Note: Intro -- Dedication -- Preface -- Reference -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Overview: Foodborne Pathogens in Wildlife Populations -- Introduction -- Illnesses/Outbreaks Attributed to Contamination of Wildlife -- Direct Association: Consumption of Contaminated Meat -- Indirect Association: Contamination of Produce Fields -- Prevalence of Foodborne Pathogens in Wildlife -- Factors Affecting Prevalence Levels in Wildlife -- Methodology Used for Surveillance -- Host Attributes That Impact Contamination by Pathogens -- Other Drawbacks to Pathogen Contamination of Wildlife That Impact Humans -- Contamination of Water Sources -- Reservoir for Antibiotic Resistance -- Reservoir for Emerging Pathogens -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 2: Emerging Viral Zoonoses from Wildlife Associated with Animal-Based Food Systems: Risks and Opportunities -- Introduction -- Scale of Animal Production Systems and Their Importance to Human Health -- Scale of Wild Harvest Systems and Their Importance to Human Health -- Emerging Infectious Diseases Associated with Food Systems -- Viral Zoonoses of Wildlife Associated with Animal-Based Food Systems -- Contact -- Transmission Routes -- Distal Factors -- Future Trends in Food Acquisition and Production Systems: Implications for Viral Zoonoses -- Wild Harvest Trends -- Animal Production Trends -- Looking Forward: Intervention and Risk Mitigation Options -- Win-Win Solutions for Conservation and Health? -- The Policy Landscape -- Risk Analysis -- Realistic Interventions -- Can the Farming of Wildlife Become a Safe Alternative to Wild-­Harvest Meat? -- Conclusions, Gaps, and Future Research Needs -- References -- Chapter 3: A European Perspective on the Transmission of Foodborne Pathogens at the Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface -- Introduction -- Main Foodborne Pathogens in the European Union -- Bacteria. , Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. -- Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) -- Campylobacter spp. -- Listeria monocytogenes -- Antimicrobial Resistance -- Viruses -- Hepatitis E Virus -- Parasites -- Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus -- Toxoplasmagondii -- Trichinella spp. -- Other Zoonotic Pathogens Shared with Wildlife -- Brucellosis -- Bovine Tuberculosis -- Q Fever -- Tularemia -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Microbiological Hazards of Wild Birds and Free-Range Chickens -- Introduction -- One Health Issues: New Food Fads, Habitat Encroachment, and Unrealized Risks -- Pathogens -- Bacteria -- Salmonella -- Public Health Concerns for Salmonella -- Antimicrobial Resistance -- Campylobacter -- Public Health Concerns -- Antimicrobial Resistance -- Other Bacteria -- Viruses -- Influenza A -- Public Health Concerns - Avian Influenza -- Newcastle Disease Virus -- Public Health Concerns -- Viral Encephalomyelitides -- Public Health Concerns -- Public Health Concerns -- Fungi -- Concluding Comments -- References -- Chapter 5: Molecular Tools for Monitoring and  Source-­Tracking Salmonella in Wildlife and the Environment -- Salmonella and Foodborne Disease -- Molecular Tools for Salmonella Detection from Wildlife -- Outline Placeholder -- PCR and qPCR for Species Confirmation -- DNA Microarrays for Species Confirmation -- Alternatives to PCR -- Molecular Serotyping of Salmonella -- Genotyping Methods for Source Tracking of Salmonella -- Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) -- PCR-Based Typing -- Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) -- Whole Genome Sequence Analysis (WGS) -- Evaluation of Virulence Potential -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Reducing the Risk of Foodborne Transmission of Nipah Virus -- Introduction -- Human Nipah Virus Outbreaks -- Malaysia/Singapore -- India/Bangladesh. , Nipah Virus Foodborne Transmission Through Date Palm Sap -- Nipah Virus Person-to-Person Transmission -- Other Plausible Pathways of Nipah Virus Transmission -- Discouraging Consumption of Raw Date Palm Sap -- Improving the Safety of Raw Date Palm Sap -- Nipah Transmission Through Horsemeat in the Philippines -- Broader Risks -- References -- Chapter 7: A Survey of How Growers, Shippers, and Handlers Address Food Safety Risks from Wildlife in Leafy Greens -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Survey -- Survey Distribution -- Data Collection and Analysis -- Review of Scientific Literature -- Expert Panel Review -- Survey Results -- Food Safety Programs -- Conservation Practices -- Discussion -- Animals of Significant Risk -- Animal Intrusion -- Adjacent Land -- Equipment and the Potential for Contamination -- Crop Damage -- Implementation of Expert Panel Recommendations -- Observations -- References -- Chapter 8: Keeping Wildlife Out of Your Food: Mitigation and Control Strategies to Reduce the Transmission Risk of Food-Borne Pathogens -- Introduction -- General Strategies -- Adaptive Management -- Strategic Processes -- Identifying the Problem -- Assessing the Risk -- Developing Strategies -- Implementing Mitigation Measures -- Population Control -- Lethal Control -- Reproductive Control -- Habitat Modification -- Exclusionary Methods -- Testing Methods Through Monitoring -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Co-management: Balancing Food Safety, the Environment, and the Bottom Line -- Introduction -- Background -- Co-management Process in Action -- Co-management in a Broader Context -- Impacts to the Bottom Line -- Supporting Co-management -- Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 10: Recommendations to Regulations: Managing Wildlife and Produce Safety on the Farm -- Introduction. , Attributes That Contribute to the Complexity of On-Farm Food Safety Decisions -- Mitigation of Fruit and Vegetable Crop-Wildlife Conflicts -- Perceptions of Wildlife as a Valuable Part of the Farming