Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Chapter 1: The Fossil Record of Parasitism: Its Extent and Taphonomic Constraints -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Exceptional Fossil Windows on Parasite-Host Evolution -- 1.2.1 Modes of Exceptional Fossil Preservation -- 1.2.2 Burgess Shale-Type Preservation and Parasitism -- 1.2.3 Orsten-Type Preservation and Parasitism -- 1.2.4 Petrification, Nodular Preservation, and Parasitism -- 1.2.5 Lithographic Limestone Preservation and Parasitism -- 1.2.6 Bituminous/Oil Shales, Coal Deposits, and Parasitism -- 1.2.7 Conservation Traps (Amber, Leech Cocoons, and Coprolites) and Parasitism -- 1.2.8 Other Types of Parasite Lagerstätten -- 1.2.9 Evolutionary History of Parasitism Recorded in Konservat-Lagerstätten -- 1.3 Potential and Limits of Lagerstätten -- 1.4 Host Remains as Proxy for Parasite-Host Interactions -- 1.4.1 Possibilities and Limits of Decay-Resistant Propagules in Host Coprolites -- 1.4.2 Possibilities and Limits of Pathologies in Skeletal Hosts -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Importance of Data on Fossil Symbioses for Parasite-Host Evolution -- 2.1 Importance of Meanings to Address the Fossil Record -- 2.1.1 Symbioses and Paleosymbioses as Primary References -- 2.1.2 Parasitism as Subclass of Symbioses -- 2.2 Evidence of Past Symbiotic Interactions -- 2.2.1 Involving Extinct Taxa -- As Hosts -- As Colonizers -- In General -- 2.2.2 Unreported in Modern Nature -- 2.3 Constraints on the Evolution of Associations -- 2.3.1 Ancestry of Organisms and Associations -- 2.3.2 Evolution of Associations over Time -- General Rules in Species Encountering, Attachment and Symbiont Internalization -- Resistance Stages and Symbiotic Lifestyles -- Infestations and Host-Symbiont Resilience -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Biodiversity and Host-Parasite (Co)Extinction -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.2 Host-Parasite Biodiversity -- 3.3 Co-extinction -- 3.4 Dilution Effect -- 3.5 Host Switching -- 3.6 Parasites as Drivers and Regulators -- 3.7 What Can the Fossil Record Tell Us? -- References -- Chapter 4: Evolutionary History of Colonial Organisms as Hosts and Parasites -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sponges as Hosts of Parasites -- 4.2.1 Stromatoporoids -- 4.2.2 Other Sponges -- 4.3 Corals as Hosts of Parasites -- 4.3.1 Tabulates -- 4.3.2 Rugose Corals -- 4.3.3 Mesozoic to Recent Corals -- 4.4 Bryozoans as Hosts of Parasites -- 4.5 Possible Parasites in Graptolites -- 4.6 Colonial Organisms as Parasites -- 4.7 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5: Crustaceans as Hosts of Parasites Throughout the Phanerozoic -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Isopod Swellings in Decapod Crustaceans -- 5.2.1 General Information -- 5.2.2 Global Meso- and Cenozoic Data -- 5.2.3 Abundance vs. Infestation Percentage per Taxon -- 5.2.4 Host Preference -- 5.2.5 Size of Parasitized Versus Non-parasitized Specimens -- 5.3 Rhizocephalan Barnacles in Decapod Crustaceans -- 5.4 Ciliates on Ostracods -- 5.5 "Pentastomids" on Ostracods -- 5.6 Modern Evidence with Preservation Potential -- Appendix 1 Genus and family level infestation percentages for decapods from the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) of Ernstbrunn, Austria -- Appendix 2 Sizes of infested and non-infested carapaces for two decapod species from the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) of Ernstbrunn, Austria -- References -- Chapter 6: Trilobites as Hosts for Parasites: From Paleopathologies to Etiologies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Parasites and Pathologies in Modern Marine Arthropods -- 6.3 Parasites and Pathologies in Trilobites -- 6.4 Types of Pathologies -- 6.4.1 Neoplasia -- 6.4.2 Borings -- 6.4.3 Shell Disease Syndrome -- 6.4.4 Pits -- 6.4.5 Other Types of Abnormalities Less Confidently Linked with Parasitism. , 6.4.6 Epizoa and Epicoles -- 6.5 Possible Culprits -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Evolutionary History of Cephalopod Pathologies Linked with Parasitism -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Parasites and Pathologies in Cephalopods -- 7.3 Pathologies Attributed to Parasitism in Externally Shelled Cephalopods -- 7.3.1 Blisters and Pits -- 7.3.2 Volume-Enlarging Pathologies -- 7.3.3 Disturbances in Apertural Shell Growth -- 7.3.4 Symmetropathologies -- Symmetropathologies in the Shell -- Symmetropathologies in the Septa -- 7.3.5 Pathological Gigantism -- 7.3.6 Other Pathologies Attributed to Parasitism in Externally Shelled Cephalopods -- 7.3.7 Negative Effects of Epizoa and Bioerosion -- 7.4 Pathologies in Coleoids -- 7.4.1 Lumps and Blisters in Internally Shelled Cephalopods -- 7.4.2 Additional Injuries Attributed to Parasitism in Internally Shelled Cephalopods -- 7.5 Prevalence of Pathologies Within Assemblages -- 7.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8: Bivalve Mollusks as Hosts in the Fossil Record -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Parasites of Modern Bivalves -- 8.3 Parasites of Bivalves in the Fossil Record -- 8.3.1 Foraminifera as Parasites in the Fossil Record -- 8.3.2 Porifera as Parasites in the Fossil Record -- 8.3.3 Hydroids as Parasites in the Fossil Record -- 8.3.4 Platyhelminthes as Parasites in the Fossil Record -- 8.3.5 Annelida as Parasites in the Fossil Record -- 8.3.6 Phoronida as Parasites in the Fossil Record -- 8.3.7 Mollusca as Parasites in the Fossil Record -- 8.3.8 Bryozoa as Parasites in the Fossil Record -- 8.3.9 Unknown Phyla as Parasites in the Fossil Record -- 8.4 Phanerozoic Scale Trends in Parasite-Host Interactions Among Bivalves -- 8.5 Trematode-Bivalve Parasite-Host Dynamics Through Sea-Level Cycles -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 9: Parasitism of Paleozoic Crinoids and Related Stalked Echinoderms: Paleopathology, Ichnology, Coevolution, and Evolutionary Paleoecology -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Parasitic Pits in Stalked Echinoderms -- 9.3 Platyceratid Gastropods Attached to Stalked Echinoderms -- 9.4 Other Forms of Parasitic Interactions Involving Stalked Echinoderms -- 9.5 Discussion -- 9.5.1 Ichnology -- 9.5.2 Coevolution -- 9.5.3 Macroevolutionary Implications -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10: Deep Origin of Parasitic