Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Tiltle Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- I: PRESENTATIONS BY EC CONTRACTORS -- Stabilisation of Si photoanodes by silicon oxynitride coatings: attempted synthesis of binuclear Co complexes for (photo)electrochemical reduction of C02 -- Studies on isolated plant pigment-protein complexes -- Primary reactions in plant photosynthetic reaction centers -- Immobilized photosynthetic systems for the production of ammonia and photocurrents -- II: PHOTOCHEMISTRY -- Towards the design of molecular photochemical devices based on ruthenium bipyridine photosensitizer units -- Photoinduced charge-separation in models for photosynthesis -- Electron transfer photosensitized by zinc porphyrins in reversed micelles -- Efficient visible light sensitization of T i02 by surface complexation with transition metal cyanides -- Photo-induced electron transfer reactions in polymer-bound ruthenium bipyridyl complexes -- Self organization and photofunctionalization of supramolecular systems: photosensitive polymeric monolayers, multilayers and liposomes -- Photogeneration of hydrogen: the photochemical way of storing solar energy -- Inorganic photosynthesis: the photofixation of the atmospheric dinitrogen on transition metal oxides -- Recent trends in the search for new photosensitizers -- Reactivity of C02 and related heterocumulenes towards transition metal compounds -- III: PHOTOELECTROCHEMISTRY -- Medium effects upon the stability of n-GaAs-based photoelectrochemical cells -- Unpinning of energy bands in photoelectrochemical cells: a consequence of surface chemistry and surface charge -- H202 production in a photoelectrochemical cell with Ti02 electrodes: reaction mechanisms and efficiency -- Adsorption experiments for modelling semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces -- IV: PHOTOBIOLOGY. , Cytochrome b-559 as a transducer of redox energy into acid-base energy in photosynthesis -- Variations in the carotenoid complement of the pigment-protein complexes of Rhodospirillum rubrum -- Towards an analogue of the bacterial photosynthetic reaction centre: synthesis of an oblique bis-porphyrin system containing a 1,10-phen-anthroline spacer -- Location and organisation of the chlorophyll-proteins of photosynthetic reaction centres in higher plants -- Phosphorylation processes interacting in vivo in the thylakoid membranes from C. reinhardtii -- Isolation and some properties of photosynthetic membrane vesicles en riched in photosystem I from the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum by a non-detergent method -- Outdoor culture of selected nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae for the production of high-quality biomass -- Hydrogen peroxide photoproduction by biological and chemical systems -- Current topics in the biochemistry of Fe-hydrogenases -- List of Participants.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- OPENING SESSION -- The energy from biomass programme of the Commission of the European Communities -- La biomasse dans la competition energetique -- Biomass fuels in a European context -- The Italian biomass scene -- Avenir de l'agriculture europeenne et valorisation de la biomasse -- The common agricultural policy and biomass energy -- Kurzfristige verfugbarkeit von forstlicher biomasse in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland -- La biomasse, source de substituts au petrole dans le secteur des transports -- SESSION I: THE EUROPEAN SCENE -- Trees and wood as an energy source in the Nordic countries -- Biomass availability and use in the industrial regions of the EC -- Ressources en biomasses utilisables a des fins energetiques en milieu agricola - cas de l'europe des 10 -- Biomass for heating and fuels in Austria: a case study for Europe? -- SESSION II: TECHNICAL SESSIONS -- Zur agrarpolitischen bedeutung der ethanolproduktion in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland -- The use of forests as a source of biomass energy -- The availability of wastes and residues as a source of energy -- The potential of natural vegetation as a source of biomass energy -- Photobiology - the scientific basis of biological energy conversion -- The biomass to synthesis gas pilot plant programme of the CEC -- a first evaluaton of its results -- Biomethanation, the paradox of a mature technology -- Novel methods and new feedstocks for alcohol from biomass -- Use of algal systems as a source of fuel and chemicals -- SESSION III: IMPLEMENTATION -- L E B E N - Large European bioenergy project -- The production and use of fuel alcohol in Zimbabwe -- Canada's energy from the forest programme -- Integrated food-energy production systems -- The use of wastes as a source of energy in the UK. , The Southern US biomass