Landscape -- Consumer Confidence and Health Initiatives -- Grower Challenges to Balancing Food Safety Goals and Wildlife Management Strategies -- Research Needs for Better Decision Making -- From Recommendations to Regulations: A Sweeping Reform of Produce Safety -- Voluntary Compliance -- Food Safety Modernization Act and the FDA Produce Safety Rule -- Drafting a Regulation to Fit a Diverse Industry and Complex Topic -- Education and Extension to Assist Produce Growers -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: A One Health Approach to Wildlife and Food Safety -- Introduction -- One Health and Food Safety -- Safe Food, Wildlife Preservation, and Ecosystem Conservation through One Health -- Balanced Solutions to the Food Safety and Wildlife Interface through One Health -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Virulence Book Introduction -- Part I: Foodborne Pathogens and Virulence Factors -- Advantages of Virulotyping Pathogens Over Traditional Identification and Characterization Methods -- Introduction -- Virulotyping Enterohemorrhagic E. coli -- Virulotyping Salmonella Serovars -- More Clinical Benefits to Virulotyping -- Conclusion -- References -- Varying Pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates -- Introduction -- Epidemiology and Transmission Routes of C. jejuni -- Strain Variability -- Molecular Virulence Mechanisms of C. jejuni -- Adhesion to Epithelial Cells -- Cellular Invasion -- Transmigration Across the Epithelial Barrier -- Intracellular Survival -- Interaction with Immune Cells -- Animal Infection Models -- Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Strain-Specific Virulence Differences in Listeria monocytogenes: Current Perspectives in Addressing an Old and Vexing Issue -- Omics Tools in the Determination and Characterization of Differences in Virulence Among Different Strains of Listeria monocytogenes -- Virulence-Related Genomic Sequences with Non-homogenous Distribution in L. monocytogenes -- Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)-Based Insights on Virulence Differences Among L. monocytogenes Strains -- Strain-Specific Differences in Virulence:Insights from Epidemiological Investigations -- Recent Applications of Genotype Surveillance, Whole Genome Sequencing and Targeted Assessments to Identify L. monocytogenes Populations (Clones) Varying in Virulence Potential and Host System Tropism -- Challenges and Opportunities Regarding Determination of Hyper- and Hypovirulent Clones -- Experimental Evidence for Hypervirulent and Hypovirulent Clones with Different Invasiveness Potential, and Some Caveats on the Choice of Prototype Strains -- Are There Virulence Determinants Unique to Hypervirulent Clones? -- Conclusions. , References -- The Listeria monocytogenes Triad for Success: Food Matrix, Stress Response and Virulence -- Introduction -- Food Production and Induction of Stress Responses -- Tolerance Responses that Influence L. monocytogenes Survival -- Heat Tolerance Response -- Cold Tolerance Response -- Osmotolerance Response -- Tolerance Response to Low pH -- Systems that Sustain L. monocytogenes Acid Resistance -- F1F0 ATPase Complex -- The Glutamate Decarboxylase Acid Resistance (GAD) System -- Arginine Deiminase (ADI) System and Thiamine -- Sensors and Regulators -- Oxidative Stress -- Bile Stress -- Cross-Adaptation -- The Relationship Between the Food Matrix, Stress Response and Virulence of L. monocytogenes -- Conclusions -- References -- Virulence Traits in the Cronobacter Genus -- General Overview -- Background to Cronobacter spp. -- Clinical Aspects of Cronobacter Infection -- Infection of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) -- Infection of the Central Nervous System -- Bacterial Meningitis -- Mechanisms of Pathogenicity in Cronobacter spp. -- Attachment, Invasion and Translocation -- Attachment -- Invasion -- Translocation -- Role of OmpA in Cronobacter Invasion of Mammalian Cells -- Role of Cytoskeleton Rearrangement in Cronobacter Invasion -- Tight Junction Disruption -- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Endotoxin -- Enterotoxins and Type-Six Secretion Systems (T6SS) -- Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) -- iNOS Production -- Apoptosis -- Cronobacter Plasminogen Activator (Cpa) -- Sialic Acid Utilization -- Iron Acquisition Gene System -- Hemolysins -- Capsule Production -- Flagella -- Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) -- Evading the Immune Response -- Various Putative Virulence Factors -- Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Factors Affecting Variation in Salmonella Virulence -- Introduction. , Evolution of Salmonella Genus, Species and Subspecies -- Genetic Diversity within S. enterica Subspecies I, Serovars and Strains -- Gene Expression, Pathogenesis, and Virulence -- Concluding Comments -- References -- Shigella: Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity -- Introduction -- Type III Secretion System -- Genetics of the T3SS -- Structure of the T3SS and Recognition of Secreted Effectors -- Regulation of the T3SS -- Adherence and Invasion -- Intracellular Motility and Intercellular Spread -- Host Immune System Manipulation and Evasion -- Innate Immune System Manipulation and Evasion -- Adaptive Immune System Manipulation and Evasion -- Shiga Toxin -- Shigella Pathogenicity Islands -- SHI-1 Locus -- SHI-2 Locus -- SHI-3 Locus -- SRL Locus -- SHI-O Loci -- Drug Resistance -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Alterations in Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli Colonization and Virulence Following Dietary Modulation and Administration of Antimicrobials -- Introduction -- Treatment of Human STEC Infection with Antimicrobials -- Treatment Considerations During the German 2011 E. coli O104:H4 Outbreak -- Effect of Dietary Alterations and Supplements on the Cattle STEC Reservoir -- Effect of