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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial reactions on annealing Cu/Al multilayer thin films (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 6165-6169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin film reactions of Cu/Al multilayer films were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy. Sequential intermetallic compound formation was found in the temperature range from 300 to 620 K. With excess copper present in the as-deposited trilayer and multilayer films, the observed sequence was CuAl2 and Cu9Al4, and the interfacial reactions were controlled by interfacial and grain boundary diffusion. The activation energies for the formation of CuAl2 and Cu9Al4 are 0.78±0.11 and 0.83±0.2 eV, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355183
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of iron carbonitride ultrafine particles (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 7911-7915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Iron carbonitride (ICN) ultrafine particles (20–80 nm in size) have been synthesized by laser-induced pyrolysis of Fe(CO)5–NH3–C2H4 mixture. The surface morphology, structural characteristics, oxidation behavior, and the magnetic properties of the ICN particles were reported. The role the thin carbon layer formed on the particle surface played in the oxidation behavior and in the enhancement of the magnetic properties has been studied. A carbon layer (1–2 nm) seems to protect the particles effectively from reaction of the iron carbonitride with oxygen, and the ICN particles thereby exhibit a high saturation magnetization of 142 emu/g. Additionally, the unilateral lattice expansion of the ICN compound was interpreted in terms of the structural and chemical bonding features of the ICN compound. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362403
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hall–Petch relationship in the nanocrystalline selenium prepared by crystallization from the amorphous state (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 2811-2813 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Bulk nanocrystalline selenium (nc-Se) specimens with various grain sizes were prepared by isothermally crystallizing as-quenched amorphous selenium. Microhardness measurements indicated that with a decrease in grain size, from 25 to 9 nm, hardnesses of nc-Se samples increase dramatically from 0.34 to 0.98 GPa, i.e., a normal Hall–Petch relationship is obtainable over the grain size range studied for nc-Se samples. Structural characterization of nc-Se using x-ray diffraction revealed an evident lattice distortion in the nanocrystalline state, namely the lattice parameter a is increased, whereas c is decreased simultaneously with a reduction of grain size. The variation tendency of microhardness with grain size can be well correlated with the change of the unit cell volume in nc-Se, which implies that the lattice structure of the nanocrystalline state is a factor affecting the mechanical properties. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358688
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different reaction mechanisms during mechanical alloying Ti50C50 and Ti33B67 (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 1910-1912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two different reaction mechanisms for Ti50C50 and Ti33B67 have been observed respectively during milling in a planetary ball mill. It is shown that a gradual reaction occurred during milling Ti50C50, while a self-sustained reaction was obtained during milling Ti33B67 under the same milling condition. Compared with the results of milling Ti50C50 in a spex mill, the difference in mechanism is suggested to be caused by the effect of plastic deformation on the changes of fine grains and internal strain during milling, and the different formation heat of TiC and TiB2, which is the driving force for the reactions. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363006
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction studies on the structure of nanocrystalline Fe-Cu-Si-B alloys (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 3365-3370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nanocrystalline Fe-Cu-Si-B alloys with grain sizes of 25–90 nm were synthesized by crystallization of the amorphous alloy. Two nanocrystalline phases of α-Fe(Si) and Fe2B were observed in all tested samples. Transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy investigation on the structure of nanocrystalline Fe-Cu-Si-B alloys showed that Si atoms are completely and substitutionally dissolved in Fe bcc lattice and the arrangement of the Si atoms in the α-Fe(Si) phase shows short range order (SRO), whereas 8.5–9.7 at. % of the B atoms were found as Fe2B and the remainder were located in the interfaces. When grains grow larger, the arrangement of the Si atoms in the α-Fe(Si) phase changes. Interestingly, x-ray diffraction results reveal that the lattice constant of α-Fe(Si) phase decreases rapidly with grain coarsening. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, the changes in the lattice constant of the α-Fe(Si) phase and SRO of Si atoms in bcc Fe lattices were attributed to the lattice expansion as a result of the variation of vacancy concentration in α-Fe(Si) solid solution. Meanwhile, owing to the interface contribution, the alloy with small grain size is found to exhibit large values of half linewidth (HLW) and isomer shift (IS) in the Mössbauer spectra. The results from electrical resistivity measurements agree and confirm the strong effects of the lattice distortion and interfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356095
