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  • 1
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    Simulating Miocene Warmth: Insights From an Opportunistic Multi-Model Ensemble (MioMIP1) (2021)
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 36(5), pp. e2020PA004054, ISSN: 2572-4525
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-15
    Description: Abstract The Miocene epoch, spanning 23.03–5.33 Ma, was a dynamic climate of sustained, polar amplified warmth. Miocene atmospheric CO2 concentrations are typically reconstructed between 300 and 600 ppm and were potentially higher during the Miocene Climatic Optimum (16.75–14.5 Ma). With surface temperature reconstructions pointing to substantial midlatitude and polar warmth, it is unclear what processes maintained the much weaker-than-modern equator-to-pole temperature difference. Here, we synthesize several Miocene climate modeling efforts together with available terrestrial and ocean surface temperature reconstructions. We evaluate the range of model-data agreement, highlight robust mechanisms operating across Miocene modeling efforts and regions where differences across experiments result in a large spread in warming responses. Prescribed CO2 is the primary factor controlling global warming across the ensemble. On average, elements other than CO2, such as Miocene paleogeography and ice sheets, raise global mean temperature by ∼2°C, with the spread in warming under a given CO2 concentration (due to a combination of the spread in imposed boundary conditions and climate feedback strengths) equivalent to ∼1.2 times a CO2 doubling. This study uses an ensemble of opportunity: models, boundary conditions, and reference data sets represent the state-of-art for the Miocene, but are inhomogeneous and not ideal for a formal intermodel comparison effort. Acknowledging this caveat, this study is nevertheless the first Miocene multi-model, multi-proxy comparison attempted so far. This study serves to take stock of the current progress toward simulating Miocene warmth while isolating remaining challenges that may be well served by community-led efforts to coordinate modeling and data activities within a common analytical framework.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Universal Epitope in Influenza Neuraminidase Affects Growth [Enzymology] (2013)
    The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-22
    Description: The only universally conserved sequence among all influenza A viral neuraminidases is located between amino acids 222 and 230. However, the potential roles of these amino acids remain largely unknown. Through an array of experimental approaches including mutagenesis, reverse genetics, and growth kinetics, we found that this sequence could markedly affect viral replication. Additional experiments revealed that enzymes with mutations in this region demonstrated substantially decreased catalytic activity, substrate binding, and thermostability. Consistent with viral replication analyses and enzymatic studies, protein modeling suggests that these amino acids could either directly bind to the substrate or contribute to the formation of the active site in the enzyme. Collectively, these findings reveal the essential role of this unique region in enzyme function and viral growth, which provides the basis for evaluating the validity of this sequence as a potential target for antiviral intervention and vaccine development.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
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  • 3
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    Wind drift explains the reoriented morning flights of songbirds (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-14
    Description: Remote sensors such as Doppler radars are providing novel insights into the migrations of diverse animal taxa, but limits in scope and sensitivity can hamper the utility of these tools. For example, studies investigating whether songbirds compensate effectively for wind displacement during nocturnal migration have been challenged by the need to assess behavior on a large scale. In addition, these studies typically overlook the potential role low-altitude diurnal flights play in dealing with unfavorable winds. In such cases, a combination of approaches—new and traditional—may be necessary to understand behavior more completely. Here, we unite ground-based visual observations with a new radar analysis method to investigate how songbirds deal with crosswinds over the northeast United States. We find that nocturnally migrating birds experienced significant wind drift, even though they often flew at 90° or more to the wind direction. Significantly, more birds undertook reoriented diurnal flights after nocturnal wind drift, and wind influence, nocturnal migration intensity, and time of season together explained the majority of variation in counts of these "morning flights." This study shows that bird behavior during migration can be strongly shaped by the danger of wind drift and that some songbird species respond to drift with reoriented diurnal migratory flights. Knowledge of birds’ interactions with wind is essential for successfully modeling migratory behavior and assessing the risks associated with changing habitats and meteorological patterns. Furthermore, an understanding of the degree to which drift defines migratory behaviors may have value across animal taxa.
    Print ISSN: 1045-2249
    Electronic ISSN: 1465-7279
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Altitudes of migrating birds (2016)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-01
    Description: Wind plays a significant role in the flight altitudes selected by nocturnally migrating birds. At mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, atmospheric conditions are dictated by the polar-front jet stream, whose amplitude increases in the autumn. One consequence for migratory birds is that the region’s prevailing westerly winds become progressively stronger at higher migration altitudes. We expect this seasonality in wind speed to result in migrants occupying progressively lower flight altitudes, which we test using density estimates of nocturnal migrants at 100 m altitudinal intervals from 12 weather surveillance radar stations located in the northeastern USA. Contrary to our expectations, median migration altitudes deviated little across the season, and the variance was lower during the middle of the season and higher during the beginning and especially the end of the season. Early-season migrants included small- to intermediate-sized long-distance migrants in the orders Charadriiformes and Passeriformes, and late-season migrants included large-bodied and intermediate-distance migrants in the order Anseriformes. Therefore, seasonality in the composition of migratory species, and related variation in migration strategies and behaviours, resulted in a convex–concave bounded distribution of migration altitudes. Our results provide a basis for assessing the implications for migratory bird populations of changes in mid-latitude atmospheric conditions probably occurring under global climate change.