energy programs with emphasis on Florida -- Biomass energy utilisaton and its technologies in China rural areas -- Summaries of ROUND TABLES -- A. Research needs and resources for the development of biomass energy -- B. Land use, food and fuel production -- C. Development and environmental issues -- D. Institutional aspects of biomass production and -- Summaries of WORKSHOPS -- I Biomass resources -- II Biological conversion -- III Research priorities in thermal conversion technology -- IV Combustion and densification -- CONTRIBUTED PAPERS -- I. RESOURCES -- (a) Trees -- Biomass from short rotation coppice willow in Northern Ireland -- Biomass gains in coppicing trees for energy crops -- Short rotation coppice forest biomass production - the work of the IUFRO S1.05-10 working party -- Short rotation forestry for energy production -- Une plante energetique a cycle courte: le genet Cytisus scoparius -- Energy and biomass of piedmont hardwoods -- Coppiced trees as energy crops -- FAO's activities on industrial wood-based energy -- Energy forestry research in Britain -- Forest biomass: INRA's programme -- Euphorbia project: renewable energy production through the cultivation and processing of semi-arid land biomass in Kenya -- Potentialites de production d'un couvert vegetal -- Productivite de roseau phragmites -- Comparative biomass yields of energy crops -- Onopordum nervosum Boiss as a potential energy crop -- Straw as a biomass resource and its acquisition in the United Kingdom -- Studies about the potential of sweet sorghum and Jerusalem artichoke for ethanol production based on fermentable sugar -- The potential for straw as a fuel in the UK -- Immediately available liquid fuel crops in the EEC -- Energetic outlets of agriculture in the EEC. , The development of wetland energy crops in M1nnesota, USA - managing stands for continued productivity -- Energy from agriculture - some results of Swedish energy cropping experiments -- Epuration des eaux et produits de haute valeur tires de la jacinthe d'eau -- An integrated system: mass algae culture in polluted luke-warm water for production of methane, high value products and animal feed -- Properties of algal biomass production and the parameters determining its fermentative degradation -- Potentialites de production de biomasse aquatique dans les lagunes d'epuration -- Production of algal biomass in Venice lagoon: environmental and energetic aspects -- Hydrogen production, ammonia production and nitrogen fixation by free and immobilised cyanobacteria -- Effect of different factors on the productivity of nitrogen fixing blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis under outdoor conditions -- An energy budget for algal culture on animal slurry in temperate climatic conditions -- Photosynthetic basis of biomass production by water hyacinth grown under high C02 level -- Eichhornia crassipes: production in repeated harvest systems on waste water in the Languedoc Region (France) -- The effect of nutrient application on plant and soil nutrient content in relation to biomass harvesting -- HCQi uptake through the roots in willow and sunflower and effect of HCOj uptake of willow cuttings.

Note: Front Cover -- Techniques in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Addresses of Contributors -- PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION -- INTRODUCTION -- UNITS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- CHAPTER 1. MEASUREMENT OF PLANT BIOMASS AND NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sampling design -- 1.3 Measurement of above-ground biomass -- 1.4 Measurement of below-ground biomass -- 1.5 Non-destructive measurement of biomass -- 1.6 Estimation of losses -- 1.7 Estimation of net primary production -- 1.8 Experimental work -- References -- CHAPTER 2. PLANT GROWTH ANALYSIS -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic principles -- 2.3 Components of classical growth analysis -- 2.4 Functional growth analysis -- 2.5 Experimental investigations -- References -- CHAPTER 3. PLANT MICROCLIMATE -- 3.1 General introduction -- 3.2 Radiation - solar and long wave -- 3.3 Temperature -- 3.4 Humidity -- 3.5 Wind -- 3.6 Automatic weather stations -- 3.7 Recording -- 3.8 Experimental work -- References -- CHAPTER 4. CANOPY STRUCTURE AND LIGHT INTERCEPTION -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Radiation in canopies -- 4.3 Measurement of canopy structure -- References -- CHAPTER 5. WATER RELATIONS -- 5.1 Stomatal conductance -- 5.2 Plant water status -- 5.3 Soil water status -- 5.4 Practical work on water relations -- References and further reading -- CHAPTER 6. MEASUREMENT OF CO2 ASSIMILATION BY PLANTS IN THE FIELD AND THE LABORATORY -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Infra-red gas analysis -- 6.3 14C