Microbiota and Probiotics on Human Susceptibility to STEC Infection and Its Complications -- The Effect of Diet, Natural Compounds, and Zinc on Human STEC Infection -- Summary -- References -- The Role of Alternative Sigma Factors in Pathogen Virulence -- Introduction -- Characterization of Sigma Factors -- Sigma Factor Families -- Role of Sigma Factor in Recognition of Promoters During Transcription -- Alternative Sigma Factors of Gram-Positive Bacteria: Their Regulation and Role in the Pathogenesis of Foodborne Pathogens -- Bacillus subtilis σB -- Bacillus cereus Alternative Sigma Factors -- Listeria monocytogenes Alternative Sigma Factors. , Staphylococcus aureus Alternative Sigma Factors -- Sigma Factors of Relevant Clostridial Foodborne Pathogens -- Alternative Sigma Factors of Gram-Negative Bacteria: Their Regulation and Role in the Pathogenesis of Foodborne Pathogens -- RpoS in Gram Negative Foodborne Pathogens -- Transcriptional Regulation of rpoS -- Translational Regulation of RpoS -- RpoS Stability -- Additional Sigma Factor Regulation -- The Role of RpoS in Salmonella -- The Role of RpoS in Shigella -- The Role RpoS in E. coli -- The Role of RpoS in Yersinia -- The Role of RpoS in Vibrio -- RpoE in Gram Negative Foodborne Pathogens -- Regulation of RpoE Activation -- RpoE and sRNAs -- RpoE and Salmonella enterica -- RpoE and Pathogenic Escherichia coli -- RpoE in Yersinia -- RpoE in Vibrio -- Other Alternative Sigma Factors in Gram Negative Foodborne Pathogens -- RpoH -- RpoH Regulation -- RpoH Regulon Members and Pathogenesis -- ClpXP and Type III Secretion Systems (T3SS) -- RpoN -- The Phage Shock Protein (PSP) Response -- PSP Response and Virulence -- FliA -- Campylobacter -- Conclusions -- References -- The Effects of Environmental Conditions and External Treatments on Virulence of Foodborne Pathogens -- Introduction -- Virulence in Microbes: Major Factors and Mechanism(s) of Action -- Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity Islands -- Virulence Regulation and Role of Stress Signals -- Effects of Environmental Conditions and External Treatment on Pathogen Virulence -- Temperature -- Irradiation -- Desiccation and Osmotic Stress -- Pressure -- pH -- Biopreservatives -- Food Packaging -- Cross Protection by Stresses -- Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- The Rise of Genomics and the Promise of Whole Genome Sequencing for Understanding Microbial Foodborne Pathogens -- Introduction. , Whole Genome Sequencing: A New Way Forward to Understanding Foodborne Pathogens and Associated Contamination Events -- The GenomeTrakr: An Engine for Foodborne Pathogen Genome Collection -- The Application of Phylogenetics in Molecular Epidemiology (Suggest Providing a Glossary for Terms Such as Phylogenetics) -- Genomics Predicts Bacterial Pathogen Phenotypes -- Antimicrobial Resistance Typing by Whole Genome Sequencing -- Virulence Profiling and Other Important Phenotypic Predictions Using WGS Data -- The Evolutionary Context of Nucleotide Substitutions Within the Pathogen Genome -- Whole Genome Sequencing Benefits Several Sectors of the Food Industry -- International Considerations and the Global Rise of Food Safety Genomics -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Web Tools and Databases -- Part II: Foodborne Pathogens, Host Susceptibility, and Infectious Dose -- Host Innate Immune Factors Influencing Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Pathogenicity -- Introduction -- The Host Response to EHEC Infection -- Inflammation and Cell Death Signaling -- Pathogen Response to the Host: Inflammation -- Inhibition of NF-κB Signaling -- Inhibition of MAPK Signaling -- Pathogen Response to the Host: Apoptosis -- Effectors that Induce Apoptosis -- Inflammasomes and Immunity to A/E Pathogens -- Conclusions -- References -- In Defense of the European 100 CFU of Listeria monocytogenes/g in Ready-to-Eat Foods -- Listeriosis -- Taxonomy -- Listeria monocytogenes Foodborne Illness -- Foods Implicated -- Control of L. monocytogenes in Foods -- History of Criteria Relating to Listeria monocytogenes in Foods -- European Commission Regulation 2073/2005 on Microbiological Criteria for Foodstuffs -- Historical Data -- Outbreak and Scientific Data -- Predictive Mathematical Modelling -- Challenge Testing -- Shelf-Life Testing (Durability Studies). , International Work Complimentary to the European 100 CFU/g L. monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Foods.

Note: Intro -- CONTEMPORARY CARBENE CHEMISTRY -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE TO SERIES -- PREFACE -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PART 1 PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS OF CARBENES -- 1 CARBENE STABILITY -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 BACKGROUND -- 1.2.1 Measures of Carbene Stability -- 1.2.2 Bonding and Orbital Interactions in Carbenes -- 1.2.3 Determining Carbene Stability -- 1.3 CARBENE STABILITY -- 1.3.1 Hydrocarbon-Substituted Carbenes -- 1.3.2 Substituted Phenylcarbenes -- 1.3.3 Heteroatom-Substituted Carbenes -- 1.3.4 Conjugated Heterocyclic Carbenes -- 1.3.5 Carbenes with Other Electron-Withdrawing Groups -- 1.3.6 Carbenes versus Ylides -- 1.4 CORRELATIONS INVOLVING CARBENE STABILITY -- 1.4.1 CSE versus Singlet-Triplet Gap -- 1.4.2 CSE (Singlet) versus Proton Affinities -- 1.4.3 CSE (Singlet) versus Carbene Reaction Rates -- 1.5 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- 2 STABLE CARBENES -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 TYPES OF STABLE CARBENES -- 2.2.1 Push-Push Carbenes -- 2.2.2 Push-Pull Carbenes -- 2.2.3 Abnormal Carbenes -- 2.3 SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS -- 2.4 CHEMICAL REACTIVITY -- 2.4.1 Heteroallenes/Electrophilic Traps -- 2.4.2 Lewis Acids: Boryl Compounds -- 2.4.3 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Nitriles -- 2.4.4 Carbon Monoxide