Note: Front Cover -- Plant Micronutrient Use Efficiency: Molecular and Genomic Perspectives in Crop Plants -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Editors' Biography -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Regulation of Micronutrient Homeostasis and Deficiency Response in Plants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Iron -- 2.1 Acquisition from Soil -- 2.2 Regulation of Fe Homeostasis and Deficiency Response -- 3 Copper -- 3.1 Acquisition from Soil -- 3.2 Regulation of Cu Homeostasis and Deficiency Response -- 4 Zinc -- 4.1 Acquisition from Soil -- 4.2 Regulation of Zn Homeostasis and Deficiency Response -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Molecular Bases of Iron Accumulation Towards the Development of Iron-Enriched Crops -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Iron Uptake From The Soil, Transport, and Storage in Roots -- 2.1 Iron Uptake in Crops -- 2.2 Strategy I, Strategy II, and a Combined Strategy -- 2.3 Root Plasma Membrane Fe Transport -- 2.4 Iron Chelation and Solubilization at the Rhizosphere -- 2.5 Vacuolar Fe Storage in Roots -- 2.6 Transcriptional Control of Fe Uptake -- 3 Long Distance Fe Transport -- 3.1 Root-to-Shoot Xylem-Dependent Fe Transport -- 3.2 Iron Movement in the Phloem -- 3.3 The Role of NA in Fe Seed Loading -- 3.4 Subcellular Fe Transport -- 3.4.1 Vacuole -- 3.4.2 Chloroplast -- 3.4.3 Mitochondria -- 4 Iron Distribution in Seeds -- 5 Different Transgenic Strategies Used to Develop Fe-Enriched Plants -- 6 Future Strategies to Develop Fe-Enriched Crops -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3: Plant Responses to Iron Deficiency and Toxicity and Iron Use Efficiency in Plants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Iron Deficiency Root Responses -- 2.1 Strategy 1: Reduction-Based Fe Uptake -- 2.2 Strategy 2: Chelation-Based Fe Uptake -- 2.3 Coexistence of Reduction and Chelation Strategies -- 3 Iron Toxicity Responses -- 4 Long-Distance Fe Transport. , 4.1 Xylem Transport -- 4.2 Phloem Transport -- 4.3 Xylem-to-Phloem Lateral Fe Transfer in Shoots -- 5 Subcellular Fe Transport and Compartmentation -- 6 Regulation of Fe Use Efficiency -- 6.1 Efficient Vs Inefficient Genotypes -- 6.2 Candidate for Fe Sensors and Signals -- 6.3 Crosstalk Between Fe and Other Elements -- 7 Conclusion and Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Plant Responses to Copper: Molecular and Regulatory Mechanisms of Copper Uptake, Distribution and Accumulation i... -- 1 Copper Properties and Functions in Plants -- 2 Copper Phytoavailability and Bioavailability -- 3 Uptake, Distribution and Accumulation of Cu By Plants -- 3.1 Copper Uptake -- 3.2 Copper Transport Into Chloroplasts and Mitochondria -- 3.3 Copper Transport Through the Secretory Pathway -- 3.4 Copper Transport Into and Out of the Vacuole -- 3.5 Long-Distance Cu Transport from Roots to Shoots -- 3.6 Copper Remobilization from Senescing Organs -- 4 Molecular Responses to Cu Deficiency in Plants -- 5 The Increase of Cu Uptake and Accumulation Efficiency in Plants: Prospects for Biofortification of Crops -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5: The Molecular Genetics of Zinc Uptake and Utilization Efficiency in Crop Plants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Zinc Transport Pathway -- 2.1 The Long Distance Zn Transport in Plants -- 3 Znic Use Efficiency -- 4 Physiology of Zn Transport -- 4.1 Zrt/Irt-Like Protein -- 4.2 Heavy Metal ATPases -- 4.3 Cation Diffusion Facilitator -- 4.4 Sensing Mechanisms of Zn -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Plant Response to Boron Deficiency and Boron Use Efficiency in Crop Plants -- 1 Introduction: Biological Functions of Boron -- 2 Occurrence of B in Plants -- 2.1 Uptake and Xylem Loading of B in Roots -- 2.2 Boron Distribution in Plants -- 3 Physiological and Molecular Responses to B Deficiency in Plants. , 3.1 Plant Growth -- 3.2 Plant Reproductive Development -- 3.3 Metabolism -- 3.4 Signaling Transduction -- 4 Mechanisms for Tolerance to B Deficiency and Strategies for the Improvement of B Use Efficiency -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Physiological Importance of Manganese, Cobalt and Nickel and the Improvement of Their Uptake and Utilization by ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Manganese -- 2.1 Importance of Mn for Plant Metabolism and Physiology -- 2.2 Uptake of Mn and Interactions With Other Nutrients -- 2.3 Manganese Transport, Distribution Among Tissues, and Utilization Efficiency by Crop Plants -- 3 Nickel -- 3.1 Importance of Ni for Plant Metabolism and Physiology -- 3.2 Uptake of Ni and Interactions With Other Nutrients -- 3.3 Nickel Transport and Distribution Among Tissues by Crop Plants -- 4 Cobalt -- 4.1 Importance of Co for Plant Metabolism and