Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Abstract (same as Vol. 1) -- Contents -- Contents -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction to the Volume 2 of Atmospheric Chemistry in the Mediterranean Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Content of Volume 2: From Atmospheric Chemistry to the Mediterranean Inhabitability -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Part V: Emissions and Sources -- Sea Spray Emissions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Parameters Influencing the Sea Spray Emission Fluxes -- 3 Chemical Composition of Sea Spray -- 4 Sea Spray Emissions and Derived Cloud Condensation and Ice Nuclei -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Emissions from the Mediterranean Vegetation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds -- 2.1 BVOC Emission Sources in Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 2.2 Determination of BVOCs: Speciation and Emissions/Fluxes at Different Scales -- Branch Scale -- Canopy Scale -- Landscape Scale -- OH Reactivity as an Approach to Determine the Completeness of Measured BVOCs -- 2.3 Factors Controlling Future BVOC Emissions in the Mediterranean Context: A Modelling Perspective -- 3 Bioaerosols -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Soil Dust Emissions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Processes and Quantification of Dust Emissions -- 2.1 Dust Emission Physical Processes -- 2.2 Quantification of Dust Emission -- 3 Meteorological Situations Favorable to Dust Emission and Transport Toward the Mediterranean -- 4 Dust Source Regions of Interest for the Mediterranean -- 5 Dust Composition as a Tracer of Source Regions -- 6 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Anthropogenic Emissions of Reactive Compounds in the Mediterranean Region -- 1 Anthropogenic Emissions at the Scale of the Mediterranean Basin: Intensity and Variability -- 1.1 Emission Inventories -- 1.2 The Regional Mediterranean Emissions. , Trends in Anthropogenic Emissions -- Comparing Western-Eastern Basins and Northern-Southern Basins -- The Road Transport Sector -- The Maritime Sector -- The Biomass Burning -- 2 Anthropogenic Emissions at Urban Scale -- 2.1 Past Studies in the Mediterranean Basin Prior to ChArMEx -- 2.2 The TRANSEMED Initiative in the Eastern Mediterranean -- Context -- Source-apportionment Methodology Based on Ambient and Near-Source Measurements -- Source Apportionment of Anthropogenic VOC Emission Contribution Comparison of Source Apportionment of VOCs -- 2.3 Observations as Relevant Constraints to Evaluate Emission Inventories: VOCs as Target Compounds -- Methodology: Emission Ratios Derived from Direct Observations and PMF Factors -- Evaluation of Emissions Based on Observations and PMF Results and National and Global Emission Inventories -- Evaluation of the Speciation of Global Emission Inventories Downscaled to Beirut -- 3 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Ultrafine Particle Emissions in the Mediterranean -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Airborne Experiments in the Mediterranean -- 3 History of Ultrafine Particle Concentration Levels in the Mediterranean -- 4 Major Contributions to the Mediterranean UFP Budget -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Part VI: Recent Progress on Chemical Processes -- Total OH Reactivity -- 1 Total OH Reactivity Concept and Applications -- 1.1 OH Radical Sources -- 1.2 Unmeasured Atmospheric Constituents -- 1.3 Ozone Production Potential -- 1.4 Particle Formation -- 2 Measuring the OH Reactivity -- 3 OH Reactivity Measurements in the Mediterranean Basin -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Ozone Photochemical Production Rates in the Western Mediterranean -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Boundary-Layer Pressurized Balloons and Adapted ECC Sondes. , 3 Ozone Production over the Mediterranean as Seen from the BLPBs -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Nucleation in the Mediterranean Atmosphere -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of Observations of NPF in the Mediterranean Basin -- 3 Nucleation from Marine Sources? -- 4 Impact of NPF on Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and Cloud Droplet Number (CDN) -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Secondary Aerosol Formation and Their Modeling -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Organic Aerosols -- 2.1 Organic Aerosol Properties -- Carbon Origin -- Oxidation -- Solubility -- 2.2 Origins and Formation Pathways -- Biogenic -- Marine Aerosol -- Anthropogenic -- Maritime Traffic -- Wildfires -- 3 Inorganic Aerosols -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Particle-Gas Multiphasic Interactions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Interconnection Between Gas Phase and Aerosol Compounds During the Summer 2013 ChArMEx Field Campaign -- 3 Partitioning of Organic Carbon