Note: Cover Page -- The Biology of the Eye -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Why the Eye Is Round -- I. Introduction -- II. Why Are Things Round? -- A. Inanimate Objects -- B. Animate Objects -- III. Why Are Eyes Round? -- A. Optical Properties -- B. Eye Movement -- C. Hollow -- D. Phylogeny and/or Ontogeny -- E. Conclusions -- IV. Pressure -- A. Surface Tension -- B. Pressure in the Eye -- V. Aqueous Flow -- A. Balance of Inflow and Outflow -- B. Inflow -- C. Outflow -- VI. The Ciliary Body -- A. Structure -- B. Numbers in Science -- C. Reynolds Number -- D. Peclet Number -- E. Concentration Number -- F. Fluid Transport -- G. Ion Transport -- H. Active or Passive -- VII. Large Scale Aqueous Motions -- VIII. Control of Intraocular Pressure -- IX. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Tears and Their Secretion -- I. Functions of the Tear Film -- II. Organization of the Tear Film -- III. Orbital Glands and Ocular Surface Epithelia that Secrete Tears -- IV. Secretion of the Lipid Layer of the Tear Film -- A. Meibomian Glands -- B. Functional Anatomy -- C. Regulation of Secretion -- D. Secretory Product -- E. Function of Lipid Layer -- V. Secretion of the Aqueous Layer of the Tear Film -- A. Main Lacrimal Gland -- B. Accessory Lacrimal Glands -- C. Corneal Epithelium -- D. Conjunctival Epithelium -- E. Function of the Aqueous Layer of the Tear Film -- VI. Secretion of the Tear Film Mucous Layer -- A. Goblet Cells -- B. Corneal and Conjunctival Stratified Squamous Cells -- C. Function of the Tear Film Mucous Layer -- VII. Role of Tear Secretion in Maintaining the Ocular Surface -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3: The Cornea -- Introduction -- I. Gross Anatomy -- II. Embryology -- III. Structure and Composition of Epithelium -- A. The Tear Film -- B. Light and Dark Cells. , C. Langerhans Cells -- D. Innervation -- E. Limbal Structure -- IV. Structure and Composition of Stroma -- V. Aspects of Physiology -- A. Function of the Epithelium as a Barrier -- VI. Epithelial Permeability and Electrophysiology -- VII. Nutrition and Metabolic Supply -- VIII. Metabolic Pathways in the Cornea -- IX. Renewal of Epithelium and Stroma -- A. Image Transmission Through the Cornea -- X. The Optical Quality of the Surface -- XI. Transparency of Corneal Tissue -- XII. Stromal Transparency -- A. Mechanical Stability of the Cornea -- XIII. Corneal Shape and Tissue Mechanics -- XIV. Stromal Swelling -- XV. Final Remarks -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4: The Corneal Endothelium -- I. Introduction -- II. The Endothelium -- Corneal Transparency -- III. Cell Number Progression -- IV. Shape, Function, and Transparency of Endothelial Cells -- V. Electrolyte Transport by the Endothelium -- VI. Electrical Phenomena in and Around the Endothelium -- VII. Water Pathways -- VIII. The Mechanism Underlying Fluid Transport: Local Osmosis vs. Electroosmosis -- IX. Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5: Ciliary Body and Ciliary Epithelium -- I. Structure of the Ciliary body -- II. Blood Capillaries in the Ciliary Processes -- III. Barrier Function of the Ciliary Epithelium -- IV. Tight Junctions Between Nonpigmented Ciliary Epithelium Cells -- V. Polarized Distribution of Ion Transporters -- VI. Nonpigmented Ciliary Epithelium -- VII. Cooperation Between Pigmented and Nonpigmented Cell Layers -- VIII. Bilayer Model of Ion Transport -- IX. Divided Chamber Studies -- X. Hydrostatic Pressure and Oncotic Pressure -- XI. Volume Regulation and Water Movement -- XII. Controlling the Rate of Aqueous Humor Formation -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 6: The Lens -- I. Introduction. , II. The Cellular Architecture of the Lens Epithelium -- A. Polarity: The Developmental Viewpoint -- B. The Paracellular and Transcellular Pathways -- C. The Cellular Architecture of the Lens -- D. The Cortex -- E. The Nucleus -- III. The Molecular Machinery -- A. Channels -- B. Aquaporins -- C. Connexins -- D. Potassium Conductance -- E. Sodium and Chloride