Disease in Vertebrates -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Co-divergence and Host Response: Vertebrates as Hosts -- 10.3 Endoparasites -- 10.3.1 Nematodes -- 10.3.2 Cestodes -- 10.3.3 Trematodes -- 10.3.4 Protozoa -- Amoebozoa and Ciliates -- Flagellates -- Sporozoans -- Coccidians -- 10.4 Ectoparasites and Arthropod Vectors -- 10.4.1 Lice -- 10.4.2 Fleas -- 10.4.3 Mites -- 10.4.4 Ticks -- 10.5 Bacterial and Fungal Infections -- 10.6 Viral Infection -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Gastrointestinal Parasites of Ancient Nonhuman Vertebrates: Evidence from Coprolites and Other Materials -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Fossil Gastrointestinal Parasites -- 11.2.1 Fossil Holocene Parasites from Nonhuman Vertebrates -- Holocene Coprolites -- Fossil Holocene Raptor Pellets -- Gut Regions of Fossil Holocene Carcasses -- Sediment from Frequented Sites -- 11.2.2 Pre-Holocene Parasites from Nonhuman Vertebrates -- Pre-Holocene Lithified Coprolites -- Gut Regions of Pre-Holocene Carcasses -- 11.3 Taphonomy of Parasites and Lithified Coprolites -- 11.4 Archaeological Perspectives on Fossil Parasites from Lithified Coprolites -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Blood to Molecules: The Fossil Record of Blood and Its Constituents -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Blood Residues and Vessels -- 12.3 Blood Cells -- 12.4 Blood Parasites In Situ. , 12.5 Molecular Components of Blood -- 12.5.1 DNA -- 12.5.2 Protein -- 12.5.3 Small Molecules -- 12.6 Taphonomy -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: The Molecular Clock as a Tool for Understanding Host-Parasite Evolution -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Molecular Clock -- 13.3 Bayesian Divergence Time Estimation -- 13.4 Substitution Models -- 13.4.1 Models of Molecular Evolution -- 13.4.2 Models of Morphological Evolution -- 13.5 Molecular Clock Models -- 13.6 Molecular Clock Calibrations -- 13.6.1 Minimum and Maximum Constraints on Divergence Times -- 13.6.2 Incorporating Extinct Samples into the Tree -- 13.6.3 The Fossil Record of Parasites as a Source of Calibrations -- 13.6.4 The Fossil Record of Hosts as a Source of Calibrations -- 13.6.5 Caveats to Using Hosts as Calibrations -- 13.6.6 Biogeographic Constraints on Divergence Times -- 13.7 Wolbachia: A Case Study -- 13.8 Prospects for Understanding the Coevolutionary Dynamics of Host and Parasites -- References -- Chapter 14: Horizontal Transfer of Transposons as Genomic Fossils of Host-Parasite Interactions -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 How Can Horizontal Transposon Transfers Inform About Host-Parasite Associations? -- 14.3 Examples for Host-Parasite HTT -- 14.3.1 LTR Retrotransposons -- 14.3.2 Non-LTR Retrotransposons -- 14.3.3 DNA Transposons -- 14.4 Possible Vectors Facilitating Host-Parasite HTT -- 14.5 Limitations and Open Questions -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- List of Contributions to Ammonoid Research by Seilacher -- Foreword to the New Edition -- Foreword to the First Edition: Ammonoids Do It All -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I -- Conch -- Chapter-1 -- Describing Ammonoid Conchs -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Geometry -- 1.2.1 Classical Conch Parameters -- 1.2.2 Cross Section and Ratios -- 1.2.3 Expansion Rates -- 1.3 Ornamentation -- 1.3.1 Radial Elements -- 1.3.2 Spiral Elements -- 1.3.3 Spines, Nodes, Tubercles -- 1.4 Septa -- 1.4.1 Suture Line -- 1.4.2 The Septum in Space -- 1.5 Discriminating New Species -- 1.5.1 Ontogeny -- 1.5.2 Intraspecific Variability and the Quality of Characters -- 1.5.3 Number of Specimens and Figures -- 1.6 Organizing A Species Description -- References -- Chapter-2 -- Ammonoid Color Patterns -- 2.1 Introduction and Background -- 2.2 Additional Reports of Ammonoid Color Patterns -- 2.3 False Color Patterns -- 2.3.1 Background -- 2.3.2 Reports -- 2.4 Iridescent Color Patterns -- 2.4.1 Background -- 2.4.2 Locations, Description, and Ages of Specimens -- 2.5 Habitat and Life Mode -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.6.1 General Summary -- 2.6.2 Iridescent Color Patterns -- 2.6.3 Habitat and Function of Pigment Emplaced Color Patterns -- References -- Chapter-3 -- Ammonoid Septa and Sutures -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ammonoid Septal Formation Models -- 3.2.1 Viscous Fingering Model -- 3.2.2 Tie-Point Model -- 3.2.3 Reaction-Diffusion Model -- 3.2.4 Composite Model -- 3.3 Differentiation and Mechanical Properties of the Septal Mantle: Form and Function -- 3.4 Septal Function -- 3.5 Sutures in Ammonoid Phylogeny -- 3.6 Phylogenetic Applicability of Sutures Case Study: Septal Lobe and Other Interpenetrating Septa -- 3.6.1 Morphology of the Septal Lobe -- 3.6.2 Evolution of a Constituting Character -- 3.6.3 Possible Function of the Septal Lobe -- 3.7 The Septal Mantle. , 3.7.1 The Septal Mantle and the Viscous Fingering Model -- 3.7.2 The Septal Mantle and the Tie-Point Model -- 3.7.3 The Septal Mantle and the Reaction-Diffusion Model -- 3.7.4 Function of the Septal Mantle -- 3.8 Revised Chamber Formation Cycle -- 3.9 Septal Precipitation Model -- References -- Chapter-4 -- Cameral Membranes, Pseudosutures, and Other Soft Tissue Imprints in Ammonoid Shells -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cameral Membranes -- 4.2.1 Taxonomic Occurrence -- 4.2.2 Structure and Composition -- 4.2.3 Formation -- 4.2.4 Function -- 4.3 Pseudosutures and Drag Lines -- 4.3.1 Taxonomic Occurrence -- 4.3.2 Structure and Composition -- 4.3.3 Formation -- 4.3.4 Implications for Growth -- 4.4 Other Soft Tissue Imprints -- 4.4.1 Blood Vessel Imprints -- References -- Part II -- Ontogeny -- Chapter-5 -- Ammonoid Embryonic Development -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Description of the Ammonitella -- 5.2.1 Terminology -- 5.2.2 Shape -- 5.2.3 Size -- 5.2.4 Ornamentation -- 5.2.5 Microstructure of the Shell Wall -- 5.2.6 Septa -- 5.2.7 Siphuncle, Caecum, and Prosiphon -- 5.2.8 Muscle Scars -- 5.3 Sequence of Embryonic Development -- 5.4 Post-Hatching Mode of Life -- 5.5 Reproductive Strategy and Egg-Laying -- 5.