Physiology -- 4.2 Uptake of Co and Interactions With Other Nutrients -- 4.3 Cobalt Transport and Distribution Among Tissues by Crop Plants -- 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8: Roles of Molybdenum in Plants and Improvement of Its Acquisition and Use Efficiency -- 1 Introduction: Molybdenum Relevance and Its Acquisition By Plants -- 2 Molybdate Transporters -- 2.1 The MOT1 Family -- 2.2 The MOT2 Family -- 2.3 Other Plant Proteins Mediating Mo Transport -- 3 Nutrients Affecting Mo Homeostasis in Plants -- 4 Molybdenum in Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation -- 5 Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis in Eukaryotes -- 5.1 First Step: Pterin Synthesis -- 5.2 Second Step: MPT Synthesis -- 5.3 Third Step: MPT Activation -- 5.4 Fourth Step: Mo Insertion -- 6 The Sulfuration of Mo Cofactor in XOR and AO Enzymes -- 7 Storage of Mo Cofactor and Its Insertion in Molybdoenzymes -- 8 The Molybdoenzymes and Their Function -- 8.1 Xanthine Oxidoreductase/Dehydrogenase -- 8.2 Aldehyde Oxidase. , 8.3 Sulfite Oxidase -- 8.4 Nitrate Reductase -- 8.5 Amidoxime Reducing Component -- 9 Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Proteomics of Micronutrient Deficiency and Toxicity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Iron -- 2.1 Iron Deficiency -- 2.1.1 Energy metabolism -- 2.1.2 Nitrogen-metabolism -- 2.1.3 Cell wall -- 2.1.4 Redox homeostasis -- 2.2 Iron Toxicity -- 3 Copper -- 3.1 Copper Deficiency -- 3.2 Copper Toxicity -- 4 Zinc -- 4.1 Zinc Deficiency -- 4.2 Zinc Toxicity -- 5 Manganese -- 5.1 Manganese Deficiency -- 5.2 Manganese Toxicity -- 6 Boron -- 6.1 Boron Deficiency -- 6.2 Boron Toxicity -- 7 Conclusions and Future Perspective -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 10: Oxidative Stress in Relation With Micronutrient Deficiency or Toxicity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Generalities on Oxidative Metabolism -- 3 Iron Status and Oxidative Metabolism -- 4 Copper Status and Oxidative Metabolism -- 5 Manganese Status and Oxidative Metabolism -- 6 Zinc Status and Oxidative Metabolism -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Strategies for Increasing Micronutrient Availability in Soil for Plant Uptake -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources and Factors Affecting Soil Micronutrients -- 2.1 Source of Micronutrients -- 2.2 General Behavior of Micronutrients in Soils -- 2.2.1 Iron -- 2.2.2 Manganese -- 2.2.3 Zinc -- 2.2.4 Copper -- 2.2.5 Molybdenum -- 2.2.6 Boron -- 2.3 Other Factors Influencing Soil Micronutrient Availability -- 3 Distribution of Soil Available Micronutrient in the World -- 4 Agronomic Management of Micronutrients -- 5 Soil Micronutrient Availability Control in a Paddy System -- 5.1 The Effects of Fertilization and Water Management on Plant Morphology and Grain Yield -- 5.2 The Effects of Fertilization and Water Management on Micronutrient Concentration in Soil and Grain -- 6 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 12: Micronutrients Use Efficiency of Crop-Plants Under Changing Climate -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Importance of Micronutrients in Humans -- 3 The Role of Micronutrients in Plants -- 4 Mineral Nutrition of Crops Under Changing Climate -- 4.1 The Influence of Elevated [CO2] on Grain Minerals -- 4.1.1 Wheat -- 4.1.2 Rice -- 4.1.3 Legumes -- 4.2 The Effect of High Temperature and Drought on Crop Mineral Nutrient Concentration -- 5 Soil Nutrient Flow Under Future Climate -- 5.1 Soil Minerals Under Future Climate -- 5.2 Elevated [CO2] Influences the Mycorrhizal Associations and Root Exudates -- 5.3 Mineral Nutrition Under High Temperature and Water Stress -- 6 Mechanisms of Mineral Nutrition Under Climate Stress -- 6.1 Biomass Dilution -- 6.2 Reduction in Transpiration -- 6.3 Changes in Root Architecture -- 6.4 Change of Micronutrient Requirement -- 7 Strategies to Improve Grain Micronutrient Status Under Elevated [CO2] -- 7.1 Germplasm Screening -- 7.2 Crop Management -- 7.3 Knowledge Gaps -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 13: Micronutrient Malnutrition and Biofortification: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hunger and "Hidden Hunger" -- 3 Remedies of Micronutrient Malnutrition -- 3.1 Dietary Diversification -- 3.2 Food Supplements -- 3.3 Food Fortification -- 3.4 Biofortification -- 4 Biofortification Approaches -- 4.1 Agronomic Interventions -- 4.2 Genetic Biofortification -- 5 Reduction in Malnutrition Through Biofortification -- 5.1 Zinc Deficiency -- 5.2 Iron Deficiency -- 5.3 Vitamin A Deficiency -- 5.4 Iodine Deficiency -- 6 Climate Change and Biofortification -- 7 Conclusion and Future Research Thrusts -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 14: Genomic Approaches for Micronutrients Biofortification of Rice -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Conventional Breeding Approaches. , 3 Genomics of Micronutrient Biofortification.