Conductance -- F. Transporters -- G. The Na,K-ATPase Antiporter -- IV. The Circulating Fluxes Model -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: The Vitreous -- I. Introduction -- II. Gross Anatomy -- A. Ultrastructure and Biochemistry -- B. Biophysical Aspects -- C. Development -- III. Aging of the Vitreous -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8: The Retina -- I. Overview of the Functional Architecture of the Retina -- II. Photoreceptor Cells -- A. Distribution of Photoreceptors -- B. Photoreceptor Electrophysiology -- C. Photopigments -- D. Activation of the Phototransduction Cascade -- E. Inactivation -- F. Photoreceptor Adaptation -- G. Regeneration of the Visual Pigments -- H. The Visual Cycle and Retinal Disease -- III. The Outer Plexiform Layer -- IV. Horizontal Cells -- V. Bipolar Cells -- A. Rod Bipolar Cells -- B. Cone Bipolar Cells -- VI. Amacrine Cells -- A. The AII Amacrine Cell -- B. The Starburst Amacrine Cells -- C. Dopaminergic Amacrine Cells -- D. DAPI-3 Amacrine Cells -- E. Nitrergic Amacrine Cells -- VII. Interplexiform Cells -- VIII. Inner Plexiform Layer -- IX. Ganglion Cells -- A. Midget Ganglion Cells -- B. Parasol Ganglion Cells -- C. Light-Sensitive Ganglion Cells -- X. Nerve Fiber Layer -- XI. Centrifugal Fibers -- XII. Neurotransmitters in the Retina -- XIII. Glial Cells -- XIV. The Retinal Extracellular Space -- XV. Retinal Circulation and Metabolism -- XVI. Development -- References -- Chapter 9: The Retinal Pigment Epithelium -- I. RPE Function. , II. Photoreceptor Outer Segment Turnover -- III. Retinoid Metabolism and the Visual Cycle -- IV. Production of Cytokines -- V. Transport -- VI. The RPE in Wound Healing and Proliferative Vitreoretinal Disease -- VII. Development -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 10: The Choroid and Optic Nerve Head -- I. Definition -- II. Anatomy -- III. The Choroidal Circulation -- IV. The Circulation of the Optic Disc -- V. Innervation of the Choroid -- VI. Physiology -- VII. Choroidal Blood Flow Measurements -- VIII. Development -- References -- Chapter 11: Innate and Adaptive Immunity of the Eye -- I. Introduction -- II. Innate and Adaptive Immunity -- III. The Innate Immune System and the Eye -- IV. Lactoferrin, Lysozyme, and Defensins -- V. Complement -- VI. Neutrophils, Macrophages, and NK Cells -- VII. The Adaptive Immune System -- VIII. The Spleen is Required for the Induction of ACAID -- IX. The Cellular Basis for Generation of ACAID -- X. The Molecular Basis for Induction of ACAID -- XI. Thrombospondin (TSP) and the Generation of ACAID -- XII. Peptide Hormones in AqH Exerting Immune Regulatory Activities -- XIII. Immune Regulatory Activities of Epithelial Cells Lining the Interior of the Eye -- XIV. Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12: Drug Delivery to the Eye -- I. Introduction -- II. Structure and Function of the Eye -- A. Structures of Cornea and Retina -- III. Ocular Fluid Dynamics -- A. Aqueous Humor Dynamics -- B. Fluid Flow in Vitreous Body -- IV. Factors Affecting Drug Delivery to Eye -- V. Current Modes of Administration -- A. Topical -- B. Systemic Administration -- C. Intravitreal Drug Delivery -- D. Intravitreal Implants -- E. Scleral Drug Delivery -- F. Subconjunctival -- VI. Carrier-Mediated Drug Delivery -- A. Drug Efflux Pumps in Ocular Tissues -- B. Strategy for Site-Specific Drug Delivery. , C. Prodrugs Targeted toward Transporters -- D. Transporters/Receptors in Ocular Tissues -- VII. Strategies to Improve Ocular Bioavailability By Transporter-Mediated Drug Delivery -- A. Anterior Segment -- B. Posterior Segment -- VIII. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 13: The Sclera -- I. Anatomy -- II. Structure and Ultrastructure -- III. Biochemistry -- IV. Scleral Biomechanics -- V. Permeability of the Sclera -- VI. The Trabecular Meshwork and the Lamina Cribrosa -- VII. Embryology and Development -- VIII. Aging of the Sclera -- IX. The Role of Sclera in Disorders of the Eye -- X. Pharmaceutical Modulation of the Sclera -- References -- Index.