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  • 1
    Type of Medium: Book
    Series Statement: Det Kgl. Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter ...
    Language: English
    Note: Oslo, Univ., Math.-nat. Diss., 8. Nov. 1957
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Only about a dozen breeding colonies of the Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica are known, all confined to the Antarctic continent. In 1985 one of the largest colonies, situated in Muhlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land, c. 200 km from the open sea and at an elevation of 1600 m a.s.l. was censused around the time of hatching. The colony size was estimated at about 207,000 breeding pairs. Three minor colonies were discovered at Jutulsessen, Gjelsvikfjella.Microclimatic measurements were made to evaluate the physical environment experienced by the breeding petrels and their chicks in the hostile Antarctic climate. The temperatures measured and energy budget made for the hillside, where the colony was located, showed that the nests of the Antarctic Petrel are placed at relatively favourable places. The northeast facing slope with the Antarctic Petrel colony absorbed large quantities of shortwave radiation during the birds’breeding season and provided suitable microclimatic conditions for breeding.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The division of labour between the sexes, and their respective behaviour, were studied by means of time-lapse photography during the incubation and brooding periods. Chinstrap penguin. Both mates were equally attentive in incubating the eggs and brooding the small chicks. During late incubation the mean duration of a shift was 35 h. This decreased to 14-15 h during the initial nestling period. Most reliefs took place around noon or in the evening/night, indicating a basic brooding shift of 12 h. During the incubation and hatching periods the mate was absent (presumably at sea) for 29 h at a time, on average. The mean duration of absence decreased to 12–13 h during the early nestling stage, indicating that the adults had been feeding in nearby waters. Six adults with stomach contents had fed exclusively on krill Euphausia superba. During the incubation period the proportion of time spent prone averaged 92% of the total time spent on the nest, for both sexes, but, during the hatching and initial nestling periods, this decreased rapidly in relation to the time spent upright, probably because progressively less heat transfer from the brood patch was required. Macaroni penguin. In the ten days just before the eggs were hatched the males at four nests were responsible for 82–100% of total incubation. Presence or absence of the females at the nests during this stage varied greatly. At one nest the female was not observed at all. At another she stayed by the nest during the entire survey period, but relieved the incubating male for only 5% of the time. During incubation the males adopted an upright posture far more often than the females, but even the latter incubated significantly more frequently upright than the Chinstrap penguin. This specific difference may be related to the fact that the Macaroni penguins had only a single egg, whereas the Chinstraps had two. The prone posture better enables the nest contents to be properly covered. Both species. During incubation, both the male and female birds assumed a resting or sleeping posture for more than 90% of their time on the nest. Egg-shifting, rotation on the nest, and preening together accounted for about 2–3% of their time. Time spent in agonistic and territorial behaviour, unusually aroused by the presence of other penguins passing by, accounted for 0.9% of the time in the Chinstrap. but for only 0.1% in the Macaroni penguin. Ecstatic displays were sporadically observed in the Chinstrap by both sexes. Mean egg temperature during incubation, measured close to the top of the egg, was 37.4°C for both species.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 129 (1988), S. 433-437 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Wintergoldhähnchen als dem kleinsten europäischen Vogel interessieren besonders seine physiologischen und Verhaltens-Anpassungen an niedere Temperaturen. Viele Kleinvögel senken ihre Stoffwechselaktivität und verfallen in Hypothermie, um mit ihren Energie-Reserven während der langen Winternächte auszukommen. Unsere Untersuchungen über den O2-Verbrauch von 5 Wintergoldhähnchen legen jedoch nahe, daß sich das nächtliche Energie-Budget auch im Tiefwinter auf Normalniveau bewegt und daß sie bei ausreichendem Nahrungsangebot ihre normale Körpertemperatur auch nachts beibehalten. Ähnliche Befunde liegen von den vergleichbaren kleinen amerikanischen Buschmeisen vor, die wie Goldhähnchen den nächtlichen Wärmeverlust durch Schlafen auf engem Gefiederkontakt reduzieren. Es ist anzunehmen, daß die Hypothermie als Überwinterungsstrategie für unsere kleinsten Vögel garnicht so vorteilhaft wäre: Die durch Hypothermie eingesparte Energie geht mit abnehmender Umgebungstemperatur und mit geringerer Körpergröße wieder verloren.