and Isonitriles -- 2.4.5 X-H Activation -- 2.4.6 Homodiatomic Bond Activation -- 2.4.7 Elemental Allotropes and Other Reactive Species -- 2.5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- 3 ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY OF CARBENES -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 SOLUTION pKas OF THE CONJUGATE ACIDS OF CARBENES -- 3.2.1 Experimental Methods in Aprotic Solvents -- 3.2.2 Experimental Methods in Aqueous Solution -- 3.2.3 Substituent Effects on pKa -- 3.2.4 Solvent Effects on pKa -- 3.3 GAS-PHASE BASICITIES AND PROTON AFFINITIES OF CARBENES -- 3.3.1 Experimental Methods -- 3.3.2 Heteroatom-Stabilized Carbenes. , 3.3.3 Alkyl- and Aryl-Substituted Carbenes -- 3.3.4 Halocarbenes -- 3.4 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- 4 COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF CARBENES AND THEIR EXCITED STATES -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 CARBENES -- 4.3 REARRANGEMENT IN EXCITED STATES (RIES) -- 4.4 ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CARBENES -- 4.4.1 Configuration Interaction -- 4.4.2 Complete Active Space Self-Consistent Field (CASSCF) Theory -- 4.4.3 Coupled-Cluster Theory with Resolution-of-the-Identity Approximation ( RI-CC2) -- 4.4.4 Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) -- 4.4.5 Molecular Dynamics (MD) -- 4.5 THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF CARBENE PRECURSORS -- 4.6 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- 5 DYNAMICS IN CARBENE REACTIONS -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.1.1 Carbenes -- 5.1.2 Nonstatistical Reaction Dynamics -- 5.2 DYNAMICS OF CARBENE CYCLOADDITIONS TO ALKENES AND ALKYNES -- 5.2.1 Carbene Additions to Unstrained Alkenes -- 5.2.2 Carbene Additions to Strained π Systems -- 5.2.3 Carbene Additions to Strained σ Systems -- 5.3 DYNAMICS OF OTHER CARBENE-MEDIATED REACTIONS -- 5.3.1 Wolff Rearrangement -- 5.3.2 Photochemical Carbene Formation -- 5.4 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- 6 ULTRAFAST KINETICS OF CARBENE REACTIONS -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 ULTRAFAST UV-VIS STUDIES OF THE INTERMOLECULAR REACTIVITY OF p-BIPHENYLYLCARBENE (BpCH) -- 6.3 REARRANGEMENTS IN THE EXCITED STATE OF THE CARBENE PRECURSOR -- 6.4 DYNAMICS OF CARBENE VIBRATIONAL COOLING AND SOLVATION -- 6.5 INFLUENCE OF SOLVENT ON CARBENE INTERSYSTEM CROSSING RATES -- 6.6 ELECTRONICALLY EXCITED (OPEN SHELL) SINGLET CARBENES -- 6.7 PARENT PHENYLDIAZIRINE-MECHANISTIC ASPECTS OF SINGLET CARBENE FORMATION. , 6.8 INFLUENCE OF HALO-SUBSTITUENT ELECTRON-DONATING CAPACITY ON DIAZIRINE DECAY IN THE FIRST EXCITED SINGLET STATE -- 6.9 THE INFLUENCE OF EXCITATION WAVELENGTH ON THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF DIAZIRINES -- 6.10 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- 7 TUNNELING IN THE REACTIONS OF CARBENES AND OXACARBENES -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION: LIGHT- AND HEAVY-ATOM TUNNELING -- 7.2 ALKYL- AND HALOCARBENES -- 7.2.1 Cyclopropylcarbenes -- 7.2.2 Ethylidene and Phenylmethylcarbene -- 7.2.3 Methylchlorocarbene and Benzylchlorocarbene -- 7.2.4 tert-Butylchlorocarbene -- 7.2.5 1-Methylcyclobutylfluorocarbene -- 7.2.6 Noradamantylchlorocarbene -- 7.3 THE FORMOSE REACTION AND HYDROXYCARBENES -- 7.3.1 Hydroxymethylene -- 7.3.2 Methylhydroxycarbene and Tunneling Control -- 7.3.3 Arylhydroxycarbenes -- 7.3.4 Cyclopropylhydroxycarbene -- 7.4 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- 8 CARBODICARBENES -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 CARBODICARBENES WITH N-HETEROCYCLIC LIGANDS C(NHC)2 -- 8.3 TETRAAMINOALLENES AND "HIDDEN" CARBODICARBENES -- 8.4 BENT ALLENES -- 8.5 RELATED COMPOUNDS -- 8.6 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- 9 CATALYTIC REACTIONS WITH N-MESITYL-SUBSTITUTED N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBENES -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.1.1 Historical Background -- 9.1.2 State of the Art Prior to 2004 -- 9.1.3 N-Mesityl Catalysts as the Key Innovation -- 9.2 THE N-MESITYL GROUP: A MECHANISTIC ASPECT -- 9.2.1 Catalytic Generation of Reactive Species via N-Mesityl NHCs -- 9.2.2 The Kinetic Effect of the N-Mesityl Group -- 9.3 NHC CATALYSIS BY CLASS OF REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES -- 9.3.1 Acyl Anion Equivalent -- 9.3.2 Homoenolate Equivalent -- 9.3.3 Enolate Equivalent -- 9.3.4 Activated Carboxylate Equivalent -- 9.3.5 α,β-Unsaturated Activated Carboxylate Equivalent -- 9.4 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES. , 10 SUPRAMOLECULAR CARBENE CHEMISTRY -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 TYPES OF HOSTS USED IN SUPRAMOLECULAR CARBENE CHEMISTRY -- 10.2.1 Cyclodextrins -- 10.2.2 Hemicarcerands -- 10.2.3 Resorcin[4]arene-Based Cavitands -- 10.2.4 Octa Acid -- 10.2.5 Cucurbit[n]urils -- 10.2.6 Zeolites -- 10.3 CHOOSING THE RIGHT CARBENE GUEST -- 10.4 DIAZIRINES AS SUITABLE SUPRAMOLECULAR CARBENE PRECURSORS -- 10.5 ARCHITECTURE OF THE GUEST@HOST COMPLEX -- 10.6 CASE STUDIES -- 10.6.1 Carbenes with Available 1,2-H Shifts -- 10.6.2 (2-[1,3-Dioxolan-2-yl]phenyl)(4-phenylphenyl)carbene -- 10.6.3 4-Oxocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene -- 10.6.4 Dichlorocarbene -- 10.6.5 Adamantylidene -- 10.6.6 3-Oxobicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ylidene -- 10.6.7 endo-3-Hydroxybicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ylidene -- 10.6.8 Ring Fragmentation and Expansion -- 10.6.9 Aryl(halo)carbenes -- 10.6.10 Fluoro(phenoxy)carbene -- 10.6.11 Persistent Triplet Carbenes -- 10.7 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- PART 2 Metal Carbenes -- 11 MODERN LITHIUM CARBENOID CHEMISTRY -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF LITHIUM CARBENOIDS -- 11.3 LITHIUM HALIDE CARBENOIDS -- 11.3.1 Thermal and Kinetic Stability -- 11.3.2 Configurational