Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 229-237) and index

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- About the Author -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Authors' Foreword -- 1 Development projects, their impact on the environment and the role of economic analysis -- 2 The use of environmental assessment for analyzing the impacts of development projects on natural resources and the environment -- 3 Economic measurement of impacts on the environment - theoretical basis and practical applications -- 4 Generally applicable techniques -- 5 Potentially applicable techniques -- 6 Additional methods of valuing environmental impacts -- 7 The limits to economic measurement of environmental impacts -- Appendix: Case Studies -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Foreword -- Authors' Preface -- Dedication -- Part I From Theory to Practice -- 1 Development, Environment and the Role of Economic Analysis -- 2 Assessing Impacts and Setting Priorities -- 3 Economic Measurement of Environmental Impacts - Theoretical Basis and Practical Applications -- 4 Generally Applicable Techniques of Valuing Environmental Impacts -- 5 Selectively Applicable Techniques of Valuing Environmental Impacts -- 6 Potentially Applicable Techniques of Valuing Environmental Impacts -- 7 The Limits to Economic Measurement of Environmental Impacts -- Part II Case Studies -- 1 Nepal Hill Forest Development Project -- 2 Mangrove Valuation in Bintuni Bay, Irian Jaya, Indonesia -- 3 Estimating the Health Impact of Air Pollution: Methodology and Application to Jakarta -- 4 Benefits and Costs of Soil Conservation in the Loess Plateau of China -- 5 Tongonan Geothermal Power Plant, Leyte, Philippines -- 6 The Benefits and Costs of Establishing a National Park in Madagascar -- 7 An Economic and Ecological Analysis of the Bonaire Marine Park -- 8 Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Supplies in Onitsha, Nigeria -- 9 Setting Priorities in Central and Eastern Europe -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures and tables -- List of acronyms -- Contributors -- 1 General introduction -- 2 Land cover and land use -- 3 Input use and crop production -- 4 Assessing greenhouse gas emissions -- 5 How land rights influence the social impacts of biomass production -- 6 Biofuel production in Brazil -- 7 Biofuel production in the USA -- 8 Biofuel production in the EU -- 9 Sugar beet ethanol in the EU -- 10 Oil palm biodiesel in the Far East -- 11 Biofuel production in southern Africa -- 12 Biofuel production in China -- 13 Lignocellulosic crops -- 14 Bioenergy production from waste agricultural biomass -- 15 Impact on land and biomass availability -- 16 Outlook -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Part I Solute and sedimentary fluxes and budgets in changing cold climate environments -- 1 Introduction to the theme -- References -- 2 The I.A.G./A.I.G. SEDIBUD (Sediment Budgets in Cold Environments) program -- References -- Part II Climate change in cold environments and general implications for contemporary solute and sedimentary fluxes -- 3 The changing cryosphere - implications for solute and sedimentary fluxes in cold climate environments -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The changing cryosphere -- 3.2.1 Spatial distribution -- 3.2.2 Temporal variations and cryosphere component interaction -- 3.2.3 Late Holocene development of the cryosphere -- 3.3 Implications for solute and sedimentary fluxes -- 3.3.1 Hillslope processes by overland flow -- 3.3.2 Fast gravitational slope processes -- 3.3.3 Slow gravitational slope processes -- 3.3.4 Fluvial sediment transport -- 3.3.5 River ice processes -- 3.3.6 Coastal processes -- 3.3.7 Solute fluxes -- 3.4 Summary and outlook -- References -- 4 Changes in vegetation cover and implications for solute and sedimentary fluxes in cold climate environments -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Latnjajaure case study -- 4.3 Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III Solute and sedimentary fluxes in subarctic and Arctic environments -- 5 Contemporary