Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I: Context and Design -- Chapter 1: Creating Attractions and Tolerating Inequity -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Processes Leading to Wealth and Health Clusters Around Heritage Sites -- 1.2.1 The Industrial Revolution, 1800-1960s: Building Wealth, Heritage Sites and Injustice -- 1.2.2 Erosion of the U.S. Manufacturing Base and Emergence of Leisure and Hospitality Industries: The 1960s-1980s -- 1.2.3 Redlining, Gentrification, and the Primacy of Economic Growth Beliefs -- 1.2.4 Social and Environmental Justice -- 1.3 Five Key Themes -- 1.4 This Volume -- References -- Chapter 2: Designing a Multiple-Scale and Multiple-Metric Data Analysis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Finding Heritage Attraction Sites -- 2.3 Finding and Using Data -- 2.3.1 Shapes for Collecting Data: The Census Tract Challenge -- 2.3.2 Selection of Metrics and Statistical Tools -- 2.3.3 Displaying the Data as Maps -- 2.4 Expanding the Search for Non-Heritage Attraction Cluster Sites -- References -- Part II: Case Studies -- Chapter 3: America's Forever Beautiful Heritage Attraction Sites: The U.S.'s Most Popular National Parks -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Data and Methods -- 3.2.1 Choosing National Park Sites -- 3.2.2 Choosing Metrics -- 3.3 Results -- 3.3.1 Comparisons Among the National Park Areas and Their Hosts -- 3.3.2 Associations Among the Environmental, Demographic, Public Health and Built Environment Metrics -- 3.4 National Parks and the Justice Challenge -- 3.4.1 Glacier National Park -- 3.4.2 Indiana Dunes National Park -- 3.5 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 4: Remnants of the Industrial Revolution: America's Historic Grand Concourses as Heritage Attractions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Data and Methods -- 4.3 Results -- 4.4 Grand Concourses and the Evolutions of their Cities. , 4.4.1 Group 1: The Grand Concourse -- 4.4.2 Group 2: The EJ-SJ Challenges of Five Midwest Industrial Revolution Cities -- 4.4.3 Group 3: Four Southern and Western Grand Avenues with Symbolic Advantages and Challenges -- 4.4.4 Group 4: Grand Concourses Remaining Grand -- 4.5 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5: Zoos as Endangered Attractions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Data and Methods -- 5.3 Results -- 5.4 Zoos: Responding to Multiple Challenges -- 5.4.1 Animal Rights -- 5.4.2 Zoos at the Intersection of Social and Environmental Justice -- 5.5 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 6: America' Iconic Urban Parks and the Gentrification Challenge -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Data and Methods -- 6.3 Results -- 6.4 Large Urban Parks at the Heart of a Balancing Act -- 6.4.1 Four Urban Parks in Industrial Cities -- 6.4.2 Western Cities -- 6.4.3 Five Major Parks in Four Symbolic Cities -- 6.5 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 7: Museums, the Building of Wealth Clusters and Soft Power -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Data and Methods -- 7.3 Results -- 7.4 The Tension Between Building Soft Power, Accumulation of Wealth, and Preserving Communities -- 7.4.1 Metropolitan Regions with Less than Five Million -- 7.4.2 Metropolitan Regions with More than Five Million -- 7.5 Discussion -- References -- Part III: Looking for Other Species of Heritage Sites and Better Solutions -- Chapter 8: Other Species of Heritage Sites: Commercial and Political Symbols -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Data