incorporation -- 6.4 Measurement and control of gas flow -- 6.5. Chamber conditions and construction -- 6.6 Analysis of gas exchange measurements -- 6.7 Conclusion -- 6.8 Experimental work -- References -- CHAPTER 7. MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN AND CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE -- 7.1 The oxygen electrode -- 7.2 The leaf disc electrode. , 7.3 Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement -- References -- CHAPTER 8. SHOOT MORPHOLOGY AND LEAF ANATOMY IN RELATION TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- 8.1 Shoot morphology and the relationship of single leaf to whole plant CO2 assimilation and canopy productivity -- 8.2 Leaf anatomy -- 8.3 Experiments -- References -- CHAPTER 9. CHLOROPLASTS AND PROTOPLASTS -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mesophyll protoplasts from C3, C4 and CAM plants -- 9.3 Photosynthesis by isolated protoplasts -- 9.4 Chloroplast isolation from protoplasts -- 9.5 Mechanical separation of intact chloroplasts -- 9.6 Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts -- 9.7 Carbon assimilation by C3 chloroplasts -- 9.8 Materials -- References -- CHAPTER 10. PHOTOSYNTHETIC ENERGY CONVERSION -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Measurement of proton flux, photophosphorylation and electron transport using broken chloroplasts and a pH electrode -- 10.3 Partial electron transport reactions assayed with the O2 electrode and a conventional recording spectrophotometer -- References -- CHAPTER 11. CARBON METABOLISM -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The carbon reduction cycle -- 11.3 Photorespiration -- 11.4 C4 photosynthesis -- 11.5 CAM plants -- 11.6 Carboxylation enzymes -- 11.7 Experiments -- References -- CHAPTER 12. NITROGEN FIXATION -- 12.1 Nitrogen metabolism -- 12.2 Introduction to N-fixation -- 12.3 The genus Rhizobium -- 12.4 Measurement of N-fixation by direct means -- 12.5 Indirect assay of nitrogenase activity -- 12.6 Preparation of acetylene -- 12.7 Gas chromatography -- 12.8 Experimental schedule -- References -- CHAPTER 13. ASSIMILATORY NITRATE REDUCTION -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Enzymology -- 13.3 Relationship between nitrate reduction and photosynthesis -- 13.4 Determination of enzymatic activities -- 13.5 Other analytical procedures useful for the study of nitrate assimilation. , 13.6 Uptake of nitrate by cells of blue-green algae. Effects of ammonium and MSO -- References -- CHAPTER 14. AMMONIA ASSIMILATION AND AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS -- 14.1 Ammonia assimilation -- 14.2 Transport of nitrogenous compounds -- 14.3 Biosynthesis of amino acids -- References -- CHAPTER 15. MICRO-ALGAE: LABORATORY GROWTH TECHNIQUES AND OUTDOOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Growth of micro-algae: techniques and kinetics -- 15.3 Chemostat cultures -- 15.4 Synchronised cultures -- 15.5 Nutrient-limited growth -- 15.6 Analytical techniques -- 15.7 Growth, maintenance and preservation of algal cultures -- 15.8 Culture media -- 15.9 Definition of common units and terms -- 15.10 Technical problems -- 15.11 Where to obtain algal cultures -- 15.12 Algal biomass production -- References and further reading -- CHAPTER 16. ENZYMES: SEPARATION AND KINETICS -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Enzyme activity -- 16.3 Isolation of enzymes -- 16.4 Protein determination -- 16.5 Extraction of proteins -- 16.6 Protection from phenols and phenol oxidase activity -- 16.7 Crude extracts -- 16.8 Ammonium sulphate precipitation -- 16.9 Modern methods of protein purification -- 16.10 Enzyme kinetics -- 16.11 Experiments -- 16.12 The Enzyme Commission classification system -- References -- CHAPTER17. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES -- 17.1 Protein analysis -- 17.2 Analysis of carbon isotope discrimination ratios -- 17.3 Measurement of light absorption -- 17.4 Chlorophyll determination -- 17.5 Measurement of starch and sucrose in leaves -- 17.6 Mineral analysis of plants, soil and water -- References -- APPENDICES -- A. Equipment for field and laboratory studies of whole plant and crop photosynthesis and productivity research -- B. Experimental design and presentation of results -- C. Biomass production and data -- D. Conversion factors and approximate conversion factors. , E. Solar radiation on the earth -- INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- Biomass for Energy in the Developing Countries: Current Role, Potential, Problems, Prospects -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Summary and Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Format -- Alphabetical Index of Main Topics -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Objectives -- Chapter 2. The