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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Experimental Evaluation of Different Methods of Restoring Phyllospadix torreyi (Surfgrass) (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi is an abundant seagrass found on rocky exposed shores of the Pacific coast of North America. In southern California surfgrass populations are adversely affected by a range of natural events and anthropogenic activities. Few attempts have been made to develop restoration methods for surfgrass, and none have investigated the efficacy of using different life stages. We evaluated several techniques for restoration in intertidal and subtidal habitats using: (1) laboratory-reared seedlings transplanted to the field (2) sprigs (short lengths of rhizome containing a few shoots) transplanted from undisturbed populations, and (3) plugs (a cohesive clump of shoots and rhizomes) transplanted from undisturbed populations. We calculated the net change in the aerial coverage of surfgrass after 6 months, taking into account the recovery or additional losses from the donor population, and amount of effort involved in transplanting. Transplanted seedlings survived poorly and had minimal rhizome growth at both the intertidal and the subtidal sites, yet the individuals that did survive showed a 275% increase in leaf number. Survivorship of transplanted plugs was high in both habitats; however, physical disturbances to the donor populations exacerbated damage sustained at the time of collecting, yielding a substantial net loss in surfgrass. Sprigs transplanted to the subtidal had higher survivorship (71 versus 48%) and a greater increase in the aerial coverage of rhizome (86 versus 42%) than those transplanted to the intertidal. Of the three techniques, transplanted sprigs had the greatest overall increase in aerial coverage per unit effort, suggesting that this method may be the most effective approach for restoring P. torreyi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00258.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Species diversity patterns in some present and prehistoric rodent communities (1979)
    Springer
    Oecologia 44 (1979), S. 355-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Comparisons of prehistoric (A.D. 1100–1400) and extant cricetine-dominated rodent faunas from two locations in New Mexico and one in Arizona reveal temporal changes in both species diversity and taxonomic composition. The archaeological context of the prehistoric faunas permitted them to be dated rather accurately; paleoenvironmental inferences generated from other materials recovered in the excavations such as pollen samples, agricultural remains, and tree-ring specimens provided evidence about prehistoric environmental conditions in the study areas. Both richness and evenness components of diversity are lower in the present day faunas than in their prehistoric counterparts. At the beta (between-habitat or valley-wide) level of diversity the increased prehistoric species richness as well as the nature of the differences in present and prehistoric taxonomic composition can be accounted for by small climatic shifts which were occurring between A.D. 1100 and 1300 in the Southwest and the resultant biogeogrphic responses of certain rodent species. Alpha (or within-habitat) diversity is similar for all analyzed faunas. This suggests basic similarities in very local species packing despite observed spatial and temporal variation in valley-wide diversities. Environmental changes stemming from climatic shifts provide a reasonable explanation of the observed patterns of rodent species occurrence and diversity. Habitat destruction resulting from agricultural practies of prehistoric human populations appears to have had only a limited impact on these rodent communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545240
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gape-limitation, foraging tactics and prey size selectivity of two microcarnivorous species of fish (1984)
    Springer
    Oecologia 63 (1984), S. 6-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Patterns of prey size selectivity were quantified in the field for two species of marine microcarnivorous fish, Embiotoca jacksoni and Embiotoca lateralis (Embiotocidae) to test Scott and Murdoch's (1983) size spectrum hypothesis. Two mechanisms accounted for observed selectivity: the relative size of a fish in relation to its prey, and the type of foraging behavior used. Juvenile E. jacksoni were gape limited and newborn individuals achieved highest selectivity for the smallest prey size by using a visual picking foraging strategy. As young E. jacksoni grew, highest preference shifted to the next larger prey sizes. When E. jacksoni reached adulthood, the principal mode of foraging changed from visual picking to relatively indiscriminant winnowing behavior. The shift in foraging behavior by adults was accompanied by a decline in overall preference for prey size; sizes were taken nearly in proportion to their relative abundance. Adult E. lateralis retained a visual picking strategy and achieved highest selectivity for the largest class of prey. These differences in selectivity patterns by adult fish were not explained by gape-limination since adults of both species could ingest the largest prey items available to them. These results support Scott and Murdoch's (1983) hypothesis that the qualitative pattern of size selectivity depends largely on the range of available prey sizes relative to that a predator can effectively harvest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379778
