Note: Intro -- Conservation Physiology for the Anthropocene - Issues and Applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Using physiology to recover imperiled smelt species -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. San Francisco Estuary: History of human development and restructuring of delta smelt habitat -- 1.2. Delta smelt -- 2. Using physiology to understand the factors affecting the decline of delta smelt -- 2.1. Temperature -- 2.2. Salinity -- 2.3. Turbidity -- 2.4. Anthropogenic contaminants -- 2.5. Synthesis -- 3. Conservation efforts and management actions influenced by physiological studies -- 3.1. Development and optimization of a captive culture for delta smelt -- 3.2. Genetic management -- 3.3. Future directions: Supplementation of wild delta smelt populations -- 3.4. The contribution of physiological data to additional management actions -- 4. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Conservation aquaculture-A sturgeon story -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The sturgeon story -- 2. Progeny selection -- 2.1. Progeny source -- 2.2. Progeny collection -- 3. Influence of rearing environment on phenotypic development -- 3.1. Environment/phenotype interactions -- 3.2. Typical life-history characteristics of sturgeons -- 3.3. Timing of intervention -- 4. Factors affecting phenotypic development in sturgeon -- 4.1. Temperature -- 4.1.1. Growth and mortality -- 4.1.2. Whole-body and cellular stress response -- 4.1.3. Swimming and metabolism -- 4.1.4. Homeoviscous adaptation -- 4.1.5. Additional traits -- 4.2. Hypoxia -- 4.3. Salinity -- 4.4. Substrate -- 4.5. Maternal investment -- 4.6. Diet -- 4.7. Rearing density -- 5. Stocking techniques and prescriptions -- 6. Measuring success -- 6.1. Marking techniques to assess success -- 6.2. Post release monitoring. , 7. Conclusions-Uncertainties and areas of study critically required -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Using ecotoxicology for conservation: From biomarkers to modeling -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Ecotoxicology: The need to combine ecology and basic toxicology -- 1.2. Acclimatization vs adaptation -- 1.3. Adverse outcome pathways -- 2. Molecular initiating events, key events and their use as biomarkers -- 2.1. Stress hormones -- 2.2. Blood and tissue metabolites -- 2.3. Energy metabolism and challenge tests -- 2.4. Oxidative stress -- 2.5. Endocrine disruption -- 2.6. Immune system -- 2.7. Stress proteins, detoxification and metabolic biotransformation -- 2.8. DNA and tissue damage -- 2.9. Neurotoxicity and behavior -- 3. Adverse outcomes at the organismal level -- 3.1. Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves -- 3.2. Intraspecific variation in sensitivity -- 3.3. Trait-based approaches -- 4. Adverse outcomes from individual to population levels -- 4.1. Index of biotic integrity -- 4.2. Passive and active biomonitoring of pollutants in the field -- 5. Risk assessment and modeling: The challenge of linking exposure to effects -- 5.1. Bioavailability based models -- 5.1.1. Biotic ligand model -- 5.1.2. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) -- 5.2. Effect-based models -- 5.2.1. Toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models -- 5.2.2. Dynamic energy budget (DEB) models -- 6. Meta-analysis as a tool -- References -- Chapter 4: Consequences for fisheries in a multi-stressor world -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Habitat use and availability to fisheries -- 2.1. Habitat selection and microhabitat use -- 2.2. Range shifts -- 3. Gear encounter and interaction -- 4. Capture and escape or release -- 4.1. Interactions with fishing gears -- 4.2. Handling -- 4.3. Recovery and fitness impacts -- 5. Feedbacks between fisheries and stressors. , 6. Environmental stressors, species interactions, and fisheries: An example with the introduction of