Present Role of Biomass Energy -- 2.1 Global Perspective -- 2.2 Characteristics of Present Biomass Energy Utilisation -- 2.3 Summary of Energy Use Surveys -- Chapter 3. Energy Needs in Developing Countries -- 3.1 Domestic Energy Needs -- 3.2 Energy for Rural Development -- 3.3 Energy for Petroleum Replacement -- Chapter 4. Future Biomass Energy Options -- 4.1 Background -- 4.2 Biomass Production -- 4.3 BIOMASS UTILISATION -- Chapter 5. Overall System Options -- 5.1 Domestic Energy Needs -- 5.2 Energy for Rural Development -- 5.3 Energy for Petroleum Replacement -- Chapter 6. Implementation -- 6.1 Implementation Experience to Date -- 6.2 General Features of Developing Countries relevant to Implementation of Biomass Energy Schemes -- 6.3 Implementation - A Positive Approach -- Chapter 7. General Policy Considerations -- 7.1 Biomass Energy and Development Policy -- 7.2 Research and Development (R and D) Needs -- 7.3 Opportunities for Collaboration -- 7.4 Final Comments -- Acknowledgements -- Units and Conversion Factors -- List of References -- General Texts Recommended for Further Reading -- Appendix A: Data on Biomass Energy Use -- PART 1: VILLAGE ENERGY STUDIES -- PART 2: NATIONAL ENERGY STUDIES -- References for Energy Data Tables -- Appendix B: Institutions Involved in Alternative Energy Research.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Recommendations from the Participants for Future Research in the EEC R & -- D Programme, DG XII -- Table of Contents -- I. PRESENTATIONS BY EC CONTRACTORS -- Electrochemical reduction of CO, by binuclear Co and Ni complexes -- Microsecond and nanosecond kinetics of isolated Photosystem 2 reaction centres studied by single photon counting and transient absorption -- Electron transfer in the Photosystem-I reaction center: evidence for a double reduction of Al -- Immobilized photosynthetic systems for conversion of light energy to chemical and electrical energies -- II. PHOTOCHEMISTRY -- Ru(II)-polypyridine complexes as photosensitizers and/or building blocks for the design of molecular devices -- Photochemically induced structural changes in multilayers and columnar systems -- Intramolecular energy transfer in polynuclear transition metal complexes -- Photochemical control of phase transitions and chromatic effects in liquid crystal polymers -- Building bridges for rapid intramolecular electron transfer processes -- Efficient photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer in an oblique bis-porphyrin system -- Electron- and energy transfer across rigid, saturated hydrocarbon bridges: molecular engineering of the bridge configuration -- A tungsten dithiolene as catalyst and photocatalyst -- III. PHOTOELECTROCHEMISTRY -- Artificial photosynthesis: very efficient visible light energy harvesting and conversion by spectral sensitization of fractal oxide semiconductor films (Abstract) -- Characterization of the illuminated GaAs/electrolyte interface by means of ellipsometric measurements -- Application of the quasi-Fermi level concept in studies of the photostability of semiconductor electrodes. , Kinetic model for water photooxidation and competitive reactions at n-TiO2 electrodes on the basis of RRDE, PT and EER experiments -- Electrochemical properties of ruthenium oxides and some photo-induced electron transfer reactions in perfluorinated (Nafion) ionomers -- IV. PHOTOBIOLOGY -- The structure and composition of the thylakoid membrane -- Isolation of the photosystem two reaction centre: a step forward in understanding how photosynthetic organisms split water -- The role of Ca2+ in Photosystem II -- Properties of the Photosystem 2 quinone binding region -- Towards an understanding of the physiological role of state transitions -- Unadjustments between primary and secondary electron transfer in photosynthesis -- Transduction of redox energy into acid-base energy by cytochrome b-559 at the coupling site between PS II and PS I in noncyclic photophosphorylation -- Three-dimensional structure of spinach Rubisco, a key enzyme in photosynthesis and photorespiration -- Effects of divalent metal chelators on the photosynthetic activity of intact and permeabilized Anacystis -- Effect of irradiance on productivity and pigment composition of nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae -- Use of the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter capsulatus, for the treatment of waste waters from food industry -- Solar generation of inorganic energy sources of chemoautotrophic bacteria for biomass production -- Bacterial hydrogenases from sulfate reducing bacteria: an as yet unexplored field for protein design and molecular modeling -- On the mechanism of electron transfer between proteins and glassy carbon -- List of Participants.

Note: Includes bibliographies and index