 Causes of Climate Variability in the Past Millennium -- 11.5 Climate Sensitivity -- 11.6 Circulation Features and Regional Climates -- 11.7 The Current State of Play -- 11.8 The Importance of Networks -- 11.9 Growth in the Applications of Dendroclimatology: the 1990s to Present -- 11.10 Prospects for Dendroclimatology -- References -- Index.