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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 818-828 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über das Mäandermodell kondensierter Polymere im amorphen Zustand. In einem ersten Abschnitt wird das Bündelmodell aus nahezu gestreckten Ketten kurz beschrieben und seine Nahordnung mit experimentellen Aussagen verglichen. Danach wird gezeigt, daß Superstrukturen aus enggefalteten Kettenbündeln thermodynamisch stabil sind, wofür in erster Linie die Vertauschungsentropie der Segmentzeilen verantwortlich ist. Die Freie Enthalpie, die Geometrie und der Trägheitsradius mäanderförmig gefalteter Moleküle werden berechnet. Sie sind nur von molekularen Parametern wie Kettenabstand, Kinksegmentlänge und Faltenenergie bestimmt. Alle Resultate stehen in Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Ergebnissen, einschließlich neuerer Befunde vonPetermann undGleiter (51, 52).
    Notes: Summary This paper gives a survey of the meander model of condensed polymers in their amorphous state. In a first part the bundle model of nearly straight chains is shortly described together with its short range order which agrees with the experimental evidence. Next, superstructures composed of tightly folded bundles are shown to be thermodynamically stable mainly by virtue of the segment-lines interchange entropy. TheGibbs free energy, the geometry and the radius of gyration of meanderlike folded molecules are evaluated. They only depend on molecular parameters like the interchain distance, the length of a kink segment and the energy of a fold. All results are in agreement with experimental evidence including recent reports byPetermann andGleiter (51, 52).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 20 (1981), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Polypropylene melt ; shear flow ; stress building up ; relaxation ; model theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A polypropylene melt was exposed to steady and unsteady shear flow in a cone- and -plate-rheogoniometer. The experimentally determined values of shear viscosity and first normal-stress difference were mathematically described with the help of a model theory. The model is of integral-type and based on memory-functions with a set of shear-rate dependent relaxation times (Bogue- and Bogue-White-model). A physical interpretation was given for the relaxation times using the work of Goodeve and Gillespie. For unsteady flow Bogue proposed an averaging mode for the second invariant of the rate of deformation tensor, which is necessary for calculating the relaxation times. In a more recent study the averaging was extended to the relaxation time itself. This step is explained more thoroughly in this paper. The complete set of equations for the stresses in start-up flow, steady flow and stop of shear flow are presented and compared with experimental data. Excellent agreement was obtained for shear-stress build-up and relaxation and the stresses in steady flow. Poor agreement was found between experiment and theory for the build-up and relaxation of the first normal-stress difference. This may be explained either by insufficiencies of the theory or experimental difficulties. Finally, a proposition is made for adopting the theoretical model to steady extensional flow.
    Abstract: Schlüsselwörter Polypropylenschmelze, Scherströmung, Spannungsaufbau, Relaxation, Modelltheorie
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Polypropylenschmelze wurde im Kegel-Platte-Rheometer stationären und instationären Scherbeanspruchungen ausgesetzt. Die Meßwerte der Scherviskosität und der ersten Normalspannungsdifferenz wurden mit Hilfe einer Modelltheorie beschrieben. Diese Modelltheorie ist vom Integraltyp und baut auf Gedächtnisfunktionen mit diskreten deformationsgeschwindigkeitsabhängigen Relaxationszeiten auf (Bogue- und Bogue-White-Modell). Für diese Relaxationszeiten konnte mit Hilfe der Arbeiten von Goodeve und Gillespie eine physikalische Interpretation gegeben werden. Für instationäre Strömungen wurde von Bogue eine Mittelwertsbildung der zweiten Invarianten des Deformationsgeschwindigkeitstensors, der in den Relaxationszeiten enthalten ist, vorgeschlagen. Die Mittelwertbildung wurde in einer neueren Arbeit auf die Relaxationszeit selbst erweitert und erfährt hier eine physikalische Deutung. Die Gleichungen für den Spannungsaufbau, die Spannungen der stationären Scherströmung und der Relaxation der Spannungen wurden für die angeführte Modelltheorie dargestellt und mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen verglichen. Für die stationäre Scherströmung und den Aufbau und die Relaxation der Scherspannung konnte eine ausgezeichnete Übereinstimmung zwischen Rechnung und Experiment erzielt werden. Für den Aufbau und die Relaxation der ersten Normalspannungsdifferenz wurden erhebliche Abweichungen zwischen den Meßwerten und den theoretischen Werten gefunden. Dies kann in der Unzulänglichkeit der Theorie, aber auch im Ablauf des Experimentes begründet sein. Es wurde erläutert, wie die Modelltheorie für stationäre Dehnströmungen eingesetzt werden kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Armpit effect ; Brood parasites ; Conspecific recognition ; Phenotype matching ; Self-referencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Most birds and mammals learn characteristics of conspecifics from their parents and siblings. In interspecific brood parasites, however, early social learning could lead to species recognition errors because young are reared among heterospecifics. Conceivably, juvenile parasites might inspect and memorize aspects of their own phenotype, and later match features of encountered individuals to that template. We tested for such self-referent phenotype matching by manipulating feather colors of hand-reared fledglings (n = 21) of the parasitic brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). In simultaneous choice trials (n = 6 trials/subject) between dyed and normal-colored adult females, juvenile cowbirds (〈 2 months old) approached more quickly and associated preferentially with individuals that were colored similar to themselves. These preferences remained even when differences between the associative behaviors of juvenile males and females were controlled statistically. Our data imply that cowbirds incorporate their own plumage color into their recognition template. This provides the first evidence of self-referent phenotype matching through experimental manipulation of a recognition cue.
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  • 4
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    Wilson Ornithological Society | BioOne
    In:  Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 129 (1). pp. 139-147.