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter-6 -- Theoretical Modelling of the Molluscan Shell: What has been Learned From the Comparison Among Molluscan Taxa? -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Shell Morphology -- 6.2.1 Geometric Models -- 6.2.2 Space Curve Models -- 6.2.3 Kinematic models -- 6.2.4 Mechanical Models -- 6.3 Shell Ornamentation and Pigmentation -- 6.3.1 Lateral Inhibition Models -- 6.3.2 Mechanical Models -- 6.4 Empirical Data and Comparison with other Molluscs -- 6.4.1 Similar Principles Underlie Growth Features -- 6.4.2 Teratology as Natural Experiments -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-7. , Mature Modifications and Sexual Dimorphism -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Mature Modifications -- 7.2.1 Modifications in Recent Nautilida -- 7.2.2 Modifications in Ammonoidea -- 7.2.3 Constructional and Functional Morphology -- 7.3 Dimorphism -- 7.3.1 Monomorphism, Dimorphism, and Polymorphism -- 7.3.2 Classification of Dimorphism -- 7.3.3 Criteria for Dimorphism -- 7.3.4 Sexing of Ammonoid Antidimorphs -- 7.3.5 Development and Dimorphism -- 7.3.6 Evolution of Dimorphism -- 7.3.7 Occurrences of Dimorphism -- 7.4 Open Questions -- 7.4.1 Intraspecific Variability of Antidimorphs -- 7.4.2 Macroevolution of Mature Modifications and Dimorphism -- 7.4.3 Taxonomic Treatment of Antidimorphs -- 7.4.4 Devonian to Triassic Dimorphism -- References -- Chapter-8 -- Ammonoid Shell Microstructure -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Embryonic Stage -- 8.2.1 Existing Structural Models -- 8.2.2 Structure of the Ammonitella Walls -- 8.2.3 Apertural Zone of the Ammonitella -- 8.2.4 Structure of the Initial Chamber Wall and Proseptum -- 8.2.5 Dorsal Wall of the Ammonitella -- 8.2.6 Ornamentation of the Ammonitella -- 8.3 Postembryonic Stage -- 8.3.1 Products of the Anterior Mantle Edge -- 8.4 Modifications of the Shell Wall -- 8.4.1 Inner Shell Wall of the Dactylioceratidae -- 8.4.2 Dorsal Wall -- 8.4.3 Umbilical Plugs and Encrusting Layers -- 8.4.4 Septa -- 8.4.5 Septal Neck-Siphuncular Complex -- 8.4.6 Intracameral Membranes -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-9 -- Ammonoid Intraspecific Variability -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definitions -- 9.3 Sources of Variation within and between Fossil Populations -- 9.4 Types of Intraspecific Variation in Ammonoids -- 9.4.1 Continuous Variation -- 9.4.2 Discontinuous Variation -- 9.4.3 Variation in the Suture Line -- 9.5 Influence of Intraspecific Variation on Ammonoid Studies -- 9.6 Intraspecific Variation through Ontogeny. , 9.7 Size-At-Age Variation in Ammonoids -- 9.8 Ecophenotypic Variation -- 9.9 Quantification, Analysis and Comparison of Intraspecific Variation -- 9.9.1 Univariate and Bivariate Methods -- 9.9.2 Multivariate Methods -- 9.9.3 Comparing the Range of Intraspecific Variation -- 9.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Part III -- Anatomy -- Chapter-10 -- Ammonoid Buccal Mass and Jaw Apparatus -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Buccal Mass Structures of Modern Cephalopods -- 10.3 Restoration of Ammonoid Jaw Apparatus -- 10.3.1 Recognition of in Situ Jaw Apparatus -- 10.3.2 Taphonomic Problems -- 10.3.3 Ammonoid Jaw Morphotypes -- 10.4 Restoration of Ammonoid Buccal Mass Structure -- 10.5 Discussion -- 10.5.1 Taxonomic Evaluation of Jaw Morphology -- 10.5.2 Feeding and Dietary Habits Inferred from Jaw Apparatuses and Gut Contents -- 10.5.3 Secondary Function of Aptychi? -- 10.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter-11 -- Ammonoid Radula -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Formation of the Radula in Cephalopods -- 11.3 Terminology -- 11.4 Composition -- 11.5 The Radula in the Nautilidae -- 11.6 The Radula in Other Cephalopods -- 11.7 The Radula in Ammonoids -- 11.7.1 Goniatitina -- 11.7.2 Ceratitina -- 11.7.3 Ammonitina -- 11.7.4 Ancyloceratina -- 11.8 Discussion -- 11.8.1 Phylogenetic Implications -- 11.8.2 Function of the Radula -- References -- Chapter-12 -- Soft Part Anatomy of Ammonoids: Reconstructing the Animal Based on Exceptionally Preserved Specimens and Actualistic Comparisons -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Digestive Tract -- 12.2.1 Oesophagus -- 12.2.2 Crop and Stomach -- 12.3 Cephalic Cartilage and Sensory Organs -- 12.4 Arms -- 12.5 Gills -- 12.6 Ink Sac or Not? -- 12.7 Hyponome -- 12.8 Glaphyrites: Its Buccal Mass and Other Organic Remains -- References -- Chapter-13 -- Soft-Part Anatomy of the Siphuncle in Ammonoids -- 13.1 Introduction. , 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.3 Anatomy of Siphuncles of Extant Nautilus and Extinct Ammonoids -- 13.3.1 Nautilus -- 13.3.2 Ammonoids -- 13.4 Discussion -- 13.4.1 Comparative Anatomy -- 13.4.2 Functional Morphology -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-14 -- Body Chamber Length Variations and Muscle and Mantle Attachments in Ammonoids -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Previous Studies -- 14.3 Terminology and Abbreviations -- 14.4 Ontogenetic and Evolutionary Variations of Body Chamber Length -- 14.5 Muscle and Mantle Attachment Marks, and their Interpretation -- 14.5.1 Dorsal Marks -- 14.5.2 Umbilical Marks -- 14.5.3 Lateral Marks -- 14.5.4 Ventrolateral Marks -- 14.5.5 Ventral Marks -- 14.5.6 Pore Canals and Assumed Porous Apertural Band -- 14.5.7 Myoadhesive Elevation -- 14.5.8 Septal Attachment -- 14.5.9 Cameral Membranes -- 14.6 Mantle Structure of the Late Triassic Ceratitid Austrotrachyceras -- 14.7 Morphological Indications of Jet-Powered Swimming in Ammonoids -- 14.8 Fossilization of Mantle and Muscle Attachment Marks -- 14.8.1 Mantle Fossilization -- 14.8.2 Fossilization of Mantle and Muscle Attachment Marks -- 14.9 Conclusions -- Appendix 1 -- Apendix 2 -- References -- Chapter-15 -- The Additional External Shell Layers Indicative of "Endocochleate Experiments" in Some Ammonoids -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Standard Shell Wall Structure of Ammonoids -- 15.3 Aberrant Shell Wall Structures with Extra Layers -- 15.3.1 Extra Layers of the Cretaceous Gaudryceras tenuiliratum -- 15.3.2 Extra Layers of the Jurassic Indosphinctes (Elatmites) submutatus -- 15.3.3 Extra Layers of the Cretaceous Aconeceras trautscholdi -- 15.3.4 Aberrant Shell Wall Structure of the Cretaceous Heteromorph Ptychoceras -- 15.4 Helicolateral Deposits of the Carboniferous Clystoceras globosum -- 15.5 Umbilical Membrane of the Devonian Prolobites. , 15.6 Wrinkle Layer on the Outer Shell Surface.