solute and sedimentary fluxes in Arctic and subarctic environments: current knowledge -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Nonglacierized arctic environments: case study sites -- 5.2.1 Climatic characteristics -- 5.2.2 Mass transfer in Latnjavagge -- 5.2.3 Mass Transfer in Kärkevagge -- 5.3 Nonglacierized subarctic environments -- 5.3.1 Climatic characteristics -- 5.3.2 Mass Transfer in Hrafndalur -- 5.3.3 Mass transfer in Austdalur. , 5.3.4 Mass Transfer in Kidisjoki -- 5.4 Arctic glacierized basins -- 5.4.1 Climatic Setting -- 5.4.2 Zackenbergelven -- 5.4.3 Petuniabukta -- 5.4.4 Baelva and Endalselva -- 5.5 Subarctic glacierized basins -- 5.5.1 Mittivakkat Glacier Catchment -- 5.6 Discussion -- 5.6.1 Comparisons with nonglacierized basins -- 5.6.2 Comparisons with earlier investigations -- 5.7 Conclusions -- References -- 6 The use of dendrogeomorphology to recognize the spatiotemporal distribution of snow avalanches in Northern Iceland - case studies from Dalsmynni, Ljósavatnsskar, and Fnjóskadalur -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methods -- 6.3 Results and discussion -- 6.3.1 Stand characteristics: age structure, size, and damage distribution -- 6.3.2 Snow-avalanche chronology extracted from internal growth disturbances -- 6.3.3 Meteorological data and snow-avalanche occurrence -- 6.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 A contemporary assessment of sediment and solute transfers in Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Study Area -- 7.2 Sediment transfer processes and magnitudes -- 7.2.1 Rockfalls -- 7.2.2 Avalanches -- 7.2.3 Earth slides and so on -- 7.2.4 Solifluction -- 7.2.5 Wash -- 7.2.6 Solution -- 7.2.7 Fluvial output -- 7.3 Process variability -- 7.3.1 Rockfall -- 7.3.2 Avalanches -- 7.3.3 Fluvial system transport -- 7.3.4 Wash -- 7.3.5 Solution -- 7.3.6 Solifluction -- 7.3.7 Fluvial Transport -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.4.1 Comparison with the adjacent valley Latnjavagge -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Hillslope processes and related sediment fluxes on a fine-grained scree slope of Eastern Canada -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Geographical and geomorphological settings -- 8.2.1 Geology, climate, and vegetation -- 8.2.2 The scree slopes of the northern Gaspé Peninsula -- 8.2.3 The studied scree slope -- 8.3 Methodology. , 8.3.1 Short-term measurements with instrumentation -- 8.3.1.1 Migration of individual particles -- 8.3.1.2 Collective migration of surficial debris -- 8.3.1.3 Sediment fluxes at the surface of the scree -- 8.3.1.4 Volume of debris mobilized by frost-coated clast flow activity -- 8.3.1.5 Volume of debris mobilized by debris flow activity -- 8.3.2 Medium- to long-term measurements -- 8.4. Results -- 8.4.1 Short-term measurements -- 8.4.1.1 Movement of individual particles: results of the painted lines experiments -- 8.4.1.2 Talus creep estimation from a dendrogeomorphic approach -- 8.4.1.3 Seasonal sediment fluxes estimated from sediment traps -- 8.4.1.4 Sediment fluxes related to frost-coated clast flow activity -- 8.4.1.5 Sediment fluxes related to debris-flow activity -- 8.4.2 Medium- to long-term sediment fluxes -- 8.5 Discussion -- 8.5.1 Relative importance of different hillslope processes -- 8.5.2 Climate change, forest slope colonization, and hillslope processes -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Sediment and solute transport from Greenland -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods for monitoring -- 9.3 Results -- 9.3.1 Mittivakkat -- 9.3.2 Greenland, west coast -- 9.3.3 Greenland east and north coast, except Mittivakkat -- 9.3.4 Sediment and solute delivery from Greenland -- 9.4 Discussion and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Measurements of bedload flux in a high Arctic environment -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Methods -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 Results -- 10.3.2 Discussion -- 10.