Note: Förderkennzeichen BMWi 50EE1117. - Verbund-Nummer 01105065 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Zusammenfassungen in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Contents -- Authors and Reviewers -- Acronym -- Part I Introduction to Remote Sensing of the African Seas -- Chapter 1 The African Marginal and Enclosed Seas: An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Atlantic Ocean African Waters -- 1.3 Indian Ocean African Waters -- 1.4 Mediterranean Sea -- 1.5 Red Sea -- 1.6 Rift Valley Lakes -- 1.7 Outlook -- Bibliography -- Introduction, General -- Atlantic Ocean, Canary Current -- Atlantic Ocean, Guinea Current, Angola Current -- Atlantic Ocean, Benguela Current -- Indian Ocean, Monsoon Currents, Somali Current -- Indian Ocean, South Equatorial Current, East African Coastal Current -- Indian Ocean, Mozambique Channel -- Indian Ocean, Agulhas Current, Agulhas Return Current -- Mediterranean Sea -- Red Sea -- Outlook -- Chapter 2 Satellite Water Colour Observations in African Seas -- 2.1 Satellite Ocean Colour Data -- 2.2 Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurements from Satellites -- 2.3 Detection of Blooms and Vegetation Using MCI -- 2.4 Data Availability for Regional Studies -- 2.5 African Ocean and Coastal Chlorophyll -- 2.6 Trichodesmium in the Red Sea -- 2.7 Trichodesmium Off Zanzibar -- 2.8 Trichodesmium Blooms Southwest of Madagascar -- 2.9 Coastal Blooms Off South Africa -- 2.10 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing and Sea Surface Temperature of Marine and Coastal Waters Around Africa -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sensors and Data Repositories -- 3.3 Characterizing Water Masses Around Africa -- 3.4 Upwelling Dynamics -- 3.5 Applications to Fisheries & -- Marine Resources Management -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Remote Sensing of African Coastal Waters Using Active Microwaves Instrument -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Scatterometer -- 4.2.1 Tropical Cyclone -- 4.2.2 Wind Front -- 4.3 Synthetic Aperture Radar. , 4.3.1 Atmospheric Phenomena -- 4.3.1.1 Atmospheric Gravity Waves -- 4.3.1.2 Coastal Wind Jet -- 4.3.2 Oceanic Phenomena -- 4.3.2.1 Oceanic Internal Waves -- 4.3.2.2 Biogenic Surface Films -- 4.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Part II Western Africa Near-Coastal Waters -- Chapter 5 Mesoscale Dynamics in the Canary Islands Area as Observed Through Complementary Remote Sensing Techniques -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Remote Sensing Data and Mesoscale Variability -- 5.2.1 Sampling Properties of Remote Sensors -- 5.2.2 Properties of Retrieved Geophysical Parameters -- 5.3 Mesoscale Variability in the Canary Islands Area -- 5.3.1 Annual and Seasonal Characteristics of Mesoscale Activity -- 5.3.2 Observations of Mesoscale Features -- 5.3.2.1 Description of Variability in the Canary Islands Area -- 5.3.2.2 Eddies and Cross Shelf Transport -- 5.3.2.3 Eddy--Eddy Interactions -- 5.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6 Impacts of Saharan Dust on the Marine Environment in the Area off Northwest Africa -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.2.1 Methods in Relation to Dust Impact on Phytoplankton -- 6.2.2 Methods in Relation to Dust Impact on PAR -- 6.2.2.1 Optical Model Description -- 6.2.2.2 Optical Model Input -- 6.2.3 Methods in Relation to Dust Impact on Satellite Wind speed -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Dust Impact on Phytoplankton -- 6.3.2 Dust Impact on PAR -- 6.3.3 Dust Impact on Satellite Derived Ocean Surface Wind Speed -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Water Constituents Assessment at the Sassandra River Mouth (Côte d'Ivoire): An Outline Based on Remote Sensing Reflectances -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Why Apparent rather than Inherent Optical Properties? -- 7.2.2 Why did we choose Rrs at 443, 555 and 670nm?. , 7.2.3 How did we Compute the Percent Contribution to the Total Reflectance of each major Constituent from Rrs (443, 555, 670nm)? -- 7.3 Seasonal Variability of Seawater Constituents -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Oil Pollution in Coastal Waters of Nigeria -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Niger Delta and Offshore: Environmental Issues -- 8.3 Major Oil Spill Incidents in Nigeria -- 8.4 The Bonga Oil Spill Case Study -- 8.5 Main Regions of Oil Pollution -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 The Upwelling Area Off Namibia, the Northern Part of the Benguela Current System -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Upwelling Area Off Namibia -- 9.3 Remote Sensing Methods -- 9.4 Bio-Optical Characterisation of the Area -- 9.5 Applications -- 9.5.1 Upwelling and Biological Response -- 9.5.2 Coccolithophore Blooms -- 9.5.3 Occurrence of Sulphur Plumes -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Ocean Colour