Note: Intro -- Foreword to the First Edition: Ammonoids Do It All -- Foreword to the New Edition -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I -- Macroevolution -- Chapter-1 -- Ancestry, Origin and Early Evolution of Ammonoids -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Phylogenetic Position of the Ammonoids in the Cephalopod Tree -- 1.2.1 The Cephalopod Bauplan -- 1.2.2 Position of the Bactritida and Ammonoidea -- 1.3 Origin of the Ammonoidea -- 1.3.1 Ammonoid Bauplan and the HASC -- 1.3.2 Early Evolution of Ammonoids -- 1.3.2.1 Morphological Changes -- 1.3.2.2 Potential Consequences for the Mode of Life -- References -- Chapter-2 -- Evolutionary Trends of Triassic Ammonoids -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Adult Size -- 2.3 Taxonomic Diversity -- 2.4 Morphological Disparity -- 2.4.1 Shell Geometry -- 2.4.2 Ornamentation -- 2.4.3 Suture Line -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-3 -- Evolutionary Trends within Jurassic Ammonoids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Jurassic System -- 3.3 A Review of Macroevolutionary Patterns and Evolutionary Trends within Jurassic Ammonoids -- 3.4 Global Diversity Pattern -- 3.5 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- Chapter-4 -- Buckman's Rules of Covariation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Rules of Covariation -- 4.2.1 First Rule-The More Evolute, The More Depressed, The More Ornamented -- 4.2.2 Second Rule-The More Compressed, The More Frilled -- 4.3 Impact of These Rules on Ammonoid Systematics -- 4.4 Causes of Covariation -- 4.4.1 Adaptive and Environmental Constraints -- 4.4.2 Constructional and Developmental Constraints -- 4.5 Extent of Buckman's Rules of Covariation -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-5 -- Evolutionary Patterns Of Ammonoids: Phenotypic Trends, Convergence, and Parallel Evolution -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Macroevolutionary Trends -- 5.2.1 Definition -- 5.2.2 Phenotypic Trends in Ammonoid Shell Characters. , 5.3 Univariate Phenotypic Trends in Ammonoids -- 5.3.1 Classic Descriptive Stratophenetics -- 5.3.2 Passive and Driven Trends and Lineage Sorting -- 5.3.3 Random Walks and Univariate Phenotypic Trajectory Analysis -- 5.4 Multivariate Phenotypic Trends in Ammonoids -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.5.1 Adaptation (Functional Constraints) -- 5.5.2 Iterative Evolution and Evolutionary Jumps -- 5.5.3 Covariation (Constructional Constraints) -- 5.5.4 Developmental Constraints and Heterochrony -- 5.5.5 Prospects on Long-Term Phenotypic Trends -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part II -- Paleobiogeography of Ammonoids -- Chapter-6 -- Biogeography of Paleozoic Ammonoids -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Emsian Ammonoid Biogeography -- 6.3 Late Famennian Biogeography -- 6.4 Late Viséan and Serpukhovian Biogeography -- 6.5 Early Permian Biogeography -- 6.5.1 Cluster Analysis -- 6.5.2 Cladistic Analysis -- 6.5.3 Morphospace Analysis -- References -- Chapter-7 -- Biogeography of Triassic Ammonoids -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 What's New in Triassic Ammonoid Macroecological and Biogeographical Analyses? -- 7.2.1 Classical Analyses and Explored Patterns -- 7.2.2 Recent Analytical Advances -- 7.2.2.1 "Overall" Diversity Estimators -- 7.2.2.2 Rarefaction and Extrapolation Curves -- 7.2.2.3 Endemicity -- 7.2.2.4 Biogeographic Relationships: A Network-Based Approach -- 7.3 Exploring Revised Data: Refining Patterns and Underlying Processes -- 7.3.1 Early Triassic -- 7.3.2 Middle Triassic -- 7.3.3 Late Triassic -- 7.4 What's on the Horizon? -- References -- Chapter-8 -- Macroevolution and Paleobiogeography of Jurassic-Cretaceous Ammonoids -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Phylogeny of Jurassic and Cretaceous Ammonoids -- 8.2.1 Major Ammonoid Clades -- 8.2.2 Biodiversity Through Time -- 8.2.3 Phylogenetic Analyses -- 8.3 Macroevolutionary Processes -- 8.3.1 Homeomorphy and Iterative Evolution. , 8.3.2 Heterochrony -- 8.3.3 Developmental Flexibility -- 8.3.4 Environment and Evolution -- 8.3.5 Speciation Models -- 8.4 Role of Paleobiogeography in Macroevolution -- 8.4.1 The Mesozoic Earth System -- 8.4.2 Ammonoid Paleobiogeography -- 8.5 A Synthetic View of Macroevolution and Paleobiogeography -- 8.5.1 A Synthetic Model for Ammonoid Speciation -- 8.5.2 New Directions in Studying Ammonoid Macroevolution -- References -- Chapter-9 -- Paleobiogeography of Early Cretaceous Ammonoids -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Early Cretaceous Paleobiogeography -- 9.2.1 Berriasian -- 9.2.2 Valanginian -- 9.2.3 Hauterivian -- 9.2.4 Barremian -- 9.2.5 Aptian -- 9.2.6 Albian -- 9.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter-10 -- Paleobiogeography of Late Cretaceous Ammonoids -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Late Cretaceous Paleobiogeography -- 10.2.1 Cenomanian -- 10.2.2 Turonian -- 10.2.3 Coniacian-Santonian -- 10.2.4 Campanian -- 10.2.5 Maastrichtian -- 10.2.6 The Extinction of the Ammonoidea -- Conclusions -- References -- Part III -- Ammonoids Through Time -- Chapter-11 -- Ammonoids and Quantitative Biochronology-A Unitary Association Perspective -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Quantitative Biochronological Methods -- 11.3 The Unitary Associations -- 11.3.1 History and Properties -- 11.3.2 Major Principles and Steps of UAs -- 11.3.3 UA Tools and Interface -- 11.4 Example Applications -- 11.4.1 Early Triassic Ammonoids -- 11.4.2 Middle Triassic Ammonoids -- 11.4.3 Late Cretaceous Ammonoids -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-12 -- Paleozoic Ammonoid Biostratigraphy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Devonian Ammonoid Biostratigraphy -- 12.2.1 Early and Middle Devonian -- 12.2.2 Frasnian -- 12.2.3 Famennian -- 12.3 Carboniferous Ammonoid Biostratigraphy -- 12.3.1 Tournaisian -- 12.3.2 Viséan -- 12.3.3 Serpukhovian, Bashkirian. , 12.3.4 Moscovian to Ghzelian -- 12.4 Permian Ammonoid Biostratigraphy -- References -- Chapter-13 -- Biostratigraphy of Triassic Ammonoids -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Historical Overview of Triassic Ammonoid Biostratigraphy -- 13.2.1 The Nineteenth Century European Biostratigraphic Scales -- 13.2.2 The Twentieth Century North American Biostratigraphic Scales -- 13.2.3 The Twenty first Century and Modern Revision of Biostratigraphic Scales -- 13.2.3.1 South China and the North Indian Margin -- 13.2.3.2 Russia -- 13.2.3.3 Modern Revision of North American Timescales -- 13.2.3.4 Modern Revision of European Timescales -- 13.3 Early Triassic Ammonoid Zonation -- 13.3.1 Induan -- 13.3.2 Olenekian -- 13.4 Middle Triassic Ammonoid Zonation -- 13.4.1 Anisian -- 13.4.2 Ladinian -- 13.5 Late Triassic Ammonoid Zonation -- 13.5.1 Carnian -- 13.5.2 Norian -- 13.5.3 Rhaetian -- 13.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-14 -- Ammonoid Biostratigraphy in the Jurassic -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Early Jurassic -- 14.3 Middle Jurassic -- 14.4 Late Jurassic -- References -- Chapter-15 -- Ammonite Biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous-An Overview -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Biostratigraphy and Time -- 15.2.1 Concepts of Biostratigraphy -- 15.2.2 Examples of Cretaceous Biozones -- 15.2.3 First and Last Occurrences -- 15.2.4 Ammonite Events -- 15.2.5 Biostratigraphy and Geochronology -- 15.2.6 Zonation Used in the GTS 2012 -- 15.3 Accomplishments and Limits of Ammonite Biostratigraphy -- 15.3.1 Biostratigraphic Potential of Index Species -- 15.3.2 Preservation as Limiting Factor for Biostratigraphy -- 15.3.3 Impact of Taxonomic Difficulties on Biostratigraphy -- 15.3.4 Other Cretaceous Index Macrofossils -- References -- Chapter-16 -- Taxonomic Diversity and Morphological Disparity of Paleozoic Ammonoids -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Diversity Dynamics of Paleozoic Ammonoids. , 16.2.1 Devonian -- 16.2.2 Carboniferous -- 16.2.3 Permian -- 16.3 Morphometric Evolution of Paleozoic Ammonoids -- 16.3.1 Origin of the Ammonoidea and early diversification -- 16.3.2 Conch Morphology of Devonian Ammonoids -- 16.3.3 Devonian Extinction Events -- 16.3.4 Kellwasser Crisis and Recovery -- 16.3.5 Hangenberg Event and its Aftermath -- 16.3.6 The Basal Carboniferous Recovery -- 16.3.7 Conch Morphology of Carboniferous Ammonoids -- 16.3.8 Permian Extinction Events -- 16.4 Ammonoid Morphospace Over the Paleozoic and Triassic -- 16.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-17 -- Permian-Triassic Extinctions and Rediversifications -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Late Permian Events -- 17.3 Early Triassic Events -- References -- Chapter-18 -- Ammonoids at the Triassic-Jurassic Transition: Pulling Back from the Edge of Extinction -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Taxonomic Turnover -- 18.3 Changes in Morphospace Occupation -- 18.4 Siphuncle Offset and Septal Face Asymmetry -- 18.5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-19 -- Ammonites on the Brink of Extinction: Diversity, Abundance, and Ecology of the Order Ammonoidea at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) Boundary -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Methods -- 19.3 Results -- 19.3.1 Atlantic Coastal Plain of North America -- 19.3.2 Gulf Coastal Plain of North America -- 19.3.3 La Popa Basin, Northeastern Mexico -- 19.3.4 Denmark -- 19.3.5 Maastrichtian Type Area -- 19.3.6 Poland -- 19.3.7 Kyzylsay, Kazakhstan -- 19.3.8 Sumbar River, Turkmenistan -- 19.3.9 Bay of Biscay -- 19.3.10 Bjala (= Byala), Bulgaria -- 19.3.11 Tunisia and Egypt -- 19.3.12 Naiba River Valley, Sakhalin, Far East Russia -- 19.3.13 South America -- 19.3.14 Seymour Island, Antarctica -- 19.4 Discussion -- 19.4.1 Ammonite Diversity at the K/Pg Boundary -- 19.4.2 Depth Distribution of Ammonites at the K/Pg Boundary. , 19.4.3 Ecology of Ammonites at the K/Pg Boundary.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Parasites of Fossil Vertebrates: What We Know and What Can We Expect from the Fossil Record? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Cestodes (Tapeworms) -- 1.1.2 Trematodes (Flukes) -- 1.1.3 Nematodes (Roundworms) -- 1.1.4 Acanthocephalans (Thorny-Headed Worms) -- 1.1.5 Monogeneans -- 1.1.6 Parasitic Copepods -- 1.1.7 Parasitic Isopods -- 1.1.8 Pentastomids (Tongue Worms) -- 1.1.9 Ticks -- 1.1.10 Ectoparasitic Insects (Fleas and Lice) -- 1.2 A Note of Caution Regarding Fossil Parasites -- 1.3 Framework for Inferring Parasite Communities of Extinct Vertebrate Groups -- 1.4 Future Research Directions and Further Questions -- References -- Chapter 2: Fossil Record of Viruses, Parasitic Bacteria and Parasitic Protozoa -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Virus Fossils -- 2.2.1 Direct Evidence of Fossil Viral Infections -- 2.2.2 Indirect Evidence of Virus Infections -- 2.2.2.1 Parasitic Wasps with Polydnaviruses -- 2.2.2.2 Tumors in Lepidoptera -- 2.2.2.3 Iridoviridae -- 2.3 Fossil Pathogenic Bacteria -- 2.3.1 Direct Evidence of Fossil Pathogenic Bacteria -- 2.3.2 Indirect Evidence of Fossil Symbiotic-Pathogenic Bacteria -- 2.4 Protozoan Fossils -- 2.4.1 Direct Evidence of Fossil Protozoan Parasites -- 2.4.1.1 Fossil Trypanosome Parasites -- 2.4.1.2 Fossil Malaria Parasites -- 2.4.1.3 Other Fossil Records of Protozoan Parasites -- Fossil Piroplasmid Parasites -- Fossil Gregarine Parasites -- 2.4.2 Indirect Evidence of Fossil Protozoan Parasites -- 2.4.2.1 Fossil Parasites in Coprolites -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Fungi as Parasites: A Conspectus of the Fossil Record -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Identifying Fungal Parasitism in the Fossil Record -- 3.2.1 Finding Fossil Fungi -- 3.2.2 Tracing Fungal Parasitism in the Fossil Record -- 3.3 Fossils of Fungi as Parasites. , 3.3.1 Fungal Parasites of Land Plants -- 3.3.1.1 Early Land Plants -- 3.3.1.2 Plant Structural Alterations in Response to Fungal Intrusion -- 3.3.1.3 Host Responses in Woody Plants -- 3.3.1.4 Host Plant Preservation and Fungal Distribution -- 3.3.1.5 Epiphyllous Fungi -- 3.3.1.6 Dispersed Remains and Plant Pathogens -- 3.3.2 Fungal Parasites of Algae -- 3.3.3 Fungal Parasites of Other Fungi -- 3.3.3.1 Rhynie Chert Interfungal Interactions -- 3.3.3.2 Fossil Fungal "Sporocarps" -- 3.3.3.3 Hyperparasitism -- 3.3.4 Fungal Parasites of Animals -- 3.3.4.1 Rhynie Chert -- 3.3.4.2 Amber Inclusions -- 3.3.4.3 Cordycipitaceae Interactions with Arthropods -- 3.3.4.4 Dinosaurs -- 3.