non-native species -- 7. Future research and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Environmental stressors in Amazonian riverine systems -- 1. The riverine systems and connecting lakes of the Amazon -- 1.1. Environmental diversity -- 1.1.1. Andean region -- 1.1.2. Amazonian lowlands -- 1.2. Environmental dynamics -- 1.2.1. Flood pulses -- 1.2.2. Oxygen -- 1.2.3. Temperature -- 1.2.4. pH -- 2. Fish diversity -- 3. Hypoxia driven adaptations -- 4. Living in ion poor and acidic waters -- 4.1. Physiological specializations to thrive in ion poor acidic waters -- 4.2. Environmental tolerance to stress and changes in fish distributions -- 5. Two sides of the same coin: Amazonian lowland fish thermal tolerance -- 6. Anthropogenic impacts on water bodies -- 6.1. Deforestation -- 6.2. Urban pollution -- 6.3. Metals -- 6.4. Petroleum -- 6.5. Pesticides -- 6.6. Hydroelectric dams -- 6.7. Responses to simulations in future climate conditions -- 7. Fish conservation and the Anthropocene -- 8. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Fish response to environmental stressors in the Lake Victoria Basin ecoregion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Lake Victoria Basin ecoregion of East Africa -- 3. Effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the Lake Victoria Basin ecoregion -- 3.1. Biophysical changes to freshwater ecosystems -- 3.2. Ecophysiological responses of fish species in the LVB ecoregion to elevated water temperature -- 3.2.1. General effects of elevated water temperature on fishes -- 3.2.2. Fish thermal limits, metabolism, and temperature -- 3.2.3. Case studies of fish species responses to elevated water temperature in the LVB ecoregion. , 3.2.3.1. Short-term exposure: Flexibility of upper thermal tolerance in LVB ecoregion fishes -- 3.2.3.2. Comparison of flexibility in upper thermal tolerance across latitudes -- 3.2.3.3. Flexibility in aerobic performance across exposure times: Nile perch -- 3.3. Vulnerability of African freshwater fishes to climate change-A synthesis -- 4. Changes in aquatic oxygen regimes in the Lake Victoria Basin ecoregion -- 4.1. Aquatic hypoxia -- 4.2. Fish response to hypoxia -- 4.3. Response to hypoxia in LVB ecoregion fishes -- 4.3.1. Divergence between hypoxic and normoxic habitats -- 4.3.2. Sources of phenotypic variation across DO gradients -- 4.3.3. Phenotypic change over time -- 5. Land use change and response of fishes -- 5.1. Effects of deforestation-induced warming on fishes of the LVB ecoregion -- 6. Implications for fish biodiversity and fisheries in the LVB ecoregion -- References -- Chapter 7: Coral reef fishes in a multi-stressor world -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Current knowledge and trends over time -- 3. Stress in coral reef fishes (primary, secondary, and tertiary responses) -- 3.1. Abiotic stressors (natural and anthropogenic) -- 3.1.1. Pollutants -- 3.1.2. Temperature -- 3.1.3. Hypoxia and ocean deoxygenation -- 3.1.4. pH/CO2 -- 3.1.5. Noise -- 3.1.6. Salinity -- 3.1.7. Pressure/depth -- 3.1.8. Turbidity -- 3.2. Biotic stressors -- 3.2.1. Prey abundance -- 3.2.2. Predator threats -- 3.2.3. Parasites -- 3.2.4. Disease -- 4. Interacting stressors -- 5. Acclimation and adaptation potential -- 6. Knowledge gaps, technological advancements, and future directions -- 7. Conservation and the future of coral reef fishes in the Anthropocene -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Restoration physiology of fishes: Frontiers old and new for aquatic restoration -- 1. The ``Anthropocene´´ -- 1.1. Fish in the Anthropocene -- 1.1.1. Freshwater systems. , 1.1.2. Marine systems -- 1.1.3. Chapter overview -- 2. Restoration: The remedy for habitat degradation? -- 2.1. Theories, processes, and practices of restoration in the aquatic world -- 2.2. Challenges with aquatic restoration -- 3. Physiology, environmental stressors, and restoration -- 