Note: Hell_FM.pdf -- Hell_CP.pdf -- Hell_Ch01.pdf -- Hell_Ch02.pdf -- Hell_Ch03.pdf -- Hell_Ch04.pdf -- Hell_Ch05.pdf -- Hell_Ch06.pdf -- Hell_Ch07.pdf -- Hell_Ch08.pdf -- Hell_Ch09.pdf -- Hell_Ch10.pdf -- Hell_Ch11.pdf -- Hell_Ch12.pdf -- Hell_Ch13.pdf -- Hell_Ch14.pdf -- Hell_Ch15.pdf -- Hell_Ch16.pdf -- Hell_Ch17.pdf -- Hell_Ch18.pdf -- Hell_Ch19.pdf -- Hell_Ch20.pdf -- Hell_Ch21.pdf -- Hell_Ch22.pdf -- Hell_Ch23.pdf -- Hell_Ch24.pdf -- Hell_Index.pdf -- Hell_BM.pdf.

Note: Intro -- Role of Boron in Plant Growth and its Transport Mechanisms -- Introduction: Specialty of B -- Physiological Significance of B -- B Essentiality in Plants and Animals -- B Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms in Plants -- RG-II-B in Cell Wall and its Requirement for Plant Growth -- Chemical Properties of B: Possible Binding Sites of B in Cell -- Identification of RG-II-B Complex in Plant Cell Walls -- Synthesis of RG-II and Physiological Roles of RG-II -- A. thaliana MUR1 for Fucose Synthesis Essential for Efficient Formation of dRG-II-B -- NpGUT1, Glucuronyltransferase 1, for Cell Adhesion and Attachment -- Changes in RG-II Properties in Response to B Nutrition -- Molecular Mechanism of B Transport in Plants -- Passive Diffusion -- Channel-mediated B Transport for Facilitation -- A. thaliana NIP5 -- 1, A Channel for Boric Acid for B Uptake Under B Limitation -- A. thaliana NIP6 -- 1, for Preferential Distribution of B into Growing Shoot Tissues -- Active B Transport System Under Limited Supply of B -- A. thaliana BOR1, the First Borate Transporter Identified in the Biological Systems -- BOR1 Degradation Via Endocytosis in Response to High B Supply -- Active B Transport System Under Toxic Level of B -- Cellular B Distribution Under Adequate and Toxic Level of B -- BOR1 Homologs Involved in High B Tolerance Through B Efflux in Plants -- Retranslocation of B -- B Transport Mechanisms in Yeast and Mammals -- Function of a BOR1 Homolog in S. cerevisiae -- Function of a BOR1 Homolog in Animals -- Conclusions and Foresights -- References -- Calcium: Not Just Another Ion -- Introduction -- Nutritional and Structural Functions of Ca2+ -- Nutritional Functions of Ca2+ -- Structural Functions of Ca2+ -- The Evolution of Ca2+ as a Signaling Molecule -- Calcium Release in Response to Signals and Stimuli. , Calcium Responses to Abiotic, Biotic Factors and Development -- Calcium Responses to Hormones -- Interconnection of Ca2+ Dynamics with other Second Messengers -- Organelles and Ca2+ -- Calcium Signaling within the Nucleus -- Calcium Regulation by the ER -- Mitochondrial Calcium Dynamics -- The Role of Chloroplasts in Cellular Calcium Homeostasis -- Channels and Transporters shaping Ca2+ Signals -- Influx of Ca2+ -- Voltage Dependent Channels -- Ligand Gated Channels -- Vacuolar and ER Ca2+ Channels -- Efflux of Calcium -- Calcium-Proton Antiporter -- Phosphorylated-type ATPases -- Signal Response Coupling of Calcium -- Differences in Salt and Mannitol Responses -- Differences in Symbiotic Calcium Responses -- Calcium Binding Proteins -- Calmodulin -- CDPKs -- CBLs and CIPKs -- Conclusions -- References -- Cell Biology of Copper -- Introduction -- Functions of Cu Proteins in Plants -- Plastocyanin -- Cytochrome c Oxidase -- Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase -- Ethylene Receptors -- Phytocyanins -- Laccase and Ascorbate Oxidase -- Polyphenol Oxidase -- Amine Oxidase -- Other Roles of Cu in Plants -- Cu Movement in and out of Root Cells -- Cu Uptake -- Cu Export and Intercellular Reallocation -- Root to Shoot Cu Translocation -- Excess Cu -- Intracellular Cu Delivery to Cu Protein Targets -- Chloroplast: Cu Import into the Chloroplast -- Delivery of Cu to other Compartments -- Mitochondria -- Endomembrane and Secretory Pathway -- Senescence, Reallocation, and Delivery to Reproductive Tissues -- Regulation of Copper Homeostasis -- Transcription Factors -- The Cu microRNAs -- Overview -- References -- Iron -- Introduction -- The Reduction Strategy -- The Chelation Strategy -- Regulation of the Reduction Strategy -- Regulation of the Chelation Strategy -- Fe Transport within the Plant -- Intercellular Fe Transport -- Citrate -- Nicotianamine. , Iron Transport Protein (ITP) -- Subcellular Fe Transport -- Vacuoles -- Chloroplasts -- Mitochondria -- References -- Dissecting Pathways Involved in Manganese Homeostasis and Stress in Higher Plant Cells -- Introduction -- Importance of Mn in Plants and Consequences of Mn Deficiency and Excess -- Uptake, Distribution and Detoxification -- Uptake into the Cell -- Subcellular Compartmentalisation -- The Role of CAX (Cation Exchanger) Transporters and the MTP (Metal Tolerance Protein) Family of Transporters -- The Role of Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein Transporters -- Role of P-type ATPases -- ECA3 -- ECA1 and LCA1P-type ATPase -- Long-Distance Transport and Seed Loading -- Are There Transporters Yet to be Identified? -- Chaperones