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Evolution, Origins and Diversification of Parasitic Cnidarians -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Parasitic Cnidarians Other than Endocnidozoans -- 4.3 The Endocnidozoa -- 4.3.1 General Biology -- 4.3.2 Comparative Development and Body Plans -- 4.4 Evolution and Life Cycles of Endocnidozoans -- 4.4.1 Preadaptations to Parasitism -- 4.4.2 Life Cycle Speculations -- 4.5 Origins and Fossil Records of Endocnidozoa and Their Recognised Major Host Groups -- 4.5.1 Cnidarian Origins and Fossil Record -- 4.5.2 Vertebrate Origins and Fossil Record -- 4.5.3 Lophotrochozoan Origins and Fossil Record -- 4.5.4 Annelid Origins and Fossil Record -- 4.5.5 Bryozoan Origins and Fossil Record -- 4.5.6 Other Potential Ancient Invertebrate Hosts -- 4.5.7 Summary of Origins and Ancient Hosts -- 4.6 Inferring Endocnidozoan Origins and Acquisition of Early Hosts -- 4.6.1 The Process of Host Acquisition -- 4.6.2 Molecular Clock and Cophylogenetic Investigations -- 4.6.2.1 Some General Pitfalls -- 4.6.2.2 Endocnidozoan Origins and Host Use Over Time -- 4.6.2.3 The Endocnidozoa -- 4.6.3 Scenarios of Endocnidozoan Evolution and Recommendations for Future Study. , 4.7 Adaptation and Diversification of Endocnidozoans -- 4.7.1 Adaptations to a Parasitic Life Style -- 4.7.2 Patterns of Diversification -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Evolutionary History of Bivalves as Parasites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Bivalves in Relations with Other Organisms -- 5.1.2 Galeommatoidea -- 5.1.3 Unionida -- 5.2 Functional Anatomy of Adult Mussels and the Larvae -- 5.2.1 Adults -- 5.2.2 Larvae -- 5.3 Life History, with the Review of the Adaptations to Attracting the Host -- 5.3.1 Life History -- 5.3.2 Adaptations to Host Infection -- 5.4 Phylogeny of the Unionida -- 5.4.1 Origin of Unionida -- 5.4.2 Classification and Diversity -- 5.4.3 Phylogeny -- 5.5 Evolution of Parasitism -- 5.5.1 Parental Care -- 5.5.2 Parasitic Larvae -- 5.5.3 Origin and Evolution of Unionoid Parasitism -- 5.5.3.1 Phoresis -- 5.5.3.2 Encapsulation -- 5.5.3.3 Suitable Host -- 5.5.3.4 Duration of Encapsulation and Metamorphosis -- 5.5.3.5 In Search of the Host of Early Unionids -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Gastropods as Parasites and Carnivorous Grazers: A Major Guild in Marine Ecosystems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 How to Infer Parasitism in Fossil Gastropods -- 6.2.1 Direct Observations -- 6.2.2 Taxonomic Uniformitarianism -- 6.2.2.1 Eulimidae -- 6.2.2.2 Epitoniidae -- 6.2.2.3 Coralliophilinae (Muricidae) -- 6.2.2.4 Pyramidellidae -- 6.2.2.5 Architectonicidae and Mathildidae -- 6.2.2.6 Triphoridae and Cerithiopsidae: Carnivorous Grazers (Sponge Feeders) -- Triphoridae -- Cerithiopsidae -- 6.2.2.7 Ovulidae -- 6.2.3 Functional Shell Morphology -- 6.2.4 Analogy Based on Associated Phenomena -- 6.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Fossil Constraints on the Timescale of Parasitic Helminth Evolution -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Phylogenetic Affinities and Distribution of Parasitic "Helminths" -- 7.3 Preservation Potential. , 7.4 Time Constraints on the Origin of Eumetazoan Helminths -- 7.4.1 Fossil Record of Parasitic Annelids -- 7.4.2 Fossil Record of Parasitic Pentastomids -- 7.4.3 Fossil Record of Parasitic Platyhelminths -- 7.4.4 Fossil Record of Parasitic Nematodes -- 7.4.5 Fossil Record of Nematomorphs -- 7.4.6 Fossil Record of Syndermata -- 7.5 Discussion -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Thorny-Headed Worms (Acanthocephala): Jaw-Less Members of Jaw-Bearing Worms That Parasitize Jawed Arthropods and Jawed Vertebrates -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Acanthocephalans in Hominoids and Potential Reservoirs for Human Infections -- 8.3 Solid-Parts and Their Preservation Potential -- 8.3.1 Acanthocephalan Propagules: Eggs in Space and Time -- 8.3.2 Hooks -- 8.3.3 Copulatory Cap -- 8.4 Soft Tissue, Functional Morphology and the Ideal Fossil -- 8.4.1 Outer Contour and Tegument -- 8.4.2 Presomal Musculature and Anchoring -- 8.4.3 Presomal Sensory Organs -- 8.4.4 Lack of an Intestinal Tract -- 8.5 Pathological Manifestations of Infections with Acanthocephalans -- 8.6 Phylogenetic Relationships of Acanthocephala and Taxonomic Implications -- 8.7 Evolution of Acanthocephalan Endoparasitism: A Conditional Hypothesis -- 8.8 Acanthocephala and Gnathifera: Fossil Report and Time Line -- 8.9 Cambroclavida: Microfossils of Questionable Acanthocephalan Affiliation -- 8.