3.1. Linking restoration and physiology -- 4. Integrating physiology into the restoration process -- 4.1. Stream restoration: A hypothetical case study -- 4.2. Integrating physiology into the restoration process: Examples to date -- 4.3. Challenges and opportunities -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: A conservation physiological perspective on dam passage by fishes -- 1. General introduction -- 2. Physiological attributes associated with dam passage and their roles in passage success or failure -- 2.1. Navigation and orientation -- 2.1.1. Olfaction -- 2.1.2. Rheotaxis and response to flow fields -- 2.1.3. Phototaxis and responses to light -- 2.2. Physiological stress -- 2.2.1. Background -- 2.2.2. Stress indices and upstream passage studies -- 2.2.3. Stress indices and downstream passage studies -- 2.3. Energetics and anaerobic metabolism -- 2.3.1. Background -- 2.3.2. A case-study of upstream salmon passage: Seton Dam fishway -- 2.4. Sex effects in adult passage studies -- 2.5. Physical injury -- 2.5.1. Upstream migrations -- 2.5.2. Downstream migrations -- 2.6. Summary: Contrasting upstream vs downstream physiological effects -- 3. Carryover effects -- 3.1. Upstream passage -- 3.2. Downstream passage -- 4. Conservation physiology and fish passage -- 4.1. Using physiology to understand and solve passage problems -- 4.2. Knowledge gaps and the need for integrative research -- 4.3. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Invasive species control and management: The sea lamprey story -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Introduction to the ``stone sucker´´.

Note: Intro -- The 50th Anniversary Issue of Fish Physiology: Physiological Systems and Development -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: The fish gill: Where fish physiology begins -- References -- Chapter 2: General anatomy of the gills**This is a reproduction of a previously published chapter in the Fish Physiology ... -- I. Introduction -- A. Relationship of Gills to Lungs -- II. Development of Gills -- A. Branchial Arches -- B. Hyoid Arch -- C. Pseudobranch -- III. Gill Organization -- A. Gill Septum -- B. Filaments -- C. Lamellae -- 1. Number -- 2. Shape -- 3. Support -- IV. Modifications in Relation to Habit -- A. Fast-Swimming Oceanic Species -- B. Fishes of Intermediate Activity -- C. Sluggish Fishes -- D. Air Breathers -- 1. Air-Breathing Organs -- 2. The Gills -- V. Gill Ventilation and Role of Branchial Muscles -- A. Water Pumps -- B. Ventilation of Air-Breathing ``Gills´´ -- VI. Gill Morphometry -- A. Water and Blood Flow Dimensions -- 1. Resistances to Flow -- 2. Subdivision of Water and Blood Flows -- B. Gas Exchange -- 1. Surface Area -- 2. Thickness -- 3. Diffusing Capacity -- C. Scaling -- 1. Relationship of Gill Areas to Body Mass -- 2. Dimensional Analysis -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: The oldies are the goodies: 30 years on ``The Heart´´ still sets the pace -- 1. Introduction to ``The Heart´´ -- References -- Chapter 4: The heart* -- I. Introduction -- II. Cardiac Anatomy and Morphology -- A. Sinus Venosus -- B. Atrium -- C. Ventricle -- 1. Ventricle Form -- 2. Spongiosa and Compacta -- 3. Relative Ventricle Mass -- D. Innervation Patterns -- E. Myocytes -- F. Conus and Bulbus Arteriosus -- G. Coronary Circulation -- III. Cardiac Physiology -- A. Cardiac Cycle -- 1. Electrocardiogram -- 2. Contractility -- 3. Cardiac Stroke Work and Power Output -- 4. Efficiency of Cardiac Contraction. , B. Control of Stroke Volume -- 1. Frank-Starling Mechanism -- 2. Cardiac Filling -- C. Control of Heart Rate -- 1. Intrinsic Heart Rate -- 2. Resting Heart Rate -- 3. Cholinergic Control of Heart Rate -- 4. Adrenergic Control -- 5. Mechanical Stretch of the Pacemaker Cells -- 6. Other Factors Affecting Heart Rate -- 7. Maximal Heart Rate -- D. Cardiac Output -- 1. Measurement -- 2. Body Mass -- 3. Activity -- 