Note: Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Editors' Biographies -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 - Molecular and genetic basis of plant macronutrient use efficiency: concepts, opportunities, and challenges -- Introduction -- Why macronutrients are important for plants? -- The role of macronutrients for a sustainable intensification of cropping systems -- Availability of nutrients in the soil -- Use of fertilizers and nutrient reserves -- Macronutrient use efficiency -- concepts and importance -- Some basic concepts -- Components of nutrient use efficiency -- Molecular and genetic basis of use efficiency of phosphate, nitrate, and potassium -- Mechanisms for nutrient uptake and transport -- Regulation of phosphate uptake -- PHR1: a master regulator -- A finely controlled network of nitrate transporters and sensors -- A complex network of potassium transporters and channels -- Modulation of the roost system architecture -- Plasticity of the root system to phosphate availability -- Root architecture responses to nitrate availability -- Root architecture responses to potassium availability -- Regulation of nutrient assimilation and remobilization -- The central role of PHO1 in phosphate homeostasis -- Nitrate assimilation and mobilization -- Potassium homeostasis -- Improvement of macronutrient use efficiency -- Concluding remarks and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2 - Role of nutrient-efficient plants for improving crop yields: bridging plant ecology, physiology, and molecular biology -- Introduction -- Physiology and genetics of nutrient use efficiency -- Root development in response to nutrient availability -- Root interactions with microorganisms under low nutrient availability -- Metabolism and gene regulation -- Remobilization of nutrients in the crop plant life cycle. , Finding genes for nutrient use efficiency -- Future nutrient-efficient crops -- Assessment and evaluation of nutrient use efficiency -- Ecological approaches of nutrient use efficiency -- Crop production-related approaches of nutrient use efficiency -- Nutrient balances and budgets, modeling, and life cycle assessments -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 - Macronutrient sensing and signaling in plants -- Introduction -- Plant macronutrient starvation responses -- Phosphorus -- Nitrogen -- Potassium -- Calcium -- Magnesium -- Sulfur -- Sensing of macronutrient limitations -- Phosphorus -- Nitrogen -- Potassium -- Calcium -- Sulfur -- Local and systemic signaling of macronutrient limitations -- Phosphorus -- Nitrogen -- Potassium -- Calcium -- Magnesium -- Sulfur -- Conclusion and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 4 - The significance of nutrient interactions for crop yield and nutrient use efficiency -- Introduction -- Nutrient interactions and crop production -- Excess fertilization versus optimal fertilization -- Understanding nutrient interactions in plants to improve NUE and decrease environmental footprints -- Nutrient interactions in plants -- Synergisms and antagonisms between nutrients caused by ionic charge -- Regulatory interactions -- Metabolic interactions -- Interactive effects on root morphology -- Promising crop traits to improve overall NUE -- Nutrient uptake efficiency versus nutrient utilization efficiency -- Increased storage capacity and remobilization efficiency -- Efficient recycling and allocation to yield organ -- Root system architecture -- Effective utilization of increased atmospheric CO2 -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 - The contribution of root systems to plant nutrient acquisition -- Introduction -- Macronutrient localization and mobility. , Methods to analyze the root system architecture response to soil nutrients -- Root system architecture in response to soil nutrients -- Root system morphology and anatomy that contribute to advantageous nutrient foraging -- Genetic regulation of root system architecture changes in response to soil nutrients -- Integration of nutrient signals -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 - Molecular genetics to discover and improve nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants -- Introduction -- NUE defined -- Strategies to improve NUE -- Increasing uptake efficiency -- Increasing uptake capacity -- Changing root morphology -- Increasing utilization efficiency -- Modifying specific leaf N -- Delayed senescence (stay green) -- Increasing remobilization efficiency -- Genetic approaches to improve NUE -- Identifying genotypic variation for NUE -- Discovering genetic loci for NUE -- Improving crop NUE using genetic information -- Transgenic approaches to improve NUE -- Targeted approach to improve NUE -- Improvement of the biotech approaches -- Future prospects -- References -- Chapter 7 - The role of root morphology and architecture in phosphorus acquisition: physiological, genetic, and molecular basis -- Introduction -- Molecular basis of RSA as a mechanism enhancing P acquisition -- The role of miRNAs in RSA and P acquisition -- Does miR399 plays a role in enhancing P uptake via modulation of RSA? -- Other miRNAs potentially involved in RSA changes in response to P -- QTL for root traits under P deficiency consistently affecting yield performance in the field -- Novel root system imaging methods and their use to investigate the role of RSA in improving P acquisition efficiency -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 - Potassium sensing, signaling, and transport: toward improved potassium use efficiency in plants -- Introduction. , Potassium transport mechanisms -- Regulatory components -- Regulatory components of K+ transport -- Regulatory components of K+ deficiency signaling -- Strategies to improve K use efficiency in plants -- Increasing K availability in plants -- Increased plant root surface to secure greater access to K in soils -- Improve the efficiency of K+ uptake and translocation in planta -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 - Understanding calcium transport and signaling, and its use efficiency in vascular plants -- Introduction -- Calcium deficiency in plants -- Calcium uptake and distribution -- Calcium uptake by roots and delivery to the xylem -- Calcium transport to the shoot -- Calcium as a signal -- Channels involved in calcium influx and signaling -- Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels -- Glutamate-like receptors -- Transporters involved in calcium efflux and signaling -- Cation/H+ exchangers -- Autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPase proteins -- Calcium sensor proteins and their involvement in plant stress responses -- Calmodulins and calmodulin-like proteins -- Calcineurin B-like proteins -- Calcium-dependent protein kinases -- Calcium use efficiency in plants -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 - The role of calcium in plant signal transduction under macronutrient deficiency stress -- Introduction -- Calcium in plants -- Membrane calcium transporters -- Calcium signatures and memory -- Calcium-binding proteins -- Role of calcium in macronutrient deficiency -- Potassium -- Transcriptional regulation -- Protein modification -- Nitrate -- Magnesium -- Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 11 - Magnesium homeostasis mechanisms and magnesium use efficiency in plants -- Introduction -- Morphogenesis remodeling by Mg imbalance and the mechanisms in plants -- Mg deficiency -- Mg toxicity -- Mg2+ transporters and Mg homeostasis in plant cells. , Imbalance of Mg homeostasis in plants -- Imbalance of Mg homeostasis by some stress factors -- Imbalance of Mg homeostasis by some ions -- Signaling of Mg stresses in plants -- Mg deficiency -- Mg toxicity -- Genomic perspectives of Mg stresses in plants -- Strategies for Mg use efficiency in plants -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 - Advances in understanding sulfur utilization efficiency in plants -- Introduction -- Sulfur is an essential mineral nutrient -- Sulfur in agriculture -- Why study sulfur use efficiency? -- Sulfate transport and mobilization -- High-affinity sulfate transporters responsible for uptake efficiency -- Sulfate transporters mediate efficient sulfate translocation -- Regulation and sensing -- Regulation of the sulfur starvation response -- Sulfate transporter may be a sulfur sensor -- Sulfur mobilization from stored reserves -- Glucosinolate homeostasis: management of the plant sulfur budget -- Glutathione homeostasis: management of the plant sulfur budget -- The prospects of using genetic manipulation to increase S use efficiency -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 - Water availability and nitrogen use in plants: effects, interaction, and underlying molecular mechanisms -- Introduction -- Impact of water and N interaction on crop physiology -- Effects of water availability on biological N fixation in plants -- The interplay between soil water availability and N supply -- Mechanism of water and N uptake in plants -- Molecular mechanism of the interaction between water and N uptake -- Approaches to improve NUE in water constrained environments -- Agronomic practices -- Genetic improvement of water and N-related traits -- Stay green -- Root traits -- Conclusions and future research -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 14 - NPK deficiency modulates oxidative stress in plants -- Introduction. , Reactive oxygen species and their origins.