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-07-09
    Description: Once thought to be extinct, the Tasman Booby Sula tasmani has recently been re-classified as a subspecies of the Masked Booby S. dactylatra on the basis of genetic data. This re-classification raises the issue of whether this novel clade has a distinct morphology. Morphological differences in size, as well as coloration of integuments, bill and iris have been found in other subspecies of the Masked Booby but have not yet been reported for live Kermadec Islands breeding individuals. Museum specimens from this breeding location have been separated from other Pacific breeding subspecies by their longer wings. We sampled a total of 21 individuals from North Meyer Islet, Kermadec Group, New Zealand, and applied molecular sexing to obtain sex-specific morphometric measurements. We matched dimorphism in vocalization with genetic sexing results and photographic documentation of human-assessed bill, foot and eye coloration. While culmen measurements were consistent with reports from museum specimens, wing chords from living specimens of Tasman Masked Boobies were 3% and 4% larger in males and females, respectively. Females had larger culmens and wings than males, consistent with the low extent of sexual dimorphism reported from museum skins. Adult Tasman Masked Boobies had yellow to buff-yellow feet, while fledglings, as in most sulids, had grey to greyish-yellow feet. Our findings confirm the distinctively long wing and particular iris coloration previously reported for the taxon and provide the first description of integument coloration of live specimens. This study highlights the importance of including in situ assessment in taxon descriptions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-06-19
    Description: Despite prolonged and obligate biparental care for a single offspring in the Australasian gannet Morus serrator, several reproductive behaviours are presumed to be sex specific and might indicate sexual dimorphism in mating and parental effort in this broadly monomorphic seabird. For instance, the delivery of seaweed as a nesting material has been typically considered a male specific trait. We assessed this assumption and determined whether the potential role of this behaviour is to serve as a nuptial trait preceeding copulation or to impart a thermal benefit for incubation. First, as predicted, all arriving individuals at the colony that mated following seaweed delivery assumed the top copulatory position, which is consistent with male behaviour in this species. In comparison, the likelihood of birds without seaweed copulating in top position upon arrival at the nest site was approx. 50%, indicating an even mix of the sexes. However, the sex of those individuals in our sample that did not copulate during our observations remains unresolved. Second, seaweed delivery was not related to copulation following arrival, as individuals arriving with seaweed in our sample had a lower probability of mating than did individuals arriving without seaweed. Third, to determine if seaweed provides thermoregulatory benefits to alleviate the physiological costs of incubation, the foot temperatures of incubating and non-incubating individuals and temperatures of nests with or without seaweed were recorded. Temperatures of the foot-webbings during incubation were significantly higher above ambient temperatures than those of non-incubating gannets at the colony. Nests that contained seaweed were significantly warmer at sunrise than those without seaweed. There was no consistent difference between the temperatures of nesting material in the evenings alone, with a large variance of evening nest temperatures. These correlative data are consistent with male specificity and thermoregulatory benefits associated with seaweed delivery in M. serrator, implying that further experimental work on known-sexed birds should focus on physiological benefits and reproductive consequences of seaweed delivery in this species
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    American Institute of Physics for the Acoustical Society of America
    In:  Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 132 (2). p. 1189.
    Publication Date: 2018-04-13
    Description: The study of the evolution of sexual differences in behavioral and morphological displays requires analyses of the extent of sexual dimorphism across various sensory modalities. In the seabird family Sulidae, boobies show dramatic sexual dimorphism in their vocalizations, and gannet calls have also been suggested to be dimorphic to human observers. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of sexually dimorphic calls in the Australasian gannet (Morus serrator) through the first comprehensive description of its vocalizations recorded at two localities; Cape Kidnappers, where individuals were banded and sexed from DNA samples, and at the Muriwai gannetry, both on the North Island of New Zealand. Calls were first inspected using basic bioacoustic features to establish a library of call element types for general reference. Extensive multivariate tests, based on a dynamic time warping algorithm, subsequently revealed that no sexual differences could be detected in Australasian gannet calls. The analyses, however, indicated extensive and consistent vocal variation between individuals, particularly so in female gannets, which may serve to signal individual identity to conspecifics. This study generates predictions to identify whether differences in Australasian gannet vocalizations play perceptual and functional roles in the breeding and social biology of this long-lived biparental seabird species. (C) 2012 Acoustical Society of America. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4734237]
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-06-22
    Description: Subtle sexual dimorphism and its perception in apparently monomorphic bird species warrant assessment of how birds identify the sex of conspecifics, particularly of prospective mates. Visual sensitivity and its potential co-variation with cryptic sexual dichromatism are still uninvestigated in most avian taxa. Using molecular sexing, reflectance spectrometry and perceptual modelling based on the sequencing of short wavelength visual pigments, we assessed the sex-specificity of coloration and colour perception in the red-tailed tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda. We also measured morphological dimorphism at a previously unstudied breeding locality for this species. Our data are in line with both physical and avian-perceived monochromatism with a potential indication of achromatic sex differences in plumage reflectance. The moderate extent of size dimorphism is consistent with reports from other Pacific breeding populations, and morphological measurements from live specimens in this study are in line with reports on museum specimens from the same sample location. Potential differences between individuals of the same sex in size and coloration warrant the assessment of sexual dimorphism in larger sample sizes of this species.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 9
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    In:  [Talk] In: 10. International Congress of Ecology (INTECOL), 16.-21.08.2009, Brisbane, Australia .
    Publication Date: 2013-12-04
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    In:  [Talk] In: 46. Animal Behavior Society Conference, 22.-26.06.2009, Pirenopolis, Brazil .
    Publication Date: 2013-12-04
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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