    Notes: Summary The Goldcrest is an interesting species for studies of physiological and behavioural adaptions to cold, since it is the smallest species present in Europe. Although many small birds have to lower their metabolic rate and enter hypothermia in order to make their energy reserves last throughout the night, our measurements of oxygen consumption of five Goldcrests suggest that these birds may be able to balance their nocturnal energy budget during the winter at normothermic body temperatures, provided that the available food supply is adequate. These results are in agreement with those of another small bird, the Common Bushtit, which, like the Goldcrest, reduce nocturnal heat loss by contact roosting. Since the energy saved by hypothermia decreases with decreasing ambient temperature and also decreasing body weight, this strategy might not be such an advantage for the smallest birds living at very low ambient temperatures.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 127 (1986), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Fennoskandien zeitigt das Wintergoldhähnchen regelmäßig zwei Gelege pro Brutsaison. In einem Kontrollgebiet bei Trondheim in Mittelnorwegen (ca. 63° N) betrug die mittlere Gelegegröße für 11 Erstgelege 10,4 (9–12) und für 10 Zweit- bzw. Ersatzgelege 9,4 (8–11) Eier. Die mittlere Eilänge betrug 13,5 mm, die Eibreite 10,35 mm, das mittlere Frischvollgewicht 0,78 g; das Volumen maß 737 mm3, der Eiformindex (=Länge/Breite × 100) 130,6. Die Korrelation zwischen Länge und Gewicht betrug 0,47, zwischen Breite und Gewicht 0,77. Bei vier genauer untersuchten Gelegen nahmen alle Eidimensionen mit Ausnahme des Eiformindex mit der Legefolge zu. Im Mittel war das letzte Ei 20,1 % schwerer als das erste oder 5,6 % schwerer als das mittlere Gewicht des gesamten Geleges; letzteres gilt auch für die 3 bis 5 zuletzt gelegten Eier. Als Folge des bemerkenswert asynchronen Schlupfes sind die Größenunterschiede innerhalb einer Goldhähnchenbrut beachtlich, nämlich mindestens 1:5. Die Überlebenschancen des kleinsten Jungen einer Brut hängen offensichtlich vor allem vom Nahrungsangebot ab. Der primäre Vorteil eines Jungen aus einem großen Ei liegt möglicherweise darin, daß dieser Nestling stark genug ist, um sich eine günstige Position im dichtbesetzten Nest bei den Fütterungen zu sichern. Die Jungen liegen oft in zwei bis drei Schichten übereinander. Die Nahrungswahl der Altvögel richtet sich nach der Jungengröße, sogar in einer Brut mit deutlichen Größenunterschieden. Das Wintergoldhähnchen hat wahrscheinlich die Strategie einer Brutreduzierung in Anpassung an knappes Nahrungsangebot entwickelt.