Stability and Stereochemistry of the Coupling Reactions with Electrophiles -- 11.4 STRUCTURE-REACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS -- 11.5 LITHIUM-OXYGEN CARBENOIDS -- 11.6 LITHIUM-NITROGEN CARBENOIDS -- 11.7 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- 12 RHODIUM CARBENES -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 OVERVIEW OF RHODIUM-CARBENOID INTERMEDIATES AND CHIRAL CATALYSTS -- 12.3 ENANTIOSELECTIVE CYCLOPROPANATION -- 12.4 CASCADE SEQUENCES INITIATED BY RHODIUM-CATALYZED CYCLOPROPANATION -- 12.5 ENANTIOSELECTIVE CYCLOPROPENATION -- 12.6 C-H FUNCTIONALIZATION BY CARBENOID-INDUCED C-H INSERTION -- 12.7 COMBINED C-H ACTIVATION/COPE REARRANGEMENT (CHCR). , 12.8 FORMATION AND REACTIONS OF RHODIUM-BOUND YLIDES -- 12.9 VINYLOGOUS REACTIONS OF RHODIUM-VINYLCARBENOIDS -- 12.10 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- 13 RUTHENIUM CARBENES -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 IMPROVED MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING -- 13.2.1 Background -- 13.2.2 Identification of Ruthenacyclobutane Intermediates in Alkene Metathesis -- 13.2.3 Conformational Dynamics "Windshield Wipering" -- 13.3 CATALYST DEVELOPMENT -- 13.3.1 Development of Phosphine-Free Catalysts -- 13.3.2 Decomposition of the Grubbs' Complex -- 13.4 ACHIEVING SELECTIVITY IN ALKENE METATHESIS -- 13.4.1 Enantioselective Metathesis with Ruthenium Carbenes -- 13.4.2 Site Selectivity Using Relay Ring-Closing Metathesis -- 13.4.3 Z-Selective Alkene Metathesis -- 13.5 APPLICATIONS -- 13.5.1 Selected Examples of Alkene Metathesis in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products -- 13.5.2 Applications of Metathesis in Aqueous Systems -- 13.5.3 Applications in Diversity-Oriented Synthesis -- 13.6 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- 14 NUCLEOPHILIC CARBENES OF THE CHROMIUM TRIAD -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 14.1.1 Discovery -- 14.1.2 Spectroscopic Properties -- 14.1.3 Metathesis Reactivity -- 14.2 CHROMIUM CARBENES -- 14.2.1 Cr(VI) Carbenes -- 14.2.2 Nucleophilic Cr(III) Carbenes -- 14.2.3 Supported Cr(IV) Carbenes -- 14.3 MOLYBDENUM CARBENES -- 14.3.1 Mo(VI) Imido-Alkylidene-bis-Alkoxide Compounds -- 14.3.2 Mo(VI) Imido-Alkylidene Pyrrolide Compounds -- 14.3.3 Other Nucleophilic Mo Carbenes -- 14.3.4 Supported Mo Alkylidenes -- 14.4 TUNGSTEN CARBENES -- 14.4.1 W(VI) Imido-Alkylidene-bis-Alkoxide Compounds -- 14.4.2 W(VI) Imido-Alkylidene Pyrrolide Compounds -- 14.4.3 Other Nucleophilic Tungsten Carbenes -- 14.5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK -- SUGGESTED READING -- REFERENCES -- 15 COBALT-MEDIATED CARBENE TRANSFER REACTIONS. , 15.1 INTRODUCTION.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Alkane Functionalization by Metal‐Catalyzed Carbene Insertion from Diazo Reagents -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Chemo‐ and Regioselectivity -- 1.2.1 Definitions -- 1.2.2 Catalysts -- 1.2.3 Chemoselectivity -- 1.2.4 Regioselectivity -- 1.3 Enantioselectivity -- 1.4 Methane and Gaseous Alkanes as Substrates -- 1.5 Alkane Nucleophilicity Scale -- 1.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Catalytic Radical Approach for Selective Carbene Transfers via Cobalt(II)‐Based Metalloradical Catalysis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Intermolecular Radical Cyclopropanation of Alkenes -- 2.2.1 Cyclopropanation with Acceptor‐Substituted Diazo Compounds -- 2.2.2 Cyclopropanation with Acceptor/Acceptor‐Substituted Diazo Compounds -- 2.2.3 Cyclopropanation with Donor‐Substituted Diazo Compounds -- 2.3 Intramolecular Radical Cyclopropanation of Alkenes -- 2.4 Intermolecular Radical Cyclopropenation of Alkynes -- 2.5 Intramolecular Radical Alkylation of C(sp3)-H Bonds -- 2.5.1 Intramolecular C-H Alkylation with Acceptor/Acceptor‐Substituted Diazo Compounds -- 2.5.2 Intramolecular C−H Alkylation with Donor‐Substituted Diazo Compounds -- 2.6 Other Catalytic Radical Processes for Carbene Transfers -- 2.7 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 Catalytic Enantioselective Carbene Insertions into Heteroatom-Hydrogen Bonds -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 N H Bond Insertion Reactions -- 3.2.1 Chiral Metal Catalysts -- 3.2.1.1 Chiral Cu Catalysts -- 3.2.1.2 Chiral Pd Catalysts -- 3.2.1.3 Other Chiral Metal Catalysts -- 3.2.1.4 Enzymes -- 3.2.1.5 Chiral Proton‐Transfer Shuttle Catalysts -- 3.2.1.6 Chiral Phosphoric Acids as CPTS Catalysts -- 3.2.1.7 Chiral Amino Thioureas as CPTS Catalysts -- 3.3 O H Bond Insertion Reactions -- 3.3.1 Chiral Metal Catalysts. , 3.3.1.1 Chiral Cu Catalysts -- 3.3.1.2 Chiral Fe Catalysts -- 3.3.1.3 Chiral Pd Catalysts -- 3.3.1.4 Chiral Au Catalysts -- 3.3.1.5 Chiral Bases as CPTS Catalysts -- 3.3.1.6 Chiral Phosphoric Acids as CPTS Catalysts -- 3.4 S H Bond Insertion Reactions -- 3.4.1 Chiral Metal Catalysts -- 3.4.2 CPTS Catalysts -- 3.4.3 Enzymes -- 3.5 F H Bond Insertion Reactions -- 3.6 Si H Bond Insertion Reactions -- 3.6.1 Chiral Rh Catalysts -- 3.6.2 Chiral Cu Catalysts -- 3.6.3 Other Chiral Metal Catalysts -- 3.6.4 Enzymes -- 3.7 B H Bond Insertion Reactions -- 3.7.1 Chiral Cu Catalysts -- 3.7.2 Chiral Rhodium Catalysts -- 3.7.3 Enzymes -- 3.8 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4 Engineering Enzymes for New‐to‐Nature Carbene Chemistry -- 4.1 Introduction: Biology Inspires Chemistry Inspires Biology -- 4.2 P411‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation -- 4.3 The Workflow of Directed Evolution -- 4.4 Expanding Cyclopropanation with Diverse Hemeprotein Carbene Transferases -- 4.5 C-H Functionalization with Carbene Transferases -- 4.6 Biocatalytic Carbene X-H Insertion -- 4.7 Carbene Transfer Reactions with Artificial Metalloproteins -- 4.8 Structural Studies of Carbene Intermediates in Heme Proteins -- 4.9 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Metal Carbene Cycloaddition Reactions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 [3+1]‐Cycloaddition -- 5.3 [3+2]‐Cycloaddition -- 5.3.1 [3+2]‐Cycloaddition with Imines and Indoles -- 5.3.2 [3+2]‐Cycloaddition with Polarized Alkenes -- 5.3.3 [3+2]‐Cycloaddition with Nitrones -- 5.3.4 Divergent Behavior of Catalysts -- 5.4 [3+3]‐Cycloaddition of Enoldiazo Compounds -- 5.4.1 [3+3]‐Cycloaddition with Nitrones -- 5.4.2 [3+3]‐Cycloaddition with Pyridinium Ylides and Hydrazones -- 5.4.3 Diastereoselective [3+3]‐Cycloaddition with Achiral Catalysts -- 5.4.4 [3+3]‐Cycloaddition with Diaziridines. , 5.4.5 [3+3]‐Cycloaddition with Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes and Oxiranes -- 5.5 [3+4]‐Cycloaddition -- 5.6 [3+5]‐Cycloaddition -- 5.