Remote Sensing of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Benguela System -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Aims of Ocean Colour Application to Harmful Algal Blooms -- 10.3 Methods: Bio-Optical Data and Algorithms -- 10.4 Case Studies: Application to Bloom Types -- 10.4.1 Transitions Between Dominant Species Detected Through Changes in Effective Diameter Using the EAP Algorithm -- 10.4.2 Use of Fluorescence and an Assessment of Pigment Detection Using Hyperspectral and Multispectral Radiometry Using the EAP Algorithm and Spectral Flags -- 10.4.3 Tracking the Development of a Ceratium Balechii Bloom and Consequent Anoxia Using the MPH Algorithm -- 10.5 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11 Satellite Observations of Oceanic Eddies Around Africa -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sunglint Images -- 11.3 Synthetic Aperture Radar Images -- 11.4 Infrared and Optical Images -- 11.5 A Case Study -- 11.5.1 Wind History -- 11.5.2 Ocean Circulation. , 11.5.3 Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll-a Maps -- 11.5.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar Image -- 11.6 Discussion and Summary -- References -- Part III Eastern Africa Near-Coastal Waters -- Chapter 12 Observing the Agulhas Current With Sea Surface Temperature and Altimetry Data: Challenges and Perspectives -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Data -- 12.3 Some Challenges of SST and Altimetry Observations in the Agulhas Current Region -- 12.4 Combining SSH and SST Observations to Better Resolve the Circulation of the Northern Agulhas Current -- 12.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 13 Use of SAR data to Monitor the Greater Agulhas Current -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Retrieving Surface Velocities from ASAR -- 13.3 Intercomparison and Assessment -- 13.3.1 Surface drifter data -- 13.3.2 Altimetry and Mean Dynamic Topography -- 13.3.3 Sea Surface Temperature Field -- 13.3.4 Ocean Model Field -- 13.4 Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- Chapter 14 Internal Solitary Waves System in the Mozambique Channel -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Oceanic ISWs -- 14.2.1 Introduction -- 14.2.2 SAR Evidence of ISWs -- 14.2.3 Tidal Forcing -- 14.3 Mode 2 ISWs -- 14.3.1 Introduction -- 14.3.2 SAR Observations of Mode 2 ISWs -- 14.3.3 Comparison of Average Propagation Speeds with Theory -- 14.4 Eddy-Like Structures and IW Refraction -- 14.5 AGWs in the MC and Oceanic ISW Look-Alikes -- 14.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 15 Ship Surveillance with High Resolution TerraSAR-X Satellite in African Waters -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Ship Surveillance in African Waters -- 15.3 TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X Satellites -- 15.4 Ship Surveillance with Synthetic Aperture Radar -- 15.4.1 Automatic Identification System, Terrestrial and Satellite AIS -- 15.4.2 Automatic Identification System, Case Study`MV Sirius Star' -- 15.5 Ship surveillance with TerraSAR-X. , 15.5.1 Ships and Wakes in SAR images -- 15.5.2 TerraSAR-X Ship Detection Method -- 15.5.3 Error Analysis of CFAR Algorithm with TerraSAR-X -- 15.5.4 Possible Error Sources in Ship Detection -- 15.5.5 Ship Velocity Estimation on TerraSAR-X Complex data -- 15.5.6 Ship Velocity Estimation on TerraSAR-X (ATI) data -- 15.6 Meteo-Marine Parameters -- 15.6.1 Wind -- 15.6.2 Sea state -- 15.6.3 Surface Current obtained from TerraSAR-X Dual Receive Antenna Mode -- 15.7 Summary -- References -- Part IV Marginal and Enclosed Water Bodies -- Chapter 16 Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs and Their Environments in the Red Sea and Western Indian Ocean: Research and Management -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Direct Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs -- 16.2.1 Geomorphology -- 16.2.2 Bathymetry -- 16.2.3 Benthic Communities -- 16.2.4 Processes and Functional Studies -- 16.3 Indirect Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs -- 16.4 Remote Sensing for Management and Coral Reef Conservation -- 16.5 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 17 Basic Ecosystem Dynamics in the Red Sea as Seen by Sundry Remote Sensing Techniques -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 SeaWiFS and QuikSCAT Historial Data Record -- 17.3 Climatological chl Field and Inter-annual Variability -- 17.4 Seasonal Patterns and chl-ws Correlation -- 17.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18 Eddies in the Red Sea as seen by Satellite SAR Imagery -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Data and Methods -- 18.3 Sub-mesoscale Eddies -- 18.3.1 Spatial Scale -- 18.3.2 Spatial Distribution -- 18.4 Mesoscale Eddies -- 18.4.1 Basin-Scale Eddies -- 18.