and Methods -- 8.3 Results -- 8.4 Different Species of Attractions -- 8.4.1 Group 2 Attractions -- 8.4.2 Group 1 Attractions -- 8.5 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 9: Looking for Better Affordable Housing Solutions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The U.S. Federal Government's Housing Policies -- 9.3 Gentrification Is the Answer But What Is the Question?. , 9.4 Looking Around the Country for Evidence of Providing Affordable Housing and Including Heritage Attractions -- 9.5 Looking at the OECD Nations and Beyond -- 9.6 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 10: Epilogue: Summary and Looking Forward -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Summary -- 10.3 Looking Forward -- 10.3.1 Improved Monitoring Capacity -- 10.3.2 Coping with Low Probability: High Consequence Hazards and Cascading Effects -- 10.3.3 Demographic Change and Growing Disparities -- 10.3.4 Managing Increasing Uncertainty -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Preface -- Acknowldgements -- 1 Risk analysis: a start -- Part I Basics -- 2 Risk assessment -- 3 Risk management -- Part II Cases -- 4 Destroying chemical weapons -- 5 Environmental justice -- 6 Critical passenger rail infrastructure -- 7 Fresh water, land use, and global climate change -- 8 Biological terrorism -- Part III Supplements -- 9 Risk analysis and disaster science fiction -- 10 Risk analysis online and on paper -- 11 Externally imposed challenges for risk analysis -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- Preface to Series -- Introduction -- Contributors -- 1. Theoretical Modeling of Radiation-Induced DNA Damage -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. DIRECT EFFECT OF IONIZING RADIATION IN RADICAL ION FORMATION -- 1.2.1. Ionization Potential of DNA Bases and Base Pairs -- 1.2.2. Acid and Base Properties of Ionized DNA Bases and Base Pairs -- 1.2.3. Gase-Phase Electron Affinities of DNA Bases and Base Pairs -- 1.2.4. Role of Excited States in LEE-Induced Strand Break Formation -- 1.3. FORMATION OF SUGAR RADICALS VIA PHOTOEXCITATION OF ONE-ELECTRON OXIDIZED NUCLEOSIDES AND OLIGOMERS -- 1.4. RADICALS AND TAUTOMERS OF DEPROTONATED GUANINE RADICAL CATION (G*+ ) -- 1.5. NATURE OF HOLE DELOCALIZATION IN ADENINE STACKS: THE DIMER RADICAL CATION (A2)*+ -- 1.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2. Radical Reaction Pathways Initiated by Direct Energy Deposition in DNA by Ionizing Radiation -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. RADICAL CATIONS -- 2.2.1. Initial Distribution -- 2.2.2. Purines -- 2.2.3. Pyrimidines -- 2.2.4. Deoxyribose-Phosphate Backbone -- 2.3. RADICAL ANIONS -- 2.3.1. Initial Distribution -- 2.3.2. Pyrimidines -- 2.4. RADICAL MOBILITY, COMBINATION REACTIONS, AND TRAPPING -- 2.4.1. DNA Is an Insulator -- 2.4.2. Reactions that Compete with Hole Transfer -- 2.4.3. Reactions that Compete with Excess Electron Transfer -- 2.4.4. Summary on Radical Mobility -- 2.5. REACTIONS STEMMING FROM NONTRAPPABLE RADICALS -- 2.5.1. Strand Breaks -- 2.5.2. Base Damage -- 2.6. FUTURE PROSPECTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3. Chemical Reactions of the Radical Cations of Nucleobases in Isolated and Cellular DNA. Formation of Single-Base Lesions -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. ONE-ELECTRON OXIDATION REACTIONS OF NORMAL PYRIMIDINE AND PURINE BASES IN MODEL COMPOUNDS AND ISOLATED DNA -- 3.2.1. Thymine. , 3.2.2. Cytosine -- 3.2.3. 