4. Temperature -- 5. Acidosis -- 6. Hypoxia -- E. Myocardial O2 Supply, and the Threshold Venous PO2 -- F. Control of Coronary Blood Flow -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: How the evolution of air-breathing shaped the form and function of the cardiorespira -- 1. Kjell Johansen's background and entry to the study of air-breathing fish -- 2. Studies of air-breathing fish at University of Sao Paulo -- 3. Lungfish studies with Claude Lenfant and Gordon Grigg on three continents -- 4. Air-breathing fish at Aarhus University -- 5. What are the next research question on air-breathing fish? -- 6. Kjell Johansens impact -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Air breathing in fishes***This chapter was written while the author was supported by grants GB 7166 from the N ... -- I. Occurrence and Bionomics of Air-Breathing Fishes -- II. Nature of the Structural Adaptations for Air Breathing -- A. Structural Derivatives of the Mouth and Pharynx as Air-Breathing Organs -- B. Structural Adaptations of the Gastrointestinal Tract for Air Breathing -- C. The Air Bladder as a Respiratory Organ -- III. Physiological Adaptations in Air-Breathing Fishes -- A. Respiratory Properties of Blood -- B. Gas Exchange in Air-Breathing Fishes -- C. Internal Gas Transport in Air-Breathing Fishes -- D. Control of Breathing in Air-Breathing Fishes -- E. Normal Breathing Behavior -- F. Breathing Responses to Changes in External Gas Composition. , 1. Changes of Environmental Oxygenation -- 2. Changes of Environmental CO2 Tensions -- G. Breathing Responses to Mechanical Stimuli -- H. Breathing Response to Air Exposure -- I. Coupling of Respiratory and Circulatory Events -- References -- Chapter 7: Volume and composition of body fluids: The lasting impact of the first chapter of the Fish Physi -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Importance of chapter -- 3. History and consideration of methods -- 3.1. Ten insights on body volume and ionic composition of fishes from Holmes and Donaldson, circa 1969 -- 3.2. Insight #1: A Nernstian approach to ion distribution -- 3.3. Insight #2: Mitochondria as regulators of intracellular ion concentrations -- 3.4. Insight #3: Phylogenetic trends in blood volume -- 3.5. Insight #4: Influences of growth, age, and smoltification on extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes and ion c ... -- 3.6. Insight #5: Hypertonic urine in killifish in seawater -- 3.7. Insight #6: Lymphatic system of fishes -- 3.8. Insight #7: Importance of studying the composition of specialized fluid compartments -- 3.9. Insight #8: The regulation of K+ concentrations -- 3.10. Insight #9: Sex differences in plasma Ca2+ concentrations -- 3.11. Insight #10: Cold effects on plasma osmolality and composition -- 4. Holmes and Donaldson (1969) as a fish physiology ``classic´´ -- References -- Chapter 8: The Body compartments and the distribution of electrolytes**This is a reproduction of a previously published c ... -- I. Introduction -- II. The Total Body Volume -- A. The Intracellular Compartment -- B. The Extracellular Compartment -- III. Methods for the Determination of Body Compartments -- A. Total Body Water -- B. The Extracellular Volume -- C. The Intracellular Volume -- IV. Compartmental Spaces in Fish -- A. Class Agnatha -- Order Myxiniformes and Order Petromyzontiformes -- B. Class Chondrichthyes. , Subclass Elasmobranchii -- C. Class Osteichthyes -- 1. Classes Sarcopterygii, Brachiopterygii, and Actinopterygii -- 2. Blood Volume Changes Associated with the Evolution of the Fishes -- 3. Changes in the Extracellular Compartments of Euryhaline Species -- V. Electrolyte Composition -- A. Class Agnatha -- 1. Order Myxiniformes -- 2. Order Petromyzontiformes -- B. Class Chondrichthyes -- 1. Subclass Elasmobranchit (Marine Species) -- 2. Subclass Elasmobranchin (Freshwater Species) -- 3. Subclass Holocephali -- C. Class Osteichthyes -- 1. Subclass Sarcopterygi -- 2. Subclass Actinopterygii -- 3. Group ``Teleosti´´ -- References -- Chapter 9: Stimulation of a framework for future acid-base regulation studies in fish -- References -- Chapter 10: Acid-base balance**This is a reproduction of a previously published chapter in the Fish Physiology series, `` ... -- I. Introduction -- II. Basic Concepts of Physical Chemistry -- A. The Dissociation of Water and the Definition of pH -- B. Dissociation of Weak Acids -- C. Carbonic Acid -- D. Buffer Action and Its Mathematical Description -- E. Effects of Ionic Strength and Temperature -- 1. Effect of Ionic Strength -- 2. Effect of Temperature -- III. The Transport of CO2 in the Blood -- A. The CO2 Combining Curve of the Blood -- 1. Physically Dissolved CO2 -- 2. Chemically Bound CO2 -- 3. Interaction between Red Blood Cells and Plasma -- 4. True Plasma versus Separated Plasma -- B. The pH of the Blood as Related to CO2 -- 1. THE pH - LOG pCO2 DIAGRAM -- 2. The Buffer Capacity of Plasma and Blood -- 3. The Effects of Oxygenation of Hemoglobin -- 4. The Effect of Temperature -- 5. Summary -- IV. The Intracellular pH -- V. Controlling Mechanisms of the Acid-Base Balance -- References -- Chapter 11: The lasting impact of Toki-o Yamamoto's pioneering chapter on fish sex determination and differentiation. , 1. A brief overview of Yamamoto (1969) -- 2. The life and career of Toki-o Yamamoto -- 3. The legacy of Yamamoto (1969) -- 3.1. Basic discoveries stemming from Yamamoto (1969) -- 3.2. Practical applications stemming from Yamamoto (1969) -- 4. In closing -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Sex differentiation**This is a reproduction of a previously published chapter in the Fish Physiology series, ... -- I. Introduction: Sexuality in Fishes -- II. Hermaphroditism -- A. Synchronous Hermaphroditism -- B. Consecutive Hermaphroditism -- 1. Protandrous Hermaphrodites -- 2. Protogynous Hermaphrodites -- III. Gonochorism -- A. Undifferentiated Gonochorists -- B. Differentiated Gonochorists -- C. All-Female Species -- IV. Genetic Basis of Sex Determination -- A. XX-XY and WZ(Y)-ZZ(YY) Types -- B. Polygenic Sex Determination and So-called Genetic Sex Reversal -- C. ``Spontaneous Sex Reversal´´ in the Swordtail -- V. Control of Sex Differentiation -- A. Surgical Operation -- B. Modification of Sex Differentiation by Sex Hormones -- C. Complete (Functional) Reversal of Sex Differentiation -- VI. Nature of Natural Sex Inducers -- A. Steroid versus Nonsteroid Theories -- B. Detection of Steroids and Relevant Enzymes in Fish Gonads -- VII. Differentiation of Secondary Sexual Characters -- VIII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 13: Beginning with Blaxter-An early summary of embryonic and larval fish development -- References -- Chapter 14: Development: eggs and larvae**This is a reproduction of a previously published chapter in the Fish Physiology ... -- I. Introduction -- II. The Parental Contribution -- A. Conditions for Incubation -- 1. Eggs Single, with No Parental Care -- 2. Eggs Single, Special Environments -- 3. Eggs Single, with Parental Care -- 4. Eggs Massed -- B. Fecundity and Egg Size -- III. Events in Development -- A. Fertilization. , B. Incubation (Fertilization to Hatching).

Note: Intro -- Conservation Physiology for the Anthropocene - A Systems Approach -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Conservation physiology and the management of wild fish populations in the Anthropocene -- 1. The Anthropocene -- 2. Fish in the Anthropocene -- 3. The threats to fish populations -- 4. Physiology connects fish to threats -- 5. Conservation physiology to the rescue? -- 6. Reflections on the evolution of the fish physiology series -- 7. Conservation physiology applications -- 7.1. Assessing and managing recovery of imperiled species -- 7.2. Invasive species -- 7.3. Making fisheries more sustainable -- 