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Chelicerates as Parasites -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 The Chelicerate Fossil Record -- 9.2 Sea Spiders -- 9.2.1 Cambropycnogon -- 9.3 Horseshoe Crabs and Eurypterids -- 9.4 Arachnids -- 9.4.1 Acariform Mites -- 9.4.1.1 Trombidiform Mites -- 9.4.1.2 Sarcoptiform Mites -- 9.4.2 Parasitiform Mites -- 9.4.2.1 Opilioacarids -- 9.4.2.2 Holothyrids -- 9.4.2.3 Ticks (Ixodida) -- 9.4.2.4 Mesostigmatids -- 9.5 The Origins of Parasitic Behaviour -- 9.5.1 Nest Associates. , 9.5.2 From Phoresy to Parasitism -- 9.5.2.1 Phoresy in the Fossil Record -- 9.6 Chelicerates as Victims -- 9.6.1 Arachnid Parasites and Parasitoids -- References -- Chapter 10: Evolutionary History of Crustaceans as Parasites -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Amphipoda -- 10.2.1 General Aspects -- 10.2.2 Phylogenetic Inference of Appearance and Molecular Estimations of Early Evolution -- 10.2.3 Fossil Representatives -- 10.3 Isopoda -- 10.3.1 General Aspects -- 10.3.2 Phylogenetic Inference of Appearance and Molecular Estimations of Early Evolution -- 10.3.3 Fossil Representatives -- 10.4 Copepoda -- 10.4.1 General Aspects -- 10.4.2 Phylogenetic Inference of Appearance and Molecular Estimations of Early Evolution -- 10.4.3 Fossil Representatives -- 10.5 Thecostraca -- 10.5.1 General Aspects -- 10.5.2 Phylogenetic Inference of Appearance and Molecular Estimations of Early Evolution -- 10.5.3 Fossil Representatives -- 10.6 Branchiura -- 10.6.1 General Aspects -- 10.6.2 Phylogenetic Inference of Appearance and Molecular Estimations of Early Evolution -- 10.6.3 Fossil Representatives -- 10.7 Pentastomida -- 10.7.1 General Aspects -- 10.7.2 Phylogenetic Inference of Appearance and Molecular Estimations of Early Evolution -- 10.7.3 Fossil Representatives -- 10.8 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11: The History of Insect Parasitism and the Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Defining the Insect Consumption of Animals -- 11.2.1 Predation -- 11.2.2 Parasitism -- 11.2.3 Parasitoidism -- 11.2.4 Parasitoidism: A History of the Term -- 11.2.5 Types of Parasitoidism -- 11.2.5.1 Ectoparasitoidism Versus Endoparasitoidism -- 11.2.5.2 Koinobiont Parasitoidism Versus Idiobiont Parasitoidism -- 11.2.5.3 Solitary Versus Gregarious Parasitoidism -- 11.2.5.4 Superparasitoidism Versus Multiparasitoidism -- 11.2.5.5 Hyperparasitoidism. , 11.2.5.6 Egg Parasitoidism, Larval Parasitoidism, Pupal Parasitoidism and Adult Parasitoidism.

Note: Front Cover -- SERIES EDITOR -- EDITORIAL BOARD -- Fossil Parasites -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- One - The Importance of Fossils in Understanding the Evolution of Parasites and Their Vectors -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TECHNIQUES FOR ANCIENT PARASITE DISCOVERY -- 2.1 Thin sections and computed tomography -- 2.2 Ancient biomolecules -- 2.2.1 Ancient DNA -- 2.2.2 Palaeoproteomics -- 3. THE PARASITE FOSSIL RECORD -- 3.1 Body fossils -- 3.2 Trace fossils and pathologies -- 3.3 Coprolites -- 4. MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVES ON PARASITE PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION -- 4.1 Molecular clocks -- 4.2 HGT and 'parasitic DNA' -- 5. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Two - The Geological Record of Parasitic Nematode Evolution -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MEDIA FOR THE STUDY OF FOSSIL NEMATODES -- 2.1 Amber -- 2.2 Rock fossils -- 2.3 Coprolites -- 3. PALAEOZOIC PARASITIC NEMATODES -- 4. PARASITIC NEMATODE BODY FOSSILS FROM THE MESOZOIC -- 5. NEMATODE PARASITES FROM THE EARLY CENOZOIC -- 5.1 Baltic amber -- 6. NEMATODE PARASITES FROM THE OLIGOCENE-MIOCENE -- 6.1 Dominican amber nematodes -- 6.2 Mexican amber nematodes -- 7. NEMATODE PARASITES FROM THE PLIOCENE -- 8. NEMATODE PARASITES FROM THE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE -- 8.1 Nematode parasites of humans from the Pleistocene and Holocene -- 9. STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF NEMATODE PARASITES OF INVERTEBRATES -- 10. ORIGIN OF NEMATODE PARASITES OF VERTEBRATES -- 11. ORIGIN OF NEMATODE PARASITES OF PLANTS -- 12. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Three - Constraining the Deep Origin of Parasitic Flatworms and Host-Interactions with Fossil Evidence -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ASSESSMENT OF THE FLATWORM FOSSIL RECORD -- 2.1 Devonian fossil hook circlets -- 2.2 Silurian blister pearls and calcareous concretions in bivalve shells. , 2.3 Permo-Carboniferous egg remains in shark coprolites -- 2.4 Cretaceous egg remains in terrestrial archosaur coprolites -- 2.5 Eocene shell pits in intermediate bivalve hosts -- 2.6 Eggs remains in a Pleistocene mammal coprolite -- 2.7 Holocene evidence for parasitic flatworms from ancient remains -- 2.8 Free-living flatworms -- 3. INTERPOLATING OR EXTRAPOLATING EXTANT PARASITE-HOST RELATIONSHIPS AND THE ASSUMPTION OF PARASITE-HOST COEVOLUTION -- 4. MOLECULAR CLOCK STUDIES -- 5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Four - From Fossil Parasitoids to Vectors: Insects as Parasites and Hosts -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Insects as parasites and hosts -- 1.2 Insects in the fossil record -- 2. INSECT PARASITISM SENSU STRICTO (S. STR.) - PARANEOPTERA -- 2.1 Phthiraptera -- 2.1.1 General aspects -- 2.1.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution -- 2.1.3 Fossil representatives -- 2.2 Hemiptera -- 2.2.1 General aspects -- 2.2.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution -- 2.2.3 Fossil representatives -- 3. INSECT PARASITISM S.STR. - ANTLIOPHORA -- 3.1 Siphonaptera -- 3.1.1 General aspects -- 3.1.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution -- 3.1.3 Fossil representatives -- 3.2 Diptera -- 3.2.1 General aspects -- 3.2.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution -- 3.2.3 Fossil representatives -- 4. INSECT PARASITISM S.STR. - NEUROPTEROIDA -- 4.1 Neuroptera (Mantispidae) -- 4.1.1 General aspects -- 4.1.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution -- 4.1.3 Fossil representatives -- 4.2 Coleopterida (Coleoptera, Meloidae) -- 4.2.1 General aspects -- 4.2.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution. , 4.2.3 Fossil representatives -- 5. PARASITOIDS -- 5.1 Hymenoptera -- 5.1.1 General aspects -- 5.1.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution -- 5.1.3 Fossil representatives -- 5.2 Strepsiptera -- 5.2.1 General aspects -- 5.2.