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Solute and particulate fluxes in catchments in Spitsbergen -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Climate conditions and deglaciation processes -- 11.3 Processes in marginal zones -- 11.4 Water and sediments discharge -- 11.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 12 Sediment and solute fluxes at the Igarka field site, Russian subarctic -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methods -- 12.3 Results and discussion -- 12.3.1 Climate and hydrology -- 12.3.2 Turbidity versus SSC calibration data -- 12.3.3 Suspended sediment load -- 12.3.4 Solute transport -- 12.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Variability and controls of solute and sedimentary fluxes in subarctic and Arctic environments -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Nonglacierized Arctic versus nonglacierized subarctic basins -- 13.2.1 Climate -- 13.2.2 Relief -- 13.2.3 Lithology -- 13.2.4 Vegetation -- 13.3 Glacierized arctic and subarctic basins -- 13.3.1 Climate -- 13.3.2 Relief -- 13.3.3 Lithology -- 13.3.4 Extent of glacierization -- 13.3.5 Permafrost -- 13.4 Basin scale variability -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Solute and sedimentary fluxes in sub-Antarctic and Antarctic environments -- 14 Environmental impact on contemporary solute and sedimentary fluxes in Antarctica: current knowledge -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Geomorphological setting -- 14.3 Climatic differentiation and variability -- 14.4 Analysis and dynamics of glacial cover -- 14.4.1 Two structural stages of the ice cover -- 14.4.2 Ice thickness and movements in the free glaciosphere -- 14.4.3 Ice movements in relation with the relief of day and subglacial-and-submarine surfaces -- 14.5 Main geosurfaces and free-ice areas -- 14.5.1 Ice catchment basins and outlet glaciers -- 14.6 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Solute and solid cascade system in the Antarctic oases -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Paraglacial nature of polar oases -- 15.3 The structure of geoecosystems of polar oases -- 15.4 Cascades of the Antarctic geoecosystems of polar oases -- 15.4.1 The input cascade -- 15.4.2 The cascade of initial transformations. , 15.4.3 The cascades of denudation, transport, and redeposition -- 15.4.4 The delivery and output cascades -- 15.4.5 The cascade of biogenic and anthropogenic delivery -- 15.5 The singularity of geoecosystems of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic oases -- References -- 16 Environmental controls on sediment composition and particle fluxes over the Antarctic continental shelf -- 16.1 Main morphological and sedimentary characteristics of the Antarctic continental shelf -- 16.2 Present environmental conditions and consequences for the current sedimentary and particle flux characteristics -- 16.2.1 Sea ice -- 16.2.2 Wind -- 16.2.3 Currents -- 16.2.4 Ice sheets, ice shelves, and icebergs -- 16.3 Summary -- References -- 17 Solute and sedimentary fluxes on King George Island -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Research area -- 17.3 Research methods and data -- 17.4 Climate conditions and change -- 17.5 Retreat and mass balance of glaciers -- 17.6 Solute and sediment flux -- 17.6.1 Fluvial system -- 17.7 Water runoff -- 17.8 Dissolved load -- 17.9 Suspended load -- 17.10 Solute and sediment yield -- 17.11 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Dynamics of the Antarctica ice cap -- 18.1 Analysis of the maps of vector fields -- 18.2 Glaciodynamics of Vostok Lake region -- 18.3 Glaciodynamics of Lambert Graben region -- 18.4 Glaciotops -- 18.5 Lythodynamics, drainage basins, and river valleys -- 18.6 Detrital cones on the continental slope of Antarctica -- 18.7 Subglacial-and-submarine valleys and paleogeography of the Lambert Graben region -- References -- 19 Solute and sediment fluxes from rivers and streams in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.1.1 Review of previous work on chemical weathering in MDV -- 19.2 Methods -- 19.3 Results and discussion -- 19.3.1 Solute fluxes -- 19.3.2 Sediment fluxes -- 19.3.3 The future -- 19.4 Conclusions. , Acknowledgments.