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 Metal‐Catalyzed Decarbenations by Retro‐Cyclopropanation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Reactivity and Generation of Metal Carbenes -- 6.2.1 Decomposition of Diazo Compounds -- 6.2.2 Alternative Methods for the Generation of Metal Carbenes -- 6.2.3 Decarbenation Reactions: General Process and Definition -- 6.3 Retro‐Cyclopropanation Reactions: A Historical Walkthrough -- 6.3.1 Early Observations -- 6.3.2 Decarbenation Reactions from Gas Phase to Solution -- 6.3.3 The Discovery of the Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Retro‐Buchner Reaction -- 6.4 Metal‐Catalyzed Aromative‐Decarbenation Reactions: A Mechanistic Analysis -- 6.4.1 Basic Mechanistic Picture -- 6.4.2 Alternative Generation of the Same Carbenes from Carbenoids -- 6.4.3 Theoretical Studies on the Mechanism of the Retro‐Buchner Reaction -- 6.4.4 Second‐Generation Cycloheptatrienes: Low Temperature and Other Metals -- 6.4.5 Mechanism of the Rh(II)‐Catalyzed Aromative Decarbenation -- 6.5 Synthetic Methodologies and Applications -- 6.5.1 Cyclopropanation Reactions -- 6.5.1.1 Aryl Cyclopropanations -- 6.5.1.2 Alkenyl Cyclopropanations -- 6.5.1.3 Reactions with Furans -- 6.5.2 Higher Formal Cycloadditions -- 6.5.2.1 (4+1) Cycloadditions -- 6.5.2.2 (3+2) Cycloadditions -- 6.5.2.3 (4+3) Cycloadditions -- 6.5.3 Intramolecular Friedel-Crafts Reactivity -- 6.5.4 Insertion Reactions -- 6.5.4.1 C-H Insertion -- 6.5.4.2 Si-H Insertion -- 6.5.5 Oxidation Reactions -- 6.5.6 Alternative Precursors -- 6.5.7 Decarbenations Based on the Release of Alkenes -- 6.6 General Outlook and Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7 Gold‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkynes by N‐Oxides or Sulfoxides. , 7.1 Introduction: Gold‐Activated Alkynes Attacked by Nucleophilic Oxidants -- 7.2 Sulfoxides as Nucleophilic Oxidants -- 7.3 N‐Oxides as Nucleophilic Oxidants -- 7.3.1 Reactions of Carbene/Carbenoid Intermediates with Oxygen‐Based Nucleophiles -- 7.3.2 Reactions of Carbene/Carbenoid Intermediates with Nitrogen‐Based Nucleophiles -- 7.3.3 Reactions of Carbene/Carbenoid Intermediates with Other Heteronucleophiles -- 7.3.4 Friedel-Crafts Reactions of Carbene/Carbenoid Intermediates with Arenes -- 7.3.5 Reactions of Carbene/Carbenoid Intermediates with Alkenes -- 7.3.6 Reactions of Carbene/Carbenoid Intermediates with C C Triple Bonds -- 7.3.7 1,2‐C-C and 1,2‐C-H Insertions of Carbene/Carbenoid Intermediates -- 7.3.8 Remote C(sp3)-H Functionalizations by Carbene/Carbenoid Intermediates -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Carbene Transformations for Polymer Syntheses -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed C1 Polymerization of Diazoacetates -- 8.2.1 PdCl2‐Initiated Polymerization -- 8.2.2 (NHC)Pd(nq)/Borate‐Initiated Polymerization -- 8.2.3 π‐AllylPdCl‐Based System‐Initiated Polymerization -- 8.2.4 (nq)2Pd/Borate‐ and (cod)PdCl(Cl‐nq)/Borate‐Initiated Polymerization -- 8.2.5 Preparation of Polymers with Densely Packed Functional Groups Around Polymer Main Chain -- 8.2.5.1 Hydroxy Group‐Containing Polymers -- 8.2.5.2 Oligo(oxyethylene)‐Containing Polymers -- 8.2.5.3 Pyrene‐Containing Polymers -- 8.2.5.4 Fluoroalkyl and Fluoroaryl Group‐Containing Polymers -- 8.3 Polycondensation of Bis(diazocarbonyl) Compounds -- 8.3.1 Three‐Component Polycondensation of Bis(diazocarbonyl) Compound, Diol, and THF -- 8.3.2 Three‐Component Polycondensation of Bis(diazocarbonyl) Compound, Dicarboxylic Acid, and THF -- 8.3.3 Three‐Component Polycondensation of Bis(diazocarbonyl) Compound, Enol‐form of 1,3‐Diketone, and THF. , 8.3.4 Two‐Component Polycondensation of Bis(diazocarbonyl) Compound with Aromatic Diamine -- 8.3.5 Single‐Component Polycondensation of Bis(diazocarbonyl) Compound to Afford Unsaturated Polyesters -- 8.3.6 Single‐Component Polycondensation of Bis(diazocarbonyl) Compound to Afford Poly(arylene vinylene)s (PAV) -- 8.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9 Metal‐Catalyzed Quinoid Carbene (QC) Transfer Reactions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Metal-Quinoid Carbene (QC) Complexes and Stoichiometric Reactivity -- 9.3 Metal‐Catalyzed QC Transfer Reactions -- 9.3.1 Cyclopropanation Reactions -- 9.3.2 C(sp2)-H Insertion Reactions -- 9.3.3 C(sp3)-H Insertion Reactions -- 9.3.4 Nucleophilic Addition and Miscellaneous Reactions -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 10 Asymmetric Rearrangement and Insertion Reactions with Metal-Carbenoids Promoted by Chiral N,N′‐Dioxide or Guanidine‐Based Catalysts -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Introduction of Chiral N,N′‐Dioxide/Metal Complexes and Guanidine Catalysts -- 10.3 Chiral N,N′‐Dioxide/Metal Complexes‐Catalyzed Rearrangement Reactions -- 10.4 Chiral Guanidine‐Based Catalyst‐Mediated Asymmetric Carbene Insertion Reactions -- 10.5 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11 Multi‐Component Reaction via gem‐Difunctionalization of Metal Carbene -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Mannich‐Type Interception -- 11.2.1 Interception of Ammonium Ylide -- 11.2.2 Interception of Oxonium Ylide -- 11.2.3 Interception of Zwitterionic Intermediate -- 11.3 Aldol‐Type Interception -- 11.3.1 Interception of Ammonium Ylide -- 11.3.2 Interception of Oxonium Ylide -- 11.3.3 Interception of Zwitterionic Intermediate -- 11.4 Michael‐Type Interception -- 11.4.1 Interception of Ammonium Ylide -- 11.4.2 Interception of Oxonium Ylide -- 11.4.3 Interception of Zwitterionic Intermediate. , 11.5 Miscellaneous Transformations.