    Keywords: behaviour, ecology
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 5
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    The cause of Late Cretaceous cooling: A multimodel-proxy comparison (2016)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-19
    Description: Proxy temperature reconstructions indicate a dramatic cooling from the Cenomanian to Maastrichtian. However, the spatial extent of and mechanisms responsible for this cooling remain uncertain, given simultaneous climatic influences of tectonic and greenhouse gas changes through the Late Cretaceous. Here we compare several climate simulations of the Cretaceous using two different Earth system models with a compilation of sea surface temperature proxies from the Cenomanian and Maastrichtian to better understand Late Cretaceous climate change. In general, surface temperature responses are consistent between models, lending confidence to our findings. Our comparison of proxies and models confirms that Late Cretaceous cooling was a widespread phenomenon and likely due to a reduction in greenhouse gas concentrations in excess of a halving of CO 2 , not changes in paleogeography.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cervical carcinoma after negative Pap smears: evidence against rapid-onset cancers (1992)
    238 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA : Blackwell Scientific Publications
    International journal of gynecological cancer 2 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1438
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recently, suggestions have been made that a ‘rapid-onset’ type of cervical cancer is emerging. Evidence for this entity is based on the diagnosis of invasive cervical carcinoma within 2 or 3 years of a ‘normal’ Pap smear. Analysis of 237 patients presenting to our unit between November 1986 and July 1990 with the histologic diagnosis of invasive carcinoma of the cervix revealed 51 patients (21.5%) who reported having had a ‘normal’ Pap smear within 2 years of diagnosis. Strenuous efforts were made to verify and retrieve these smears in an attempt to isolate a group of ‘rapid-onset’ cancers. Despite the patients’ claim to the contrary, there was no record of a smear being performed in 15 patients (29%). The slides of six patients could not be located either due to lack of laboratory co-operation or because the slides had been destroyed: four of these patients had very early adenocarcinomas. The slides of 30 patients were retrieved and reviewed: 16 slides reported as negative contained cells consistent with either invasive carcinoma or carcinoma in-situ; four cases had virtually no cellular material on the slide; four cases contained atypical cells but requests for further material were not followed-up. Six patients had previously been treated for pre-invasive lesions over a range of 3–18 years. We found no case of invasive carcinoma in a patient with a confirmed adequate negative smear within 2 years of diagnosis. At most, six patients (2.52%) could have had ‘rapid-onset’ cancers but this could not be confirmed as these slides could not be reviewed. In summary, this study suggests that in our patient population, ‘rapid-onset’ cervical carcinoma is rare.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1438.1992.02060318.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid-based cytology: an Australian experience (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Cytopathology 14 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2303
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.2003.00037.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase I open study of the effects of ascending doses of the cytotoxic immunoconjugate CMB-401 (hCTMO1-calicheamicin) in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 11 (2000), S. 735-741 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: antibody ; calicheamicin ; CMB-401 ; immunotherap/kwd〉 ; ovarian cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose:We have performed a phase I study of the cytotoxicimmunoconjugate CMB-401 in women with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). CMB-401is a directed chemotherapy that comprises a genetically engineered humanantibody against polymorphic epithelial mucin, to which is attached covalentlytwo to three molecules, on average, of the cytotoxic antibiotic calicheamicin.The primary objectives of this two-centre study were to identify end-organtoxicities and to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Patients and methods:Thirty-four patients aged 37–75 yearswith progressive EOC not amenable to platinum/standard therapy, and withsatisfactory WHO performance status (0–2) were recruited. Patients hadreceived a mean of 3.2 previous chemotherapeutic regimens with a medianinterval since last chemotherapy of 182 days (range 34–1217). Patientsreceived up to four cycles of a dual infusion of 35 mg/m2 hCTMO1`pre-dose' followed by doses of CMB-401 which were increased for each cohort– a regimen which minimises drug uptake in normal tissues whilstenhancing delivery to the ovarian tumour. CMB-401 dosing commenced at 2mg/m2 and progressed via seven cohorts to 16 mg/m2. Results:CMB-401 was generally well tolerated. However, transientfever and emesis occurred, necessitating routine prophylaxis, and increasinglysignificant malaise was reported as the dose increased. WHO grade 3–4toxicities, irrespective of causality, included: anaemia 21%,granulocytopenia 9%, thrombocytopenia 9%, liver transaminases3%, sepsis 3%, haemorrhage 6%, nausea/vomiting76%; pulmonary 6%, and conscious state/somnolence 6%. TheMTD was reached at 16 mg/m2. During the study four patients had agreater than 50% reduction in CA125, and three patients hadradiological evidence of reduction in tumour bulk. Conclusions:CMB-401 appears to have an acceptable toxicityprofile with demonstrable activity against EOC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008349300781
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