5-Methylcytosine -- 3.2.4. Guanine -- 3.2.5. Adenine -- 3.3. ONE-ELECTRON OXIDATION REACTIONS OF OXIDIZED PYRIMIDINE AND PURINE DNA BASES -- 3.3.1. Hydroxypyrimidines: 5-Hydroxyuracil and 5-Hydroxycytosine -- 3.3.2. 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine -- 3.4. ONE-ELECTRON OXIDATION REACTIONS OF CELLULAR DNA -- 3.4.1. Primary Oxidation Pathways -- 3.4.2. Secondary Oxidation Reaction of 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine -- 3.5. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 4. Reactivity of Nucleic Acid Sugar Radicals -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. OXIDATION OF THE C1' POSITION -- 4.2.1. Structural and Chemical Properties of CI' Radicals -- 4.2.2. Synthesis and Fate of the 2-Ribonolactone Lesion -- 4.3. OXIDATION OF THE C2' POSITION -- 4.3.1. Model Studies -- 4.3.2. Synthesis and Fate of the Erythrose Abasic Site -- 4.3.3. Ribo-Nucleosides -- 4.4. OXIDATION OF THE C3' POSITION -- 4.4.1. Model Studies -- 4.4.2. Ribo-Nucleosides -- 4.5. OXIDATION OF THE C4' POSITION -- 4.5.1. Model Studies -- 4.5.2. Synthesis and Fate of the 2-Deoxypentos-4-ulose Lesion -- 4.5.3. Ribo-Nucleotides -- 4.6. OXIDATION OF THE C5' POSITION -- 4.6.1. Model Studies -- 4.6.2. Biochemical Features of 5',8-Cyclopurine Lesions -- 4.6.3. The 5'-Aldehyde Terminus and Other Oxidation Lesions -- 4.7. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5. Pyrimidine Nucleobase Radical Reactivity -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.1.1. DNA Damage by 7-Radiolysis -- 5.1.2. Nucleobase-Centered Reactive Intermediates Resulting from Addition to Double Bonds -- 5.1.3. Nucleotide Methyl Radicals Resulting from Formal Hydrogen Atom Abstraction from C5-Pyrimidine Methyl Groups -- 5.1.4. Tandem Lesion Formation from 5-(2'-Deoxyuridinyl)methyl (28) and 5-(2'-Deoxycytidinyl)methyI Radicals (29) -- 5.1.5. Interstrand Cross-Link Formation from 5-(2'-Deoxyuridinyl)methyl (28) and 5-(2'-Deoxycytidinyl)methyl Radicals (29). , 5.2. FORMAL TANDEM LESION FORMATION FROM NUCLEOBASE σ-RADICALS -- 5.3. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 6. Reactivity of 5-Halopyrimidines in Nucleic Acids -- 6.1. ELUCIDATION OF DNA STRUCTURE USING THE 5-HALOURACIL PHOTOREACTION -- 6.1.1. H Abstraction in B-Form DNA -- 6.1.2. Photoreaction of 5-Halouracil in A-Form DNA -- 6.1.3. Photoreaction of 5-Halouracil in Z-Form DNA -- 6.1.4. Photoreaction of 5-Halouracil in Bent DNA -- 6.1.5. Photoreaction of 5-Halouracil in G Quadruplexes -- 6.1.6. Summary of DNA Structure-Dependent Photoreaction of 5-Halouracil -- 6.2. PHOTOREACTION OF 5-HALOURACIL FOR DETECTION OF DNA-MEDIATED ELECTRON TRANSFER -- 6.2.1. Electron Transfer in B-DNA -- 6.2.2. Electron Transfer in Z-DNA -- 6.2.3. Electron Transfer Between Protein and DNA -- 6.2.4. Photoreactivity of ᴵU -- 6.3. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7. Kinetics of Long-Range Oxidative Electron Transfer Through DNA -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. DIRECT OBSERVATION OF LONG-RANGE OXIDATIVE ELECTRON TRANSFER -- 7.2.1. Hole Injection -- 7.2.2. Observation of Long-range Hole Transfer -- 7.3. SEQUENCE DEPENDENCE OF OXIDATIVE ELECTRON TRANSFER -- 7.3.1. Intervening Sequences Between Gs -- 7.3.2. Distance Between Gs -- 7.3.3. GC Repeat Sequences -- 7.4. KINETIC SNP DISCRIMINATION BASED ON OXIDATIVE ELECTRON TRANSFER -- 7.4.1. Sequence Design -- 7.4.2. GT and GA Mismatches -- 7.4.3. AA, TT, and AC Mismatches -- 7.4.4. Kinetic SNP Typing -- 7.5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8. Radical Intermediates During Reductive Electron Transfer Through DNA -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. γ-PULSE RADIOLYSIS STUDIES -- 8.3. PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSAY FOR REDUCTIVE ELECTRON TRANSFER AND CHEMICAL TRAPPING -- 8.4. SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF PHOTOINDUCED REDUCTIVE ELECTRON TRANSFER IN DNA. , 8.5. TOWARD DNA DEVICES FOR MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS: IS M-DNA AN OPTION? -- 8.6. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9. Low-Energy Electron Interaction with DNA: Bond Dissociation and Formation of Transient Anions, Radicals, and Radical Anions -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- 9.2.1. Deposition of Thin DNA Films -- 9.2.2. Electron Bombardment -- 9.2.3. Electron-Stimulated Desorption (ESD) of Ions and Neutral Species -- 9.2.4. Analysis by Electrophoresis and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 9.2.5. Analysis by Scanning Probe Microscopies -- 9.3. EX VACUO ANALYSIS OF DNA DAMAGE -- 9.3.1. Plasmid DNA -- 9.3.2. Small Oligonucleotides -- 9.3.3. Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAM) of DNA -- 9.4. ELECTRON-STIMULATED DESORPTION (ESD) OF ANION RADICALS FROM DNA FILMS -- 9.4.1. Plasmid and Linear DNA -- 9.4.2. SAM of DNA -- 9.4.3. The Oligonucleotide GCAT and Its Abasic Forms -- 9.5. ESD OF NEUTRAL RADICALS FROM SHORT DNA STRANDS -- 9.6. FUTURE TRENDS AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS -- 9.6.1. Cellular DNA -- 9.6.2. Application to Diagnostic Procedures -- 9.6.3. Application to Radiotherapy: Bromouracil (BrU) -- 9.6.4. Application to Radiotherapy: Gold Nanoparticles (GNP) -- 9.7. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10. Electronic-Affinic Radiosensitizers -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. TYPICAL ELECTRON-AFFINIC RADIOSENSITIZERS -- 10.2.1. Classes of Electron-Affinic Radiosensitizers -- 10.2.2. The Electron-Affinity Scale -- 10.2.3. Reduction Potentials of Typical Radiosensitizers -- 10.2.4. Typical Biological Effects of Electron-Affin ic Radiosensitizers in Mammalian Cells and Tissues -- 10.2.5. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships Between Chemical Properties and Biological Efffects -- 10.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF RADICALS FROM ELECTRON-AFFINIC RADIOSENSITIZERS. , 10.3.1. Formation of Sensitizer Radicals in Model Systems -- 10.3.2. Spectral Properties of Sensitizer Radicals, Their Protonated Conjugates, and Radical-Adducts -- 10.3.3. Factors Influencing the Dissociation of Radiosensitizer Radical-Adducts to Form Radical-Anions -- 10.4. REACTIONS OF RADIOSENSITIZERS WITH DNA RADICALS -- 10.4.1. Reducing Radicals from Pyrimidines and Purines -- 10.4.2. Formation of Radical-Adducts Between Nitroarenes and Pyrimidine 6-yl Radicals -- 10.4.3. Fate of Radical-Adducts of Nitroarenes in Polynucleosides and Polynucleotides -- 10.4.4. Reactions of Sugar Radicals with Electron-Affinic Radiosensitizers -- 10.5. RADIOSENSITIZATION BY NITRIC OXIDE: A POINTER TO THE IMPORTANCE OF ADDUCTS IN RADIOSENSITIZATION -- 10.5.1. Efficiency of Radiosensitization by Nitric Oxide -- 10.5.2. Radical-Addition Reactions of Nitric Oxide -- 10.5.3. Mechanism of Radiosensitization by Nitric Oxide -- 10.6. EFFECTS OF ELECTRON-AFFINIC RADIOSENSITIZERS ON DNA DAMAGE IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS -- 10.6.1. The Need to Switch Paradigms -- 10.6.2. Differing Effects of Nitroarene Radiosensitizers in Model Systems and in Mammalian cells -- 10.7. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 11. Reactions of Reactive Nitrogen Species and Carbonate Radical Anions with DNA -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION -- 11.2. SITE-SELECTIVE OXIDATION OF GUANINE BASES IN DNA BY CARBONATE RADICAL ANIONS -- 11.3. INTRASTRAND CROSS-LINKS BETWEEN G AND T BASES GENERATED BY CARBONATE RADICAL ANIONS -- 11.3.1. Comparisons with Intrastrand Cross-Links Generated by *OH Radicals -- 11.4. END PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM THE REACTIONS OF CARBONATE RADICAL ANIONS WITH GUANINE RADICALS -- 11.5. COMBINATION OF GUANINE RADICALS AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE RADICALS GENERATES NITRATION PRODUCTS -- 11.6. THE ROLE OF SUPEROXIDE AND PEROXYL RADICALS IN THE GENERATION OF GUANINE LESIONS. , 11.7. BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: A Quick Walk through a Framework of Six Environmental Policy Criteria -- Part I: Six Policy Analysis Criteria: Themes, Theories, Tales, and Tasks -- Chapter 1: The Reaction of Elected Officials and Staff Criterion: The Brownfields Redevelopment Policy -- Chapter 2: The Reaction of Nongovernment Stakeholder Groups Criterion: Environmental Cancer and Cancer Clusters -- Chapter 3: Scientist Stakeholder Criterion: Gasoline Additives -- Chapter 4: Economic Criterion: Costs of Environmental Management -- Chapter 5: Ethics Criterion: International Trade in Pesticides and Genetically Modified Crops -- Chapter 6: Time and Flexibility Criterion: Nuclear Power Revisited -- Part II: Policy Analysis Tools -- Chapter 7: Policy Measurement and Assessment Tools -- Chapter 8: Decision-Making and Communication Tools -- References -- Index -- About the Author.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- CHAPTER ONE: Introduction -- Key Findings of the Blue Ribbon Commission -- The Concept: A Federal Corporation for Waste Management -- Study Objectives and Approach -- CHAPTER TWO: Learning Lessons from the Past -- Assessment of the Prior Organizational Design -- Governance and Leadership -- Funding and Budget Control -- Siting Process -- Federal Procurement and Personnel Policies -- Public Trust -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER THREE: Exploring Potential Organizational Models -- Comparison of Organizational Models -- Federal Government Corporation -- Federally Chartered Private Corporation -- Independent Government Agency -- Differences and Similarities of the Organizational Models -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER FOUR: Matching Organizational Models to Critical Organizational Attributes -- Mission and Responsibilities -- Core Responsibilities -- Management and Support Responsibilities -- Performance Goals -- Critical Organizational Attributes -- Structural and Procedural Features and Analysis of Organizational Models -- Discriminating Among Organizational Models -- CHAPTER FIVE: Designing a New Management Disposition Organization -- Policymakers' Choices -- Step 1: The President's Role -- Step 2: Congress's Role -- Step 3: MDO Funding -- Step 4: Other Organizational Features -- Considerations Related to Choice of Organizational Form -- Government Responsibility for Catastrophic Risk -- Evolution of the MDO as Its Roles Change Over Time -- Making the Choices -- APPENDIXES -- A. Comparison of the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Bonneville Power Administration -- B. Summary of Organizational Characteristics of Canadian and Swedish MDOs -- C. List of Mixed-Ownership Government Corporations and Wholly Owned Government Corporations. , References.