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation characteristics and magnetic properties of iron carbide and iron ultrafine particles (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 5857-5860 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic Fe3C and α-Fe ultrafine particles were prepared by laser-induced pyrolysis of Fe(CO)5 and C2H4. It is found that after passivation, the Fe3C particles exhibit a high saturation magnetization of 132 emu/g compared to that of the α-Fe particle, 95 emu/g. By determining the oxygen content and the present states of oxygen the particles contained, it is found that not only oxygen content of the α-Fe particles is much higher than that of the Fe3C particles, but the oxygen is in differnt states for the two ultrafine particles. The oxygen present on the Fe3C particles is primarily in absorbed form, compared to chemically combined oxygen as in the α-Fe particles. Thin amorphous carbon layers, formed on the surfaces of the Fe3C particles, inhibit oxidation of the Fe3C and therefore result in higher saturation magnetization achieved by Fe3C particles, relative to the α-Fe particles on which no carbon layer was present. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363570
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deformation-enhanced thermal stability of an amorphous Fe80B20 alloy (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 6055-6057 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: By means of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurements, the thermal stability of an amorphous Fe80B20 alloy after various periods of low-energy ball milling has been studied. The results indicate that the thermal stability of the amorphous Fe80B20 ribbons can be enhanced upon mechanical deformation with a low milling intensity. The crystallization temperature Tp, the crystallization enthalpy ΔH, and the crystallization activation energy Ex increase with milling time. The above observations will be compared with our previous findings that extensive mechanical deformation with a high milling intensity can otherwise induce a structural relaxation in an amorphous Fe80B20 alloy. Based on conventional thermodynamic and kinetic arguments, a reasonable interpretation will be made to explain the enhanced thermal stability of the amorphous Fe80B20 alloy after mechanical deformation. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363563
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of amorphous Ge-S semiconductor alloys by mechanical alloying (1993)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 63 (1993), S. 1637-1639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Amorphous Ge1−xSx(x=0.61, 0.67, and 0.72) semiconductor alloys have been found formed by ball milling of powder mixtures of elemental Ge and S. The amorphization process and the ball-milled products have been investigated by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman scattering. The results show that amorphous Ge-S alloys may form in a self-heating reaction, driven by the large heat of formation of amorphous and/or liquid Ge-S alloys. The structure of mechanically alloyed amorphous Ge-S alloys is similar to but not exactly identical with that of rapidly cooled amorphous Ge-S alloys. The amorphization transition mechanism reported is believed to be suitable for preparing other amorphous semiconductor alloys with similar thermodynamic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.110720
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation mechanism of TiC by mechanical alloying (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 65 (1994), S. 2666-2668 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Titanium carbide (TiC) has been synthesized by mechanically alloying the elemental powder mixture of titanium and graphite at composition of Ti1−xCx (x=0.35, 0.43, 0.50). Under the employed milling condition, the formation of TiC has been found to undergo an abrupt, exothermic reaction. The final product is TiC for x=0.43 and 0.50, and TiC+Ti (small amount) for x=0.35. It is suggested that this reaction appears to be a self-sustained high-temperature synthesis process. The initial milling stage seems to be an incubation duration for the reaction, and the mechanical impacts to be the ignition of the following abrupt reaction. It is believed that this type of reaction is an important mechanism for mechanical alloying of the highly exothermic alloy systems. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.112596
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the mechanically driven rapid crystallization of amorphous Si3N4 ceramics (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 915-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of high-energy ball milling on the structure of nanometer sized amorphous ceramics, a-Si3N4 and a-Si–N–C, respectively, has been investigated. At high milling intensity, a-Si3N4 may rapidly crystallize into a mixture of α-Si3N4 and β-Si3N4 after the initial 4 s of milling whereas no structural changes were observed at low milling intensity. For a-Si–N–C, mechanical milling does not cause structural changes at both low and high intensity. It was found that extension of mechanical milling of these hard ceramics can introduce large volume fractions of contamination fragments from the milling media. We conclude that the observed structural changes occurring in a-Si3N4 may be due to mechanical effect, rather than local heating and/or impurity effect. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116229
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