Note: FrontMatter -- Preface -- Acknowledgment of Reviewers -- Contents -- Introduction and Summary -- Context and Overview -- 1 How Do National Labor Forces Become Global, and Who Should Care? -- The Industrial Perspective -- 2 Major Trends Shaping the Future Workplace -- 3 Boundary-Crossing Technology Networks at Degussa -- 4 Evolving Opportunities- Building a Global, Technical Workforce -- The Academic Perspective -- 5 Does the U.S. Style of Chemical Engineering Education Serve the Nation Well? -- 6 The Itinerant Chemist-Where Will the Jobs Be in 2020? -- 7 Attracting and Preparing Chemists and Chemical Engineers for a Global Workforce -- The International Perspective -- 8 Seeing the World Through a Different Window -- 9 Expanding Boundaries to Advance Medical Research- Lessons Learned at the National Institutes of Health and Ways Forward -- Appendixes -- Appendix A Workshop Participants -- Appendix B Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers -- Appendix C Origin of and Information on the Chemical Sciences Roundtable.

Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- About the Editors -- I: Factors of Special Significance to Food Microbiology -- 1. Behavior of Microorganisms in Food: Growth, Survival, and Death -- GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN FOOD -- Measuring Microbial Populations in Food -- Phases of Microbial Growth in Food -- Predictive Modeling of Microbial Growth -- Microbial Metabolism in Food -- Consequences of Microbial Growth and Metabolic Activity in Food -- Pseudogrowth in Food -- SURVIVAL BEHAVIOR IN FOOD -- Stress Adaptation -- Persistence -- Dormancy -- VBNC State -- CELL DEATH BEHAVIOR IN FOOD -- Unmediated Microbial Death -- Programmed Cell Death -- Death Kinetics -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- 2. Spores and Their Significance -- SPOREFORMER PHYLOGENY AND SPORULATION AND GERMINATION OVERVEWS -- SPORULATION -- Distribution of Sporeformers -- Induction of Sporulation -- Morphological, Biochemical, and Physiological Changes During Sporulation -- Regulation of Gene Expression during Sporulation -- THE SPORE -- Spore Structure -- Spore Macromolecules -- Spore Small Molecules -- Spore Dormancy -- SPORE RESISTANCE -- Freezing and Desiccation Resistance -- Pressure Resistance -- Gamma Radiation Resistance -- UV Radiation Resistance -- Chemical Resistance -- Heat Resistance -- Sporulation Temperature -- α/β-Type SASP -- Spore Mineralization -- Spore Core Water Content -- DNA Repair -- Altered SpoVA Proteins -- SPORE ACTIVATION, GERMINATION, AND OUTGROWTH -- Activation -- Germination -- Outgrowth -- PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF SPORES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY -- Overview -- DISCOVERY OF PATHOGENIC AND SPOILAGE SPORE-FORMING BACTERIA AND DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY CONTROL PROCESSES -- MICROBIOLOGY OF SPOREFORMERS IN FOODS -- Ecology and Distribution of Spores -- Characterization of Spores in the Environment and in Foods. , CONTROL OF SPOREFORMERS IN FOODS -- Importance of Sporeformers in Low-Acid Canned Foods -- Properties of Pathogenic and Spoilage Sporeformers Relevant to Food Processing -- TECHNOLOGIES FOR INACTIVATION OF SPOREFORMERS IN FOODS -- Thermal Inactivation of C. botulinum Spores -- Nonthermal Processing Methods for Control of Sporeformers -- Traditional Physical Methods and Sporicidal Chemicals -- Biological Control of Sporeformers -- Innovative Processing Technologies -- Additional Innovative Technologies for Control of Sporeformers -- IMPORTANCE OF BIOFILMS IN CONTROL OF SPOREFORMERS IN FOODS AND MANUFACTURING -- SPOILAGE OF FOODS BY SPOREFORMERS -- SPOILAGE OF SPECIFIC FOOD CLASSES BY SPOREFORMERS -- Dairy Ingredients and Finished Products -- Refrigerated Meat Products -- Fruit and Vegetable Juices -- Bakery Products -- Detection of Food Spoilage Sporeformers -- SPORES AS PROBIOTIC AGENTS -- MODELING OF SPOREFORMER GROWTH IN FOODS AND ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY -- References -- 3. Microbiological Criteria and Indicator Microorganisms -- MRM METRICS -- Food Safety Objectives -- Performance Objectives -- Performance Criterion -- INTRODUCTION TO MC AND SAMPLING PLANS -- PERFORMANCE OF SAMPLING PLANS -- MICROBIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF A FOOD PRODUCT -- PERFORMANCE OF CONTROL MEASURES -- INDEX AND INDICATOR MICROORGANISMS -- References -- 4. Stress Responses in Foodborne Bacteria -- GLOBAL STRESS RESPONSES -- General Stress Regulator -- Other Global Stress Responses -- ACID STRESS -- E. coli -- L. monocytogenes -- S. enterica serovar Typhimurium -- OSMOTIC STRESS -- Signals and Primary Responses of Osmotic Stress -- Osmotic Response of Gram-Negative Enterobacteriaceae -- Osmotic Stress Response of Gram-Positive Bacteria -- Future Considerations -- OXIDATIVE STRESS -- HIGH-TEMPERATURE STRESS -- Gram-Negative Bacteria -- Gram-Positive Bacteria -- LOW-TEMPERATURE STRESS. , HHP SURVIVAL -- STRESS RESPONSES AND VIRULENCE -- SUMMARY -- References -- II: Microbial Spoilage and Public Health Concerns -- 5. Milk and Dairy Products -- MILK MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE -- Bovine Milk -- CHEESE -- Sources of Microorganisms in Cheese -- Cheese Varieties -- KEFIR -- OTHER FERMENTED MILK BEVERAGES -- Fermented Cow Milk -- Fermented Horse Milk -- Fermented Yak Milk -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 6. Meat and Poultry -- FRESH MEAT -- Beef and Pork -- Poultry -- PROCESSED MEAT PRODUCTS -- Thermally Processed Products -- Commercially Sterile Products -- Fermented and Dried, Salt-Cured, and Dried Meat Products -- Dried Meat Products -- DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF SPOILAGE, PATHOGENIC, AND RESIDENT MICROBES IN MEAT AND POULTRY -- Microbiome of the GI Tracts of Beef Cattle and Poultry -- Background Microbes Present in Meat and Poultry Products -- Fungi Associated with Meat and Poultry Products -- ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE -- Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens -- PACKAGING SYSTEMS -- Aerobic Packaging -- Vacuum Packaging -- Modified-Atmosphere Packaging -- Smart Packaging Systems -- MEAT TRACEABILITY -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- 7. Microbiological Issues Associated with Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts, and Grains -- PRODUCT TYPES ASSOCIATED WITH EACH FOOD GROUP -- TYPES OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION ASSOCIATED WITH EACH FOOD GROUP -- QUALITY AND SAFETY OF FOOD CROPS ASSOCIATED WITH MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION -- Spoilage -- Outbreaks and Prevalence of Pathogens and Toxins -- ENUMERATION AND DETECTION OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS AND INHERENT LIMITATIONS -- SOURCES OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION -- Preharvest Sources -- Postharvest Sources -- FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE FATE OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS -- Inherent Properties of Individual Food Groups and Variability between Cultivars -- Processing and Mechanical Damage -- Environmental Conditions. , Variation in Resident Microbes -- INTERVENTIONS -- Prevention of Contamination -- Reduction of Contamination on Produce -- RISK ASSESSMENT -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- III: Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria -- 8. Epidemiology of Foodborne Illnesses -- EPIDEMIOLOGY -- Descriptive Epidemiology -- Analytical Epidemiology -- Limitations in the Use of Epidemiology -- AGENTS AND TRANSMISSION -- FOODBORNE ILLNESS SURVEILLANCE -- Purposes of Foodborne Illness Surveillance -- Methods of Foodborne Illness Surveillance -- Determining Risk Factors for Sporadic Cases of Infection with Common Foodborne Pathogens -- Population Surveillance -- SURVEILLANCE FOR FOOD HAZARDS -- Environmental Monitoring -- Finished-Product Testing -- Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance -- Environmental Hazard Surveillance -- FOODBORNE DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND ATTRIBUTION -- SUMMARY OF MAJOR ADVANCES IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOODBORNE ILLNESS -- References -- 9. Salmonella -- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORGANISM -- CLASSIFICATION AND TAXONOMY -- Nomenclature -- Serovars -- Isolation -- Core Genome versus Pangenome -- PHYSIOLOGY -- Desiccation Resistance -- Thermal Resistance -- Acid Resistance -- PATHOGENICITY AND VIRULENCE FACTORS -- Immune Response to Salmonella Infection -- SPI and TTSS -- Virulence Plasmids -- Toxins -- Other Factors that Contribute to Virulence -- Virulence Gene Regulation -- CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE -- Routes of Infection -- Infectious Dose -- Symptoms and Treatment -- Foodborne Outbreaks -- Impact on the Host Microbiome -- Antibiotic Resistance -- Interventions and Preventative Controls in Foods -- References -- 10. Eleven Campylobacter Species -- THE GENUS CAMPYLOBACTER -- BACTERIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CAMPYLOBACTER -- Characteristics and Growth Conditions -- Responses to Unfavorable Environments -- CAMPYLOBACTER DIVERSITY AND SUBTYPING. , Insight into Diversity via Genomic Analysis -- Overview of Selected Molecular Subtyping Methods -- Contribution of Subtyping to Understanding Campylobacter Epidemiology -- CAMPYLOBACTER ASSOCIATION WITH FOODS -- CLINICAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN ILLNESSES -- Intestinal Illness -- Extraintestinal Illness -- ANTIMICROBIAL-RESISTANT CAMPYLOBACTER -- DETECTION OF CAMPYLOBACTER IN FOODS -- Enumeration Methods -- Detection Methods -- PCR-Based Methods -- CAMPYLOBACTER CONTROL IN THE FOOD CHAIN -- Control of Campylobacter at the Farm Level -- Control of Campylobacter at the Slaughterhouse Level -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 11. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli -- EPEC -- ETEC -- EIEC -- EAEC -- STEC -- CHARACTERISTICS OF E. COLI O157:H7 AND NON-O157 STEC -- Acid Resistance -- Antimicrobial Resistance -- Inactivation by Heat and Irradiation -- WGS OF STEC -- Comparative Genomics of EHEC -- RESERVOIRS OF E. COLI O157:H7 AND NON-O157 STECS -- Cattle -- Domestic Animals and Wildlife -- Possibility of Control of STEC in Food Animals -- Humans -- CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE -- INFECTIOUS DOSE -- DISEASE OUTBREAKS -- Geographic Distribution -- Seasonality of E. coli O157:H7 -- Age of Patients -- Transmission of E. coli O157:H7 -- Examples of Foodborne and Waterborne Outbreaks -- MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENICITY -- Attaching and Effacing -- Type III Secretion System -- Intimin -- Autoagglutinating Adhesin (saa) -- Effector Proteins -- Virulence Plasmids -- Shiga Toxins -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- 12. Shigella -- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORGANISM -- Classification and Biochemical Characteristics -- Diagnosis -- Epidemiology -- Ecology -- SHIGELLA IN FOODS -- Food Contamination -- Survival and Growth in Foods -- Foodborne Outbreaks -- Examples of Foodborne Outbreaks Caused by Shigella spp. -- CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE -- Clinical Presentation -- Infectious Dose. , Complications.