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19 Satellite Surveys of Lagoon and Coastal Waters in the Southeastern Mediterranean Area -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Lagoon and Coastal Waters of Northeastern Africa -- 19.2.1 Key Features of the Egyptian Coastal Lagoons. , 19.2.2 Environmental Problems of the Egyptian Coastal Lagoons.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Authors and Reviewers -- About the Editors -- Acronyms -- Introduction to Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas -- 1 The Asian Marginal and Enclosed Seas: An Overview -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Arctic Ocean Marginal Basins -- 3 Pacific Ocean Marginal Basins -- 4 Indian Ocean Marginal Basins -- 5 Enclosed Asian Basins -- 6 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Introduction, General -- Arctic Ocean Basins -- Pacific Ocean Basins -- Indian Ocean Basins -- Enclosed Basins -- Summary & -- Outlook -- 2 A Historical Overview of Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Early Days: U.S. and Soviet Missions -- 3 All-Inclusive: The Early European Satellite Missions -- 4 Recent Asian Satellite Missions -- 4.1 Japan -- 4.2 India -- 4.3 China -- 4.4 South Korea -- 5 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 An Introduction to Optical Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas: Chinese Dedicated Satellites and Data Processing Techniques -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chinese Ocean Colour Satellites -- 3 Chinese Ocean Colour Satellites: Data Processing -- 3.1 Radiative Transfer Model -- 3.2 In-Orbit Estimation of the Polarization Response Factor -- 3.3 Atmospheric Correction Algorithm -- 4 Atmospheric Correction in Turbid Waters Along the Chinese Coastal Regions -- 5 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 An Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radiometer -- 3 Altimeter -- 4 Scatterometer -- 5 Synthetic Aperture Radar -- 6 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Arctic Ocean Marginal Basins -- 5 Sea-Ice Parameters from Satellite Remote Sensing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sea-Ice Concentration -- 3 Polynyas and Fast Ice. , 3.1 Remote Sensing of Arctic Polynyas -- 3.2 Remote Sensing of Fast Ice -- 4 Sea-Ice Thickness -- 5 Summary -- References -- 6 Ocean Colour Remote Sensing in the Laptev Sea -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 In Situ Hydrography and Biogeochemistry -- 2.2 Satellite Data Processing and Analyses -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Surface Biogeochemistry from Optical Measurements -- 3.2 Laptev Sea Hydrography and Lena River Terrestrial Input -- 3.3 Evaluation of Satellite-Derived Chl-a, SPM and CDOM -- 3.4 Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Turbidity and SST -- 4 Discussion and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Ship Traffic in the Asian Arctic Seas -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sea Ice Cover -- 3 Shipping Statistics from AIS -- 3.1 The AIS Data -- 3.2 Ship Traffic Spatial Distribution -- 3.3 Ship Traffic Per Flag State -- 3.4 Ship Traffic Evolution -- 4 Ship Presence from Satellite Imaging -- 4.1 Ship Detection in Arctic Waters -- 4.2 Correlation Between Reporting Ships and SAR-Detected Ships -- 4.3 Ship Movements Through Sea Ice -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Pacific Ocean Marginal Basins -- 8 The Sea of Okhotsk: Scientific Applications of Remote Sensing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Circulation and Productivity -- 3 Internal Waves -- 4 Sea Ice -- 5 Weather Systems with Strong Wind -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Phytoplankton and Primary Production in the Japan Sea -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Seasonal Variation of Chl-a and Spring Bloom -- 3 Primary Production -- 4 Long-Term Trends of Chl-a and Primary Production -- 5 Influence of Mesoscale Eddies -- 6 Influence of Typhoon -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Complementary Remote Sensing Observations of the Tsushima Warm Current Patterns -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Surface Velocity Field Observed by HF Ocean Radars -- 3 Sea Surface Dynamic Height Observations -- 3.1 SSDH by Satellite Altimeters -- 3.2 SSDH by Global Navigation Satellite System -- 4 Summary and Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Remote Sensing of the Kuroshio Current System -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Observation Using Satellite Altimeters -- 2.1 Retrieval of the Missing Mean SSDH -- 2.2 Independent Kuroshio Indices with High Resolutions -- 3 Observations Using HF Ocean Radar Systems -- 3.1 Combination with Satellite Altimeters -- 3.2 Surface Velocity Field with Higher Resolutions -- 4 Summary and Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Remote Sensing of Korean Tidal Flats -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Korean Tidal Flats -- 3 Intertidal DEM Generation -- 4 Tidal Flats Surface Mapping -- 