Keywords:
Solar power plants--Spain--Finance.
;
Electric utilities--Spain--Rate of return.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This book offers the first bulk analysis of a large-scale, real-world deployment of 3.5 GW of installed, grid-connected solar plants in Spain, including all of the factors that limited and adjusted the real electricity output through one full-year cycle.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (141 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781441994370
Series Statement:
SpringerBriefs in Energy Series
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1081690
DDC:
333.792330946
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Spain's Photovoltaic Revolution -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Contents -- Table of Equivalences -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Solar Energy and Human Civilization -- Why EROI? -- Solar Energy-Derived Fossil Fuels -- What Level of EROI Do We Need? -- Why the Kingdom of Spain? -- Spain (2009-2011): An Excellent Test Bed for Solar PV Energy Costs and Gains -- Energy in Spain -- Contemporary Spain -- References -- Chapter 2: The Evolution of the Demand for Primary Energy and Electricity in Spain -- Recent Evolution of the Spanish Electricity Supply -- An Overview of the Status of Renewable Energies in Spain -- Chapter 3: The Historical, Legal, Political, Social and Economic Context of Solar Photovoltaics in Spain -- Development and Deployment of Photovoltaic Energy Technologies in Spain -- Electrical Output of Solar Photovoltaic Plants -- Photovoltaic Technologies Utilized in Spain -- Large Government Subsidies and the Solar PV Installation Boom -- Bending the Rules -- Ups and Downs with the Royal Decrees: Growing Premium Tariffs vs. Growing Dif culties in Government Budgets -- Theoretical Interest Is Still Alive Despite the Reduction in Premium Tariffs and Assigned Quotas -- Dancing with the Prices -- Impacts on Spain's Industries -- …And Spain Died of Success -- Dif culties Associated with the Success of the Spanish Solar PV Program -- The Increasing Use of Imported PV Components and Equipment -- Solar PV as a Financial Product, Rather Than a Renewable Asset -- Fraud -- The Financial Support to Renewable Energies from a Fossil-Fuelled Society -- Chapter 4: Calculating the Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) for Spain's Solar Photovoltaic Energy -- Energy Outputs (Numerator) -- Energy Inputs (Denominator) -- Deriving Energy Intensities for Money Spent on Inputs.
,
Calculating an Extremely Rough EROI for a 1 GW Solar Photovoltaic Plant in Spain -- Spanish Data Sources: A Good Start with Good Institutions and Public Companies -- Literature -- Chapter 5: Methods: Calculating the Energy Output. The Energy Returned (ER or E out) -- Definitions of Solar Photovoltaic Power Used in Our EROI Analysis -- Annual Electrical Output Compared to Nominal Capacity for Spain -- Factors Considered -- l 1 : Mismatch of Modules -- l 3 : Angular and Spectral Losses -- l 4 : Nonful llment of Nameplate (Peak) Power -- l 5 : Losses Due to Temperature -- l 6 : Shadowing/Shading -- l 7 : Maximum Power Point Tracker -- l 8 : Direct Current Wiring -- l 9 : Alternative Current/Direct Current Output of Inverter -- l 10 : AC Wiring Within the PV Plant -- Extended Performance Ratio Factors -- l 11 : Medium-Voltage Losses (Within the PV plant) -- Losses in Conversion from Low to High Voltage -- l 12 : Voltage Switch Offs, Voltage Sags, and Voltage Swells -- l 13 : Peak Versus Nominal Installed Power Factoring -- l 14 : Losses in the Evacuation Line to the Electric Network -- Would Rooftop PV Mountings Save These Losses? -- l 15 : Degradation of Modules over Time -- Cumulative Impact -- Chapter 6: Methods: Calculating the Energy Input. The Energy Invested (EI or Ein) -- Calculating the Energy Inputs -- Direct Energy and Material Inputs -- a 1 Accesses, Foundations, and Perimeter Fencing -- External Accesses -- Internal Ways -- Foundations -- Canals -- Fencing -- a 2 Energy Investments for Evacuation Lines and Their Rights of Way -- Other Necessary Energy Investments Derived from Economic Expenses and Translated into Energy Equivalences -- a 3 Operation and Maintenance Energy Costs -- a 4 Module Washing and/or Cleaning -- a 5 Self-Consumption of Energy in Plants -- a 6 Security and Surveillance -- Indirect Energy Inputs and Material Inputs.
,
Energy Derived from Conventional Life Cycle Analysis Studies and Calculated as an Inverse Factor of an EPBT -- a 7 Modules, Inverters, Trackers, and Metallic Infrastructure (Labor Excluded) -- a 8 Transportation: from Local Manufacturing to Air Shipments from China -- a 9 Premature Phase out of Unamortized Manufacturing and Other Equipment -- Operating Expenses -- a 10 Energy Costs Associated with Injection of Intermittent Loads: Pump Up Costs and/or Other Massive Storage Systems, When Applying -- Energy Estimates from Monetary Values -- Financial Services -- a 11 Insurance -- a 12 Fairs, Exhibitions, Promotions, Conferences, etc. -- a 13 Administration Expenses -- a 14 Municipality Taxes, Duties, Levies, and Taxes on Production -- a 15 Cost of Long-Term Rents or Ownership of Land for Solar PV Plants -- a 16 Circumstantial Labor and Associated Economic/Energy Costs (Under V. Financial): Consultants, Notary Publics, Public Register, Civil Servants/Public Of cers, Engineering Colleges, Legal Firms, etc. -- Consultants -- Notary Publics -- Social Costs to Develop Photovoltaics or Any Other Engineered Facility -- Engineering Colleges -- Legal Costs -- Civil Servants/Public Of cers -- Electric Utilities' Workers, Electric Regulators' Specialists, IDAE, University Departments and Solar PV Associations -- a 17 Agent Representative or Market Agent -- a 18 Equipment Stealing and Vandalism -- a 19 Communications, Remote Control and Management -- a 20 Pre-inscription, Inscription, Registration Bonds and Fees -- Other (Hardware) -- a 21 Electrical Network/Power Lines Restructuring -- a 22 Faulty Modules, Inverters, and Trackers -- a 23 Energy Costs Associated with the Network Stabilization Required with the Injection of Intermittent Loads -- a 24 Force Majeure, Acts of God and Others: Windstorms, Lighting, Flooding, Hailstorms -- Summary of Energy Costs.
,
Chapter 7: Results, Sensitivity Analysis, and Conclusions -- Energy Return on Investment for Spanish Photovoltaic Energy in 2008 -- Sensitivity Analysis -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.
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