Between the Gaseous and Particulate Phase -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Part VII: Mediterranean Aerosol Properties -- Aerosol Size Distribution -- 1 Preamble and Definitions -- 2 Observations -- 2.1 Ground-Based Remote Sensing Measurements -- 2.2 In Situ Measurements -- 2.3 In Situ Observations of the Ultrafine Particle Mode -- 2.4 In Situ Observations of the Coarse Mineral Dust Particle Mode -- 3 Synthesis of Observations -- 4 Summary and Challenges for Future Research -- References -- Aerosol Composition and Reactivity -- 1 Preamble and Definitions -- 1.1 Non-carbonaceous Aerosol Composition -- 1.2 Carbonaceous Aerosol -- 2 Aerosol Mixing and Reactivity -- 3 Aerosol Chemical Reactivity -- 3.1 Mineral Dust -- 3.2 Sea Salt -- 3.3 Aerosol Neutralization by NH3 -- 3.4 Carbonaceous Aerosol -- 4 Summary and Challenges for Future Research -- References. , Aerosol Optical Properties -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dataset -- 3 Aerosol Optical Depth -- 4 Aerosol Single-Scattering Albedo -- 5 Asymmetry Parameter -- 6 Aerosol Extinction-to-Backscatter Ratio -- 7 Challenges for Future Research -- References -- Aerosol Hygroscopicity -- 1 Preamble and Definitions -- 2 Hygroscopic Properties at Subsaturated Conditions -- 3 Hygroscopic Properties at Supersaturated Conditions -- 4 Ice Nuclei Particles -- 5 Summary and Challenges for Future Research -- References -- Part VIII: Deposition in the Mediterranean Region -- Mass Deposition -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Deposition Processes -- 3 Mass Deposition in the Mediterranean -- 4 Daily, Seasonal and Annual Variability of Dust Deposition -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Nutrient Deposition and Variability -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nitrogen Fluxes -- 3 Phosphorus Fluxes -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Trace Metals and Contaminants Deposition -- 1 Particulate Trace Metals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sources and Variability -- 1.3 Solubility -- 2 Organic Contaminants -- 3 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Part IX: Impacts of Air Pollution on Precipitation Chemistry and Climate -- Aerosol and Tropospheric Ozone Direct Radiative Impacts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing -- 2.1 Direct Radiative Effect at the Surface -- 2.2 Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing at TOA -- 2.3 Trends in Surface Solar Radiation over the Mediterranean Basin -- 3 Implication for Photochemical Processes and Solar Energy Production -- 3.1 Impact on Photolysis -- 3.2 Impact of Aerosol Dimming on the Solar Energy Production -- PV Forecasting and Aerosol Impact over the Mediterranean Area -- Dust Deposition on PV Panels -- Future PV Projections and the Role of Aerosols -- 4 Radiative Forcing of Tropospheric Ozone -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References. , Aerosol-Cloud Interactions and Impact on Regional Climate -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Climate-Aerosol Interactions -- 1.2 Aerosol Indirect Effects -- 1.3 Other Cloud-Aerosol Interactions -- 1.4 Clouds and Aerosols Over the Mediterranean -- 2 Aerosol-Cloud Interactions By Aerosol Type -- 2.1 The Case of Dust Particles -- 2.2 The Case of Sea-Salt Particles -- 2.3 The Case of Anthropogenic Particles -- 3 Implications for Regional Climate -- 3.1 Impact of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions on Regional Radiative Budget -- 3.2 Implications for Surface Temperatures -- 3.3 Aerosol Impact on Cloud Parameters -- 3.4 Aerosol Impact on Precipitation -- 3.5 Trends in Aerosol-Cloud Interactions -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Aerosol Impacts on Atmospheric and Precipitation Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Aerosol Impacts on Tropospheric Chemistry -- 2.1 Impact of Aerosols on Oxidants Through Interactions with Light -- 2.2 Heterogeneous Reactions on Aerosol Surfaces -- 2.3 Evidence of Heterogeneous Reactions in Field Studies -- 2.4 Biomass Burning Products Impacts on Trace Pollutants -- 2.5 Insights from Global Modeling Studies -- 3 Aerosols and Atmospheric Acidity -- 3.1 Aerosol pH in the Mediterranean -- 3.2 Dust Acidification and Nutrients -- 4 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Part X: Impacts of Air Pollution on Human Health and Ecosystems -- Air Quality and Health Impacts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Assessing Air Pollution Exposure at the Individual Level -- 2.1 Level of Exposure -- 2.2 Methods for Assessing Exposure -- 3 Short-Term Effects -- 3.1 The Effect of Particulate Matter on Human Health -- Mortality Studies -- Morbidity Studies -- Desert Dust and Health Effects -- Health Impacts of Combustion Products -- 3.2 Impacts of Gaseous Pollutants -- 4 Long-Term Effects -- 5 Modeling and Projections -- 6 Other Diseases Related to Air Pollution. , 7 Mitigation and Adaptation.