Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- Dispersed Sedimentary Matter of the Atmosphere -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Aerosols -- 2.2 Long-Range Transport of Air Masses and Aerosols -- 2.3 Insoluble Particles in Snow Cover -- 2.4 Lichens -- 2.5 Lake Bottom Sediments -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Aerosols -- 3.1.1 Quantitative Distribution of Aerosols -- 3.1.2 Granulometric Composition of Aerosols -- 3.1.3 Material Composition of Aerosols According to Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 3.1.4 Mineral Composition -- 3.1.5 Aerosol Chemical Composition -- 3.1.6 Long-Range Transport and Atmospheric Aerosols to the White Sea Region -- 3.1.7 Aerosol Fluxes -- 3.2 Aeolian Matter in Natural Archives -- 3.2.1 Study of Snow Cover -- 3.2.2 Studies of Lichens -- 3.2.3 Studies of Lake-Bottom Sediments -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- The Geochemical Features of the River Discharge to the White Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Information About the Rivers of the White Sea Basin -- 2.1 Water Discharge -- 2.2 Sediment Discharge -- 3 Dissolved Chemical Elements -- 3.1 Major Elements -- 3.2 Organic Carbon -- 3.3 Biogenic Elements (N, P, and Si) -- 3.4 Trace Elements -- 3.4.1 Concentration of Trace Elements -- 3.4.2 Organic Carbon Control on Trace Element Concentration -- 3.4.3 Relationships Between Colloidal and ``Truly´´ Dissolved Pools -- 3.4.4 ``Truly´´ Dissolved and Colloidal Form Fluxes -- 4 River Suspended Matter and Its Chemical Composition -- 4.1 Grain-Size Distribution in River Suspended Matter -- 4.2 Chemical Composition of the Severnaya Dvina SPM -- 4.2.1 Major and Trace Elements in SPM -- 4.2.2 The Forms of Elements in the Severnaya Dvina SPM. , 5 Relationships Between the Dissolved and Suspended Elements in River Discharge -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- The Mixing Zone Between Waters of the Severnaya Dvina River and the White Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dissolved Elements in the MF Zone -- 2.1 Major Elements -- 2.2 Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) -- 2.3 Nutrients in the MF Zone -- 2.4 Dissolved Trace Elements -- 2.4.1 Iron -- 2.4.2 Manganese -- 2.4.3 Copper, Zinc, Nickel, and Other Trace Elements -- 3 Suspended Elements in the MF Zone -- 3.1 Distribution of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) -- 3.2 Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) -- 3.3 Suspended Trace Elements -- 4 Net Fluxes of Chemical Elements to the White Sea -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Hydrochemistry and Production-Destruction Processes in the White Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Organic Matter of the White Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 The Spatial-Temporal Distribution of the Organi Matter -- 4 The Rates of Organic Matter Transformation and Regeneration of Nutrients -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Trace Elements in Water and Suspended Matter in the Open Part of the White Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sampling and Analyses -- 3 Dissolved Metals -- 4 Chemical Composition of Suspended Particulate Matter -- 5 Relations Between Dissolved and Suspended Forms of Element in the White Sea Water -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Phytoplankton of the White Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Species Composition of the Algae of the White Sea -- 3 Annual Phytoplankton Cycle -- 4 Temporal and Spatial Variability of the White Sea Phytoplankton -- 5 Vertical Fluxes of Phytoplankton -- References -- Zooplankton of the White Sea: Communities´ Structure, Seasonal Dynamics, Spatial Distribution, and Ecology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods. , 3 Environmental Conditions -- 4 Zooplankton Species Composition -- 5 Zoogeographical Composition of Zooplankton -- 6 Ecological Assemblages and Life Cycle Traits of Dominant Species -- 7 Phenology and Seasonal Dynamics of Zooplankton Abundance and Biomass in the Coastal Regions of the White Sea -- 8 Composition of Zooplankton and Seasonal Variation of Vertical Distribution of Key Species in Deep Regions of the White Sea -- 9 Seasonal Migrations of the Overall Zooplankton Stock -- 10 Winter Zooplankton Communities of the White Sea -- 11 Spatial Distribution of Zooplankton -- 12 Interannual Variations in Abundance and Productivity of Zooplankton -- 13 Contribution of Zooplankton to the Vertical Carbon Flux -- 14 Conclusions -- References -- Trace Elements in Total Plankton of the White Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Main Constituents of Studied Specimens of Total Plankton in the White Sea -- 4 Trace Element Concentrations in Zooplankton of the White Sea -- 5 Spatial Distribution of Trace Metals in Zooplankton in the Different Areas of the White Sea -- 6 Organic Carbon Distribution in Plankton of the White Sea -- 7 Biological Concentration Factors and Enrichment Coefficients -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Organic Compounds in the Snow-Ice Cover of the White Sea -- 1 The Behavior of Oil in the Presence of Snow-Ice Cover -- 2 The Behavior of Organic Compounds in Various Regions of the White Sea in the Presence of Snow-Ice Cover -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sampling and Analyses -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Snow -- 2.3.2 Ice -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.