    Notes: Summary In Fennoscandia the Goldcrest regularly lays two clutches per breeding season. Near Trondheim in Central Norway (about 63° N) the mean size of 11 first clutches was 10.4 (9–12) eggs and of 10 second/repeat clutches 9.4 (8–11) eggs. Mean egg length was 13.49 mm, breadth 10.35 mm, mean weight of freshly-laid eggs 0.78 g, volume 737 mm3 and shape index 130.6. The correlation coefficient for egg length against weight was 0.47, and for egg breadth against weight 0.77. For the four clutches studied in more detail, all egg dimensions, except the shape index, increased with the laying sequence. On average, the last-laid egg was 20.1 % heavier than the first-laid egg, or 5.6 % heavier than the mean weight for the whole clutch. The 3–5 last-laid eggs in the clutch deviated by about the same magnitude from the clutch mean. Because of the pronounced asynchrony in hatching, the size-hierarchy within a Goldcrest brood may be considerable, at least 1:5. The survival chances of the smallest young in a brood apparently depend mainly on the prevailing food supply. The primary advantage of hatching from a relatively large-sized egg is probably that such a hatchling is strong enough to secure itself a favourable feeding position in the crowded nest, in which the young often form 2–3 horizontal layers. The parental selection of food is adjusted to the size of the young, even in a brood with a marked size-hierarchy. It is concluded that the Goldcrest has evolved a brood reduction strategy.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 133 (1992), S. 147-154 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Februar 1987/88 waren bei Klaebu/Mittelnorwegen einzelne Kohl-, Blau-, Sumpf- und Weidenmeisen, die regelmäßig eine mit Sonnenblumenkernen und Talg versehene Futterstelle anflogen, einem plötzlichen Fall der Lufttemperatur auf −20 °C ausgesetzt. Der Kälteeinbruch dauerte nur 4 Tage; anschließend stieg die Temperatur wieder an. Einige Individuen waren jeweils früh morgens und abends kurz vor, während und nach dem Kälteeinbruch gewogen worden. Mit der möglichen Ausnahme von 2–4 Weidenmeisen — die Art nahm die unterste Stufe der interspezifischen Rangordnung am Futterplatz ein — waren alle Vögel während der Kälteperiode in der Lage, den plötzlich erhöhten Energiebedarf voll auszugleichen und die täglichen Fettreseven aufzufüllen. Wahrscheinlich profitierten sie von der Zusatzfütterung, obwohl mit Ausnahme der dominierenden Kohlmeise für alle strenge Konkurrenzbedingungen herrschten. Keiner der Meisen verschwand während der Kältewelle; die Witterungsverhältnisse hatten also zu keinen Todesfällen geführt.
    Notes: Summary Individuals of five tit species (Parus major, P. caeruleus, P. ater, P. palustris andP. montanus) which, at Klaebu in central Norway, regularly visited a feeder provided with sunflower seeds and suet during the winter of 1987/88, were suddenly exposed to a −20 °C fall in the ambient temperature in February. The cold spell lasted for only 4 days, whereafter the temperature rose once again. Several of the birds had been weighed in the early morning and in the late evening just prior to, during and after the fall in temperature. With the possible exception of 2–4 of the Willow Tits, i. e. the species which ranks lowest in the interspecific hierarchy, the birds were clearly able to compensate appropriately for the increased energy requirement during the cold spell and replenish the daily fat reserves. It is thus likely that they had benefitted from the extra food supply available to them, although they had to compete strongly for it, with the exception of the most dominant species, the Great Tit. None of the tits disappeared during the cold spell, indicating that this meterological event had not caused any mortality.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 51-56 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: vocalizations ; distress calls ; alarm calls ; calls during handling ; calls after handling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verhalten und Lautäußerungen von 514 jungen Weidenmeisen (Parus montanus) während Beringung und nach ihrer Freilassung werden beschrieben. Vier Phasen wurden unterschieden: (1) Vogel in der Falle gegriffen, (2) Vogel in der Hand, (3) nach Freilassung und (4) unmittelbar nach Erreichen nahegelegener Bäume oder Büsche. Während Phase 1 waren 79% der Vögeln stumm, die übrigen äußerten vor allem Notrufe (Zischen oder Schreie; Abb. 1a). In der Hand schwiegen 67% der Meisen; von den übrigen äußerten 98% Notrufe. Die biologische Bedeutung der Notrufe in diesem Zusammenhang ist zweifelhaft; vielleicht sind sie nur ein Ausdruck von Furcht.Spitt Erregungsrufe, öfter mitdäh Elementen kombiniert (Abb. 1c), und leisesit Rufe (Abb. 1f), die Nahrungssuche charakterisieren, waren die hauptsächlichen Laute im Flug.Sisi Alarmrufe (Abb. 1b) unddäh-Rufe dominierten die Äußerungen, sobald sich die Vögel in einem Baum oder Busch befanden. Männchen schwiegen während der Phasen 1–3 häufiger als Weibchen.