Note: Cover page -- Halftitle page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Periglacial Geomorphology: What, Where, When? -- 2 Origin of Certain High-Elevation Local Broad Uplands in the Central Appalachians South of the Glacial Border, U.S.A.-A Paleoperiglacial Hypothesis -- 3 Spatial Patterns of Geochemical Denudation in a Colorado Alpine Environment -- 4 The Zonation of Freeze-thaw Temperatures at a Glacier Headwall, Dome Glacier, Canadian Rockies -- 5 Mechanical Weathering in the Antarctic: A Maritime Perspective -- 6 Miniature Sorted Stripes in the Paramo de Piedras Blancas (Venezuelan Andes) -- 7 A Model of Water Movement in Rock Glaciers and Associated Water Characteristics -- 8 Snow-avalanche Paths: Conduits from the Periglacial-Alpine to the Subalpine-Depositional Zone -- 9 Long-term Rates of Contemporary Solifluction in the Canadian Rocky Mountains -- 10 Factors Influencing the Distribution and Initiation of Active-layer Detachment Slides on Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada -- 11 Buoyancy Forces Induced by Freeze-thaw in the Active Layer: Implications for Diapirism and Soil Circulation -- 12 Formation of Seasonal Ice Bodies -- 13 Palsa-scale Frost Mounds -- 14 Recent Ground Warming Inferred from the Temperature in Permafrost near Mayo, Yukon Territory -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Introduction -- I Land Improvement Techniques -- 1. Economic Evaluation of Land Levelling in Weibei Dry Upland, Shaanxi, China -- 2. Soil Erosion and Land Degradation in the Northern Thai Uplands -- 3. Aerial Seeding in China -- II Farm Practices -- 4. Dryland Management: the Machakos District, Kenya -- 5. An Economic Evaluation of Soil Conservation in Kitui District, Kenya -- 6. Economic Evaluation of Dryland Peanut Growing With Perforated Plastic Mulch -- 7. Dryland Management in the Korfan and Darfur Provinces of Sudan -- 8. Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Farm Improvement With Soil Conservation (FISC) Project -- III Rangeland Management -- 9. The Fitzroy Valley Regeneration Project in Western Australia -- 10. A Framework for Economic Evaluation of Collective Fencing in Botswana -- 11. Risks in the Botswana Range-Cattle System -- IV Improvement Programmmes at the Village/Local Level -- 12. Economic and Social Change in a Small Rural Community in the Degraded Lower Shivalik Hill Range in North India -- 13. Dryland Management Options in Wastelands Development: J awaja Block, Rajasthan -- V Environmental Management at the Regional Level -- 14. Economics of Dryland Salinity Control in the Murray River Basin, Northern Victoria (Australia) -- 15. Regional Land Use Planning: The Murray River Catchment of Western Australia -- VI Damage Cost Studies -- 16. Damage Costs of Land Degradation: an Australian Perspective -- 17. The Costs of Soil Degradation on the Northwest Slopes of New South Wales, Australia -- 18. Land Degradation Costs in Canada: a Recent Assesment -- VII Macro/Global Studies -- 19. Natural Resource Accounting: A Case Study of Botswana. , 20. Global Modelling of Dryland Degradation -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Copyright Page -- Title Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. The Dryland Problem -- Dimensions of the problem -- References -- 2. Dryland Characteristics and the Degradation Process -- Physical and biological characteristics -- Degradation and land use -- Social and institutional factors -- References -- 3. The Role of Public Policy in Dryland Development and Management -- Policies towards the drylands -- Designing appropriate policies -- Social, cultural and institutional factors -- References -- 4. General Economic Principles and Techniques of Analysis -- Concepts of economic welfare -- Measurement of benefits and costs -- Design of an economic analysis -- Techniques of economic analysis -- References -- 5. Managing Drylands as Renewable Economic Resources -- Renewable production systems in dryland areas -- Degradation: causes and corrective actions -- Dryland agriculture and forestry -- Grazing systems -- References -- 6. Economic Appraisal of Investments in Dryland Programmes and Projects -- Financial analysis -- Social benefit - cost analysis -- Decision criteria -- Cost-effectiveness analysis -- References -- 7. Valuation of On-Site and Off-Site Effects -- Valuation of productivity changes -- Valuation of other effects -- Cost analysis techniques -- References -- 8. Risk and Uncertainty in Dryland Development and Management -- Handling risk and uncertainty -- Risk analysis -- Decision-making under conditions of uncertainty -- Defensive strategies to cope with risk and uncertainty -- References -- 9. Models for Dryland Development Planning -- General policy issues in dryland development planning -- Linear programming models -- Sectoral planning models -- Natural-resource accounts -- Global models -- References. , 10. Implementation of Policies, Programmes and Projects -- Presenting results to decision-makers -- Creation of implementation incentives -- Selecting the appropriate incentives -- Social and cultural constraints to implementation -- Policies on land tenure and use rights -- Management of programmes and projects -- References -- 11. Case Study: Benefit - Cost Analysis of Soil Conservation in Maphutseng, Lesotho -- Background -- The economic analysis -- The financial analysis -- Acknowledgements -- Annex: cost calculations -- References -- Subject Index.