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution -- 5.2.3 Fossil representatives -- 6. PLANT PARASITISM (VERSUS PHYTOPHAGY) -- 6.1 General aspects -- 6.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution -- 6.3 Fossil representatives -- 7. INSECTS AS HOSTS -- 7.1 Nematoida -- 7.1.1 General aspects -- 7.1.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution -- 7.1.3 Fossil representatives -- 7.2 Mites -- 7.2.1 General aspects -- 7.2.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution -- 7.2.3 Fossil representatives -- 7.3 Pseudoscorpions -- 7.3.1 General aspects -- 7.3.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution -- 7.3.3 Fossil representatives -- 8. INSECTS AS VECTORS -- 8.1 General aspects -- 8.2 Phylogenetic inference of appearance and molecular estimations of early evolution -- 8.3 Fossil representatives -- 9. CONCLUSION -- 10. OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Five - Trace Fossil Evidence of Trematode-Bivalve Parasite-Host Interactions in Deep Time -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TREMATODE-INDUCED SHELL MALFORMATIONS IN LIVING BIVALVE MOLLUSCS -- 3. OCCURRENCES OF TREMATODE-INDUCED PITS IN FOSSIL AND SUBFOSSIL BIVALVES -- 3.1 Taxonomic, temporal and ecological occurrences -- 3.2 Taphonomy and the origin of the trematode-bivalve parasite-host interaction -- 3.3 Trematode-induced malformations as palaeoenvironmental indicators. , 4. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF TREMATODES ON LIVING BIVALVES AND THEIR POTENTIAL EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS -- 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Six - Fossil Crustaceans as Parasites and Hosts -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CRUSTACEANS AS HOSTS OF PARASITES -- 2.1 Fossil evidence -- 2.1.1 Isopod parasites in decapod crustaceans -- 2.1.1.1 Modern evidence -- 2.1.1.2 Life cycle and parasitism -- 2.1.1.3 Fossil record -- 2.1.1.4 Quantitative data per fauna -- 2.1.1.5 Infestation patterns through time -- 2.1.1.6 Age -- 2.1.1.7 Biogeography -- 2.1.1.8 On the erection of an ichnotaxon -- 2.1.2 Rhizocephalan barnacles in decapod crustaceans -- 2.1.3 Platyhelminthes in crustaceans -- 2.2 Equivocal fossil evidence -- 2.2.1 Ciliates on ostracods -- 2.3 Modern evidence only -- 2.3.1 Non-crustacean parasites -- 2.3.2 Crustacean parasites -- 3. CRUSTACEANS AS PARASITES OF NON-CRUSTACEAN HOSTS -- 3.1 Fossil evidence -- 3.1.1 Ascothoracidan barnacles in invertebrates -- 3.1.2 Copepods in echinoderms -- 3.1.3 Copepods in fish -- 3.1.4 Gall crabs (Cryptochiridae) in corals -- 3.1.5 Pentastomida -- 3.2 Equivocal fossil evidence -- 3.2.1 Barnacle borings attributed to Acrothoracica in marine invertebrates -- 3.2.2 Barnacles (Pyrgomatidae) in corals -- 3.2.3 Isopods (Cymothooidea) in fishes and squids -- 3.2.4 Crabs (Trapeziidae) and corals -- 3.3 Modern evidence only -- 3.3.1 Copepods -- 3.3.2 Tantulocarida -- 3.3.3 Branchiura -- 3.3.4 Ostracoda -- 3.3.5 Facetotecta -- 3.3.6 Thoracica -- 3.3.7 Malacostraca -- 4. OVERVIEW FOSSIL EVIDENCE AND FUTURE RESEARCH -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Seven - A Prejudiced Review of Ancient Parasites and Their Host Echinoderms: CSI Fossil Record or Just an Excuse fo ... -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. INTERPRETATIONS AND CONFIDENCE -- 2.1 Problems of interpretation -- 2.2 Limits of confidence -- 3. SOME EXAMPLES. , 3.1 A coral-crinoid association from the Mississippian (Figure 2) -- 3.2 A growth deformity in a Mississippian crinoid (Figures 2(d-f) and 3) -- 3.3 Epizoobionts infesting a Mississippian crinoid (Figure 4) -- 3.4 Platyceratid gastropods infesting Upper Palaeozoic crinoids (Figures 5 and 6) -- 3.5 Site selectivity of pits in echinoid tests, Upper Cretaceous (Figure 6) -- 4. DISCUSSION -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Eight - Differentiating Parasitism and Other Interactions in Fossilized Colonial Organisms -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. COLONIAL ANIMALS -- 3. PUTATIVE PARASITES OF FOSSIL COLONIAL ANIMALS -- 3.1 Recognition of parasitism in fossils -- 3.2 Symbiotic intergrowths and bioclaustrations -- 3.2.1 Caunopores -- 3.2.2 Rugose corals and stromatoporoids -- 3.2.3 Chaetosalpinx and other bioclaustrations -- 3.2.4 Cornulitids and colonial hosts -- 3.2.5 Celleporaria and Culicia -- 3.2.6 Pyrgomatid barnacles -- 3.3 Galls -- 3.4 Borings -- 3.5 Supposed parasites of graptolites -- 4. FOSSIL COLONIAL ANIMALS AS PARASITES -- 5. DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Nine - Palaeoparasitology - Human Parasites in Ancient Material -- 1. INTRODUCTION - PARASITISM -- 2. HUMANS AND PARASITES -- 3. PALAEOPARASITOLOGY -- 4. RECOMMENDED MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUES FOR MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION IN PALAEOPARASITOLOGY -- 4.1 Light microscopy techniques -- 4.2 Counting remains under the microscope -- 4.2.1 Analysis of sediments -- 4.2.2 Coprolites in mummies -- 4.3 Molecular techniques applied to palaeoparasitology -- 4.3.1 Molecular diagnosis -- 5. PARASITE FINDS IN HUMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS -- 5.1 Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura -- 5.2 Hookworms -- 5.3 Enterobius vermicularis -- 5.4 Diphyllobothrium sp. -- 6. OTHER PARASITES: PARASITES OF ANIMALS FOUND IN HUMAN COPROLITES -- PARASITES IN PREHISTORIC ASIA. , 7. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF TRYPANOSOMATIDS IN HUMANS AND THE PARADIGM SHIFT FROM RESULTS IN PALAEOPARASITOLOGY.

Note: Description based upon print version of record , Part I. ConchPart II. Ontogeny -- Part III. Anatomy -- Part IV. Habit and habitats.

Note: Description based upon print version of record , Part I. MacroevolutionPart II. Paleobiogeography of ammonoids -- Part III. Ammonoids through time.