5 Bio Facies Mapping -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 13 SAR Remote Sensing of Intertidal Flats in Korea -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Setting of Jebu Island -- 3 Polarimetric SAR Signatures of Oyster Reefs -- 3.1 Multiple-Diffused Scattering and Depolarization -- 3.2 Radar Backscattering Model Simulation and Ground-Based Scatterometer Measurements -- 4 SAR Signatures of Groundwater Discharge in Intertidal Flats -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Remote Sensing for Improved Forecast of Typhoons -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Predicting Rainfall of a Typhoon by Assimilating GPS-Derived Zenith Total Delay Combined with Doppler Radar -- 3 Interactions Among Two Typhoons-A New Aspect of Fujiwhara Effect -- 3.1 Fujiwhara Effect -- 3.2 Satellite Images and Methodology -- 3.3 Interactions Among Two Typhoons Without Tropical Depression -- 3.4 Interactions Between Two Typhoons with Two Tropical Depressions -- 4 Atmospheric Gravity Waves During the Occurrence of Asymmetric Tropical Cyclones. , 5 Oceanic Surface Wind Measurement for Typhoon Simulations and Predictions -- 5.1 Scatterometer -- 5.2 Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Mapping of Sea Surface Wind and Current Fields in the China Seas Using X-Band Spaceborne SAR -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Derivation of the Sea Surface Wind Field Using TSX and TDX Data -- 2.1 The X-Band GMF XMOD2 -- 2.2 Examples of Mapping Coastal Sea Surface Wind in the Bohai Sea -- 3 Derivation of Sea Surface Current Field Using TSX and TDX Data -- 3.1 Methodology -- 3.2 Examples of Mapping Coastal Tidal Current Field Using SAR Constellation Data -- 4 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Retrieval of Winds and Waves from Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data -- 2.1 Description of X-Band TS-X/TD-X Image -- 2.2 Description of C-Band S-1 Image -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Scheme of Wave Retrieval Algorithm PFSM -- 3.2 Scheme of Wave Retrieval Algorithm PFSM -- 3.3 Empirical Algorithm for Wave Retrieval at C-Band SAR -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Validation of the New GMF C-SARMOD -- 4.2 Validation of Algorithm PFSM -- 4.3 Validation of the Empirical Algorithm CSAR_WAVE -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Ocean Colour Remote Sensing in Chinese Marginal Seas -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diurnal Dynamic Observations by Geostationary Ocean Colour Satellite -- 3 Satellite Observations of River Plumes -- 4 Satellite Monitoring of Typhoon Influences on Marine Environment -- 5 Satellite Retrieval of Marine Carbon Parameters -- 6 Summary and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 Observing Sea Levels in the China Seas from Satellite Altimetry -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Why Is Satellite Altimetry Important for Tackling Sea Level Changes in China? -- 3 Ocean Tides. , 4 Seasonal Sea Level Variability -- 4.1 Spatial Variability -- 4.2 Temporal Variability -- 5 Mean Sea Level -- 5.1 Trends -- 5.2 Inter-annual Variability -- 5.3 Association with Climate Variability -- 6 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Indian Ocean Marginal Basins -- 19 Using SAR Data for an Assessment of the Indonesian Coastal Environment -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 SAR Image Examples and Regions of Interest -- 3 SAR Image Analyses -- 4 Numerical Modelling -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 20 Remote Sensing of Coastal Discharge of SE Sumatra (Indonesia) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area, Methods and Methodology -- 3 Bio-optical Characterisation of Coastal Discharge -- 4 Coastal Transport Processes Caused by Tides and Monsoon -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 21 Using WorldView-2 Imagery to Estimate Mangroves Density in the Porong Estuary -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Conditions of the Porong Estuary -- 3 Image Processing Methods -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 22 Internal Waves in the Andaman Sea -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basics -- 2.1 The Andaman Sea -- 2.2 Internal Waves -- 2.3 SAR Imaging Mechanism of Internal Waves -- 3 Satellite Remote Sensing of Internal Waves -- 3.1 SAR Images of Internal Waves in the Andaman Sea -- 3.2 Optical Image of an Internal Wave Packet in the Andaman Sea -- 4 Dynamical Processes of Internal Waves -- 4.1 Interaction of Internal Solitary Waves -- 4.2 Interaction of Internal Solitary Waves with the Dreadnaught Bank -- 4.3 Shoaling of Internal Waves in the Shelf Region of the Malay Peninsula -- 5 Outlook -- References -- 23 Remote Sensing Observations of Ocean Surface Chlorophyll and Its Controlling Parameters in Southern Peninsula Indian Waters. , Abstract.

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