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of 514 juvenile Willow Tits (Parus montanus) was recorded during four phases of the capture/ringing procedure: (1) when seized in the trap by hand, (2) when held in the hand, (3) during flight after release and (4) after perching in tree. During phase 1, 79% of the tits kept silent, while the remaining birds mostly gave distress calls (screamed or hissed). When held in the hand 67% kept silent, while 98% of the remainder uttered distress calls. The survival value of distress calls in this context seems dubious, they may merely express fear.Spitt alertness calls (often combined withtää-notes) andsit foraging calls were those most frequently given during flight.Sisi alarm andtää calls predominated after perching in tree. During phases 1–3 a larger proportion of the males kept silent than of the females.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polar biology 11 (1991), S. 233-238 
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We studied the thermoregulatory capacity of Antarctic Petrel chicks, Thalassoica antarctica, breeding in a large colony in Queen Maud Land (71°53′S,5°10′E) on the Antarctic continent. Compared to newly hatched chicks of other birds, those of the Antarctic Petrel are characterized by a relatively high standard metabolic rate (SMR) and thermal conductance. Their metabolic scope is limited, however, being only 1.6 times the SMR, and they consequently depend on parental brooding to maintain Tb. At an age of 11 days the chicks become thermally independent and are left alone in the nest. The chicks keep a relatively high body temperature (〉36°C) throughout their early development and we found no indication that they normally experience hypothermia. A significant positive relationship between latitude of breeding and SMR of the hatchlings is shown to exist for procellariiform birds. It is suggested that the high SMR found in Antarctic Petrel hatchlings could be a prerequisite for achieving a high growth rate, rather than being of any thermoregulatory significance.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 136 (1995), S. 279-283 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Population der Tannenmeise bei Klaebu, Mittelnorwegen, wurden mindestens 44 unterschiedliche Gesangstypen registriert. Einzelne Männchen sangen bis zu 14 Typen. Um die Beau-Geste-Hypothese (ein Sänger täuscht durch verschiedenen Gesangstypen die Anwesenheit mehrerer Individuen vor) zu testen, wurden folgende Annahmen geprüft: (1) Territoriale Männchen neigen dazu, ihren Gesangstyp zu ändern, wenn sie die Singwarte wechseln. (2) Die Tendenz, zwischen Gesangstypen zu wechseln, ist bei Männchen am größten, die während einer Gesangsphase mehr als eine Singwarte benutzen. (3) Territoriale Männchen benützen unauffällige Singwarten, um nicht so schnell von möglichen Eindringlingen oder reviersuchenden Artgenossen entdeckt zu werden. Die Analyse der Daten ergab jedoch für keine dieser Annahmen eine Bestätigung. Somit unterstützt das Verhalten singender Tannenmeisen die Hypothese nicht.
    Notes: Abstract At least 44 different song types were recorded in a population of Coal Tits at Klaebu in central Norway. Each male sang up to 14 different types. In testing the Beau Geste hypothesis the following predictions were made: (1) Territorial males tend to change song type when moving from one song post to another. (2) The tendency to change song type when moving from one song post to another increases with the distance between the song posts. (3) Territory holders prefer inconspicuous song posts that reduce the chances of being instantly detected by possible intruders and prospectors. However, none of these predictions were confirmed by the data analyses. The singing behaviour of the Coal Tit does therefore not support the Beau Geste hypothesis.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 156 (1986), S. 655-663 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The regulation of O2-consumption and body temperature, especially the occurrence and utilization of nocturnal hypothermia, was studied in three small-sized northern species of birds occupying different ecological niches. Being sympatric, the Willow titParus montanus, the Great titP. major and the Common redpollAcanthis flammea encounter the same environmental conditions during the winter-time, i.e. long nights, low ambient temperatures, a snow-cover, and the possibility of periods of food shortage. 2. When fed ad libitum, neither the Great tit nor the Common redpoll utilized nocturnal hypothermia. The Willow tit lowered the body temperature to a value which was significantly correlated with that of the ambient temperature. 3. During fasting experiments the evening body weights of the birds were depleted 10–20% below the normal value. In all three bird species the O2-consumption during the night was positively correlated to the body weight of the birds. Consequently, the depth of hypothermia achieved at thermal homeostasis was inversely correlated to body weight. 4. When energy reserves in terms of body weight, are less than normal, both Willow tit, Great tit and Common redpoll utilize nocturnal hypothermia in order to make the energy reserves last throughout the night. The reason why the latter two species, in contrast to the Willow tit, do not use nocturnal hypothermia under normal conditions, may be due to differences in body size and also feeding strategies.
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