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Settlement and recruitment of three damselfish species: larval delivery and competition for shelter space (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 118 (1999), S. 76-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Post-settlement processes ; Competition ; Recruitment ; Settlement ; Dascyllus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spatial patterns of settlement and abundance of older life stages were examined for three species of damselfish in the genus Dascyllus by monitoring natural colonization of standard amounts of initially empty juvenile microhabitat (anemones for D. trimaculatus; branching coral for D. flavicaudus and D. aruanus) transplanted to a series of sites within lagoons of Moorea, French Polynesia. Large spatial differences in larval colonization were observed, which were temporally consistent but different among the species. At the whole-island scale, D. trimaculatus settled primarily on the northern shore, while settlement of the other two species was greatest at the southern end. The three species also showed different patterns of settlement within lagoons: D. aruanus settled mainly nearer to shore, D. flavicaudus primarily on offshore lagoon portions and D. trimaculatus colonized equally across the lagoons. Among sites around the island, the relative abundance of older juveniles after 10 months was a curvilinear function of the relative abundance of settlers for two species (D. trimaculatus and D. flavicaudus). There was no relationship between patterns of settlement and abundance of older juveniles for D. aruanus, although juvenile abundance was inversely related to that of juvenile D. flavicaudus. At the within-lagoon scale, settlement mirrored almost exactly the relative abundance of older lifestages of D. trimaculatus and D. flavicaudus, whereas there was just a qualitative match for D. aruanus. A competition experiment revealed that juvenile D. flavicaudus had a greater effect on population growth of D. aruanus than vice versa, and this mechanism helped explain why the modification of settlement patterns was greatest in D. aruanus. Interspecific variation in abundance of older stages was shaped to differing extents by both patterns of larval delivery and subsequent density-dependent processes involving competition for shelter space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050705
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contrasting effects of giant kelp on dynamics of surfperch populations (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 84 (1990), S. 419-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Reef fish ; Population dynamics ; Giant kelp ; Resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, on the population dynamics of two temperate reef fishes, striped surfperch (Embiotoca lateralis) and black surfperch (E. jacksoni), was examined. Based on an understanding of how particular reef resources influence abundances of the surfperch and of the effect of giant kelp on those resources, we anticipated that Macrocystis would adversely affect populations of striped surfperch but would enhance those of black surfperch. The natural establishment of giant kelp at sites at Santa Cruz Island, California, resulted in the predicted dynamical responses of surfperch. Abundances of striped surfperch declined rapidly when and where dense forests of giant kelp appeared, but showed little change where Macrocystis was continuously absent over the 8 y period of study. Abundances of adult black surperch, which increased following the appearance of giant kelp, were lagged by 〉1 y because the dynamical response involved enhanced local recruitment. No change in abundance of black surfperch populations was evident at areas without giant kelp. The mechanism by which giant kelp altered the dynamics of the surfperch involved modification of the assemblage of understory algae used by surfperch as foraging microhabitat. Foliose algae (including Gelidium robustum) were much reduced and turf was greatly enhanced following the appearance of Macrocystis; these two benthic substrata are the favored foraging microhabitat for striped surfperch and black surfperch respectively. Populations of both surfperch species tracked temporal changes in the local availability of their favored foraging microhabitat. Thus, while neither species used Macrocystis directly, temporal and spatial variation in giant kelp indirectly influenced the dynamics of these fishes by altering their foraging base. These results indicate that the dynamics of striped surfperch and black surfperch were governed to a large degree by density-dependent consumer-resource interactions. The present work underscores the predictive value that arises from a knowledge of the mechanisms by which processes operate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329769
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonally fluctuating resources and temporal variability of interspecific competition (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 69 (1986), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of seasonal availability of two critical resources (food and substrates from which food was harvested) on interspecific competition between striped surfperch (Embiotoca lateralis) and black surfperch (Embiotoca jacksoni) was examined. There was a strong depth-related gradient in density of prey and in cover of foliose algae; both declined with increasing bottom depth. Density of prey was reduced 5–10 fold during the winter season, but cover of substrates remained constant throughout the year. Although both fishes co-occurred throughout the same depth range, striped surfperch were more common in shallow habitats and black surfperch were more abundant deeper. Local abundance and distribution patterns of both surfperch