7.4. Identifying pollution thresholds -- 7.5. Mitigating interactions with water infrastructure -- 7.6. Advancing climate change science -- 8. A systems approach -- 9. On achieving a mechanistic approach to conservation and management -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Applied sensory physiology and behavior -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biotic and abiotic stimuli and sensory receptors in fishes -- 2.1. Mechanosensory -- 2.2. Chemosensory -- 2.3. Photosensory -- 2.4. Electro- and magneto-sensory -- 3. Applied studies of relevant stimuli and senses -- 3.1. Mechanosensory -- 3.2. Chemosensory -- 3.3. Photosensory -- 3.4. Electro- and magneto-sensory -- 4. Multimodal sensory integration -- 4.1. Integrating neurosensory physiology, conservation, and management: A call for fish-centric approaches -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Applied aspects of locomotion and biomechanics -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Temperature and locomotion -- 1.2. Ability vs performance -- 2. Habitat quality and connectivity -- 2.1. Syndromes of the anthropocene -- 2.1.1. Instability in physical properties of aquatic habitats -- 2.1.2. Altered flow regimes in rivers. , 2.1.3. Fragmentation of riverine habitats -- 2.2. Fish passage: Restoring connectivity of riverine systems -- 3. Invasive species in river systems -- 4. Capture fisheries -- 4.1. The biomechanical foundation of fish capture -- 4.1.1. Fish capture by trawls: The role of fish locomotion -- 4.2. The role of fish biomechanics in reducing bycatch and discards: A case study -- 5. Fisheries management and enhancement -- 5.1. Fisheries surveys -- 5.1.1. Tow duration of bottom trawl surveys -- 5.1.2. Encountering probability of fish with passive survey gears -- 5.1.3. Active space in passive survey gears -- 5.2. Stock enhancement -- 6. Biomimetic engineering for fish conservation in the anthropocene -- 6.1. Fish robotics: Current state of the art -- 6.2. Technology for fish conservation biology -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Applied fish bioenergetics -- 1. Introduction: History and application -- 2. Bioenergetics components -- 2.1. Consumption -- 2.2. Metabolism -- 2.3. Growth -- 3. Measurement -- 3.1. Consumption and feeding estimates -- 3.2. Metabolism estimation -- 3.3. Characterizing growth in fishes -- 4. Modeling approaches -- 4.1. Wisconsin energy budget -- 4.2. Dynamic energy budget -- 4.3. Physiological energy budget -- 4.4. From the individual to the population -- 4.5. Concluding remarks -- 5. Applications -- 5.1. Invasive species impacts: Lionfish in the Caribbean -- 5.2. Climate change in the Laurentian Great lakes -- 5.3. Stocking decisions related to freshwater fisheries management -- 6. Conclusions and future directions -- References -- Chapter 5: Applied aspects of the cardiorespiratory system -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Whole animal -- 2.1.1. Respirometry -- 2.2. Organ-Heart -- 2.2.1. Heart rate biologging and biotelemetry -- 2.2.2. Arrhenius breakpoint methods -- 2.3. Cellular -- 2.3.1. Blood. , 2.3.2. Cellular metabolites -- 3. Applied case studies -- 3.1. Pacific salmon -- 3.1.1. Effects of fisheries on capture, release, and recovery -- 3.1.2. Thermal performance of Pacific salmon in warming rivers -- 3.2. Shark fisheries-induced mortality -- 3.3. Pelagic fishes and oil -- 4. Moving the field forward -- 4.1. Context matters -- 4.2. Environmental realism -- 4.3. Coupling techniques -- 4.4. How much aerobic scope does a fish need to thrive? -- 4.5. Thermal safety margins (TSM) and functional warming tolerance (FWT) -- 4.6. Future outlook -- References -- Chapter 6: Applied aspects of fish endocrinology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of endocrine systems with applications to conservation physiology -- 2.1. Hormonal control of stress -- 2.2. Hormonal control of reproduction -- 2.3. Hormonal control of growth and metabolism -- 3. Applied aspects of endocrine systems -- 3.1. Fish culture -- 3.2. Development and growth monitoring -- 3.3. Reproductive control -- 3.4. Climate change -- 3.5. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals -- 3.5.1. Case study 1: Municipal wastewater effluent -- 3.5.2. Case study 2: Pulp and paper mill effluents -- 3.5.3. Case study 3: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and endocrine disruption -- 3.6. Management of invasive species -- 4. Future applications of endocrine systems in conservation physiology -- 4.1. Non-Invasive monitoring of steroids -- 4.2. Hormonal profiling -- 4.3. Multisystem integration of endocrinology in conservation physiology -- 4.3.1. Ecotoxicogenomics -- 4.3.2. Endocrine-microbiome interactions -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Conservation aspects of osmotic, acid-base, and nitrogen homeostasis in fish -- 1. Introduction-General principles -- 1.1. Ionic and osmotic balance in freshwater fish -- 1.2. Ionic and osmotic balance in seawater and euryhaline fish. , 1.3. Special cases-Ionic and osmotic balance in marine hagfish and chondrichthyans -- 1.4. Acid-base regulation -- 1.5. Nitrogenous waste excretion -- 2. Conservation issues -- 2.1. Acid-rain toxicity in North America and Northern Europe - A detective story -- 2.2. Survival of fishes in the acidic, ion-poor blackwaters of the Rio Negro, a biodiversity hot spot -- 2.3. The biotic ligand model (BLM), a regulatory tool for environmental regulation based on physiological understanding o ... -- 2.4. Survival of fishes at high pH -- 2.5. Osmoregulatory consequences of the commercial fishery for hagfish -- 2.6. Osmoregulatory threats to elasmobranchs -- the critical importance of feeding -- 3. Future directions and concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Applied aspects of gene function for the conservation of fishes -- 1. Gene expression and the integrated organismal response -- 2. Genomic factors regulating gene expression -- 2.1. Genomic divergence and sequence variation -- 2.2. Variation through alternative splicing -- 2.3. Epigenetic regulation -- 2.4. Receptor-mediated gene expression -- 3. Methods of quantifying gene expression -- 3.1. mRNA transcript abundance -- 3.2. Protein abundance and enzyme activity -- 3.3. Integrating gene expression assessments across levels of biological organization -- 4. Methods for manipulating gene expression -- 4.1. Artificial selection -- 4.2. Genetic tools for altering gene expression or modifying phenotypes -- 5. Limitations and challenges for examining gene expression in fishes -- 5.1. Genomic variation through ploidy levels -- 5.2. Challenges with annotation -- 5.3. Challenges with the implementation of gene editing tools -- 6. Future directions -- 6.1. The potential for gene editing for the conservation of fishes -- 6.2. Non-lethal sampling as a key strategy for conservation research. , 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Physiological diversity and its importance for fish conservation and management in the Anthropocene -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The causes of physiological diversity -- 2.1. Ontogeny, growth, and sex -- 2.2. Phenotypic plasticity -- 2.2.1. Reversible plasticity -- 2.2.2. Developmental plasticity -- 2.2.3. Transgenerational plasticity -- 2.3. Genetic variation -- 3. The importance of physiological diversity -- 3.1. Physiological diversity increases ecosystem resilience -- 3.2. Physiological diversity influences adaptation to environmental change -- 3.3. Understanding physiological diversity can shape fish conservation and management -- 3.3.1. Management of Pacific salmon -- 3.3.2. Predicting responses to climate change -- 3.3.3. Hatchery effects -- 4. Conclusions and perspectives -- References -- Other volumes in the Fish Physiology series -- Index.