for Mn? -- Homeostasis and Aspects of Sensing, Signalling and Regulation -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Cell Biology of Molybdenum -- Introduction -- Molybdenum Uptake into Cells -- The Molybdenum Cofactor -- Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis -- Step 1: Conversion of GTP into cPMP -- Step 2: Synthesis of Molybdopterin -- Step 3: Adenlyation of Molybdopterin -- Step 4: Molybdenum Insertion into Molybdopterin and Crosstalk to Copper Metabolism -- Allocation of the Molybdenum Cofactor -- Storage and Transfer of the Molybdenum Cofactor -- Insertion of the Molybdenum Cofactor into Molybdenum Enyzmes -- Micro-Compartmentalization and Cytoskeleton Binding -- Molybdenum Enzymes -- Xanthine Dehydrogenase -- Aldehyde Oxidase -- Sulfite Oxidase -- Nitrate Reductase -- Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducting Component -- Posttranslational Sulfuration of Xanthine Oxidase Family-Enzymes -- Crosstalk between Molybdenum and Iron Metabolism -- Conclusion -- References -- Cellular Biology of Nitrogen Metabolism and Signaling -- Introduction -- Distribution of N Forms in Plant Cells -- N in Different Tissues. , N Cellular Distribution -- N Fluxes Within a Plant Cell -- Nitrate and Nitrite Fluxes -- Ammonium Fluxes -- Urea Transport -- Organic N Transport -- N Assimilation Pathways -- N Assimilation -- N Remobilization -- Regulation of N Uptake and Metabolism -- Regulation at the mRNA Level -- Regulation at the Protein Level -- N- Signaling: Nitric Oxide - A Special Case -- Sources for NO in Plants -- Mechanisms Through Which NO Affects Targets -- Conclusion -- References -- Phosphorus: Plant Strategies to Cope with its Scarcity -- Introduction -- Phosphorus is Needed to Sustain Life -- The Phosphorus Paradox -- Phosphorus is Necessary for Plant Welfare -- Phosphorus: Its Limited Availability -- Phosphorus in Soil -- Phosphorus Availability: Economical and Environmental Problems -- Pi Uptake and Transport by Plants -- Pi Uptake and Translocation in Whole Plant -- Pi Transporters in Plants -- The Plant Phosphate Starvation Response -- Biochemical Adaptations of Phosphate Starved Plants -- Gathering and Recycling Phosphorus from Organic Pi Pool -- Solubilizing Phosphorus from Inorganic Pi Pool -- Increasing the Pi Uptake Ratio and Translocation -- Physiological Changes -- Morphological Adaptations of Phosphate-Starved Plants -- Pi Can Modify Post-Embrionary Root Development -- RH Formation -- Root System Architecture -- Interaction with Other Organisms -- Regulation and Signaling Mechanisms of Phosphate Starvation -- Phosphate Starvation Response, a Coordinate Mechanism -- Is There a Plant Pho Regulon? -- Sensing Pi Status -- Transcriptional Factors Involved in Phosphate Starvation -- Phosphate Homeostasis -- Signaling Pathway of Phosphate Starvation Dependent of PHR1, PHO2, and MicroRNA399 -- The Role of Sugars in Phosphate Starvation -- The Role of Plant Hormones in the Regulation of Phosphate Starvation Response -- Conclusions -- References -- Potassium. , Potassium is an Essential Mineral Element -- Physiological Functions of Potassium -- Symptoms of Potassium Deficiency -- Acclimatory Responses to Potassium Starvation -- The Acquisition and Cellular Distribution of Potassium -- Potassium Acquisition by Plant Roots -- Thermodynamic Consideration of K+ Uptake and Distribution in Root Cells -- Cellular K+ Homeostasis -- Potassium Transport Within the Plant -- The Molecular Biology of K+ Transporters -- Summary -- References -- Selenium Metabolism in Plants -- Introduction -- Metabolism of Se -- From Selenate to Selenocysteine -- From Selenocysteine to Other Selenocompounds -- Genetic Engineering of Plant Se Metabolism -- Results Obtained from Various Transgenic Approaches -- Obtained Insight into Rate-controlling Steps and Se Detoxification Mechanisms -- Testing the Potential of the Transgenics for Phytoremediation, and as Fortified Foods -- New Insights into Plant Se Responses and Tolerance Mechanisms -- Results Using the Model Nonaccumulator Species Arabidopsis thaliana -- Results Using Se Hyperaccumulators and Related Nonhyperaccumulators -- Ecological Aspects of Plant Se Accumulation -- Contribution of Microbes to Se Uptake and Volatilization -- Effects of Plant Se on Ecological Partners -- Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Cellular Biology of Sulfur and Its Functions in Plants -- Sulfur is an Essential Mineral Element -- Physiological Functions of Sulfur -- Symptoms of Sulfur Deficiency -- Acclimatory Responses to Sulfur Starvation -- The Acquisition and Allocation of Sulfur Compounds -- Sulfate Acquisition by Plant Roots -- Whole Plant Allocation of Sulfur Compounds -- Cellular Distribution of Sulfur-containing Compounds -- Reductive Sulfate Assimilation -- Subcellular Organization of Reactions -- Signal Mechanisms and Homeostasis of Uptake and Reductive Assimilation. , Regulation of Sulfur Amino Acids Biosynthesis.