species did not change seasonally. Stepwise regression analyses suggested that availability of favored substrates was a proximate influence on local patterns of surfperch distribution and abundance, and that interspecific competition depressed abundance of the two species to the same degree. Removal experiments conducted during the cold-water season revealed that interspecific competition influenced depth distribution of black surfperch but not striped surfperch. Seasonal change in density of prey was accompanied by marked changes in overlap in use of foraging substrates by the surfperches. The pattern of change in interspecific overlap suggested that surfperch competed for food only when prey were seasonally scarce. There was no difference in the agonistic tendencies of the two fishes, and the absolute and relative frequency of interspecific chases was independent of food level. These results have important implications regarding the impact of temporal variability of interspecific competition in natural communities. In the surfperch system, competition was characterized by constant and time-varying elements that had symmetrical and asymmetrical effects and involved both interference and exploitation mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399030
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food acquisition by competing surfperch on a patchy environmental gradient (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 16 (1986), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Foraging behavior ; Foraging success ; Competitive interactions ; Marine fish ; Among-individual variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Black surfperch, Embiotoca jacksoni, and striped surfperch, Embiotoca lateralis, coexisted along steep sloping rocky habitats at Santa Cruz Island, California. The range of depths occupied (to 15 m) was characterized by a strong gradient in abundance of prey and a changing mosaic of substrate types from which surfperch harvested food. Availability of prey and diversity of benthic substrates were greatest in shallowest areas and both declined with increasing depth. Individuals of both surfperch species were residential within a narrow range of depths, with the result that different segments of their populations were consistently exposed to different foraging environments. These two phenomena (residential behavior combined with a gradient in availability of resources) resulted in variation in foraging behaviors and diets among individuals that resided at different depths. The pattern of within-population variation differed between the surfperch species. Black surfperch individuals achieved similar taxonomic diets and expended similar foraging effort at all depths, but deep-water foragers captured much less prey biomass per unit effort. The taxonomic composition of striped surfperch diets differed among depths, and although similar amounts of prey biomass were captured everywhere, individuals in deep areas expended much greater effort to obtain that level of food return. For both species, habitat profitability (food return to foraging effort) declined with depth. The difference in habitat profitability appeared to influence fitness components of both surfperches. Individuals occupying deep habitats were about 5% shorter in standard length than conspecifics of the same chronological age living in shallow areas; the disparity in body size resulted in an estimated difference in clutch size of 10–18%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005166
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  • 8
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    Simulating social-ecological systems : the Island Digital Ecosystem Avatars (IDEA) consortium (2016)
    BioMed Central
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in GigaScience 5 (2016): 14, doi:10.1186/s13742-016-0118-5.
    Description: Systems biology promises to revolutionize medicine, yet human wellbeing is also inherently linked to healthy societies and environments (sustainability). The IDEA Consortium is a systems ecology open science initiative to conduct the basic scientific research needed to build use-oriented simulations (avatars) of entire social-ecological systems. Islands are the most scientifically tractable places for these studies and we begin with one of the best known: Moorea, French Polynesia. The Moorea IDEA will be a sustainability simulator modeling links and feedbacks between climate, environment, biodiversity, and human activities across a coupled marine–terrestrial landscape. As a model system, the resulting knowledge and tools will improve our ability to predict human and natural change on Moorea and elsewhere at scales relevant to management/conservation actions.
    Description: Work was supported in part by: the Institute of Theoretical Physics and the Pauli Center at ETH Zurich; the US National Science Foundation (NSF Moorea Coral Reef Long Term Ecological Research Site, OCE-1236905; Socio-Ecosystem Dynamics of Natural-Human Networks on Model Islands, CNH-1313830; Coastal SEES: Adaptive Capacity, Resilience, and Coral Reef State Shifts in Social-ecological Systems, OCE-1325652, OCE-1325554); the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Berkeley Initiative in Global Change Biology; Genomic Standards Consortium); Courtney Ross and the Ross Institute; UC Berkeley Vice Chancellor for Research; CRIOBE; and the France Berkeley Fund (FBF 2014-0015).
    Keywords: Computational ecology ; Biodiversity ; Genomics ; Biocode ; Earth observations ; Social-ecological system ; Ecosystem dynamics ; Climate change scenarios ; Predictive modeling
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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