Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- The Metric System in North America -- Part I: Roads, Vehicles and Ecology -- Chapter 2: Foundations of Road Ecology -- Chapter 2: Roads -- Chapter 3: Vehicles and Planning -- Part II: Vegetation and Wildlife -- Chapter 4: Roadsides and Vegetation -- Chapter 5: Wildlife Populations -- Chapter 6: Mitigation for Wildlife -- Part III: Water Chemicals and Atmosphere -- Chapter 7: Water and Sediment Flows -- Chapter 8: Chemicals along Roads -- Chapter 9: Aquatic Ecosystems -- Chapter 10: Wind and Atmospheric Effects -- Part IV: Road Systems and Further Perspectives -- Chapter 11: Road Systems Linked with the Land -- Chapter 12: The Four Landscapes with Major Road Systems -- Chapter 13: Roads and Vehicles in Natural Landscapes -- Chapter 14: Further Perspectives -- Bibliography -- About the Authors -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Contributors -- Glossary -- List of Acronyms and Symbols -- Conversion Factors and Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- Findings -- Recommendations for Monitoring and Research -- Recommendations for Adaptive Management -- Management Options -- Protecting and Enhancing Social Welfare in the Basin -- Conclusion -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Hypoxia and the Northern Gulf of Mexico A Brief Overview -- 1.2 Science and Management Goals for Reducing Hypoxia -- 1.3 Hypoxia Study Group -- 1.4 The Study Groups Approach -- 2 Characterization of Hypoxia -- 2.1 Historical Patterns and Evidence for Hypoxia on the Shelf -- 2.2 The Physical Context -- 2.2.1 Oxygen Budget: General Considerations -- 2.2.2 Vertical Mixing as a Function of Stratification and Vertical Shear -- 2.2.3 Changes in Mississippi River Hydrology and Their Effects on Vertical Mixing -- 2.2.4 Zones of Hypoxia Controls -- 2.2.5 Shelf Circulation: Local Versus Regional -- 2.3 Role of N and P in Controlling Primary Production -- 2.3.1 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fluxes to the NGOM Background -- 2.3.2 N and P Limitation in Different Shelf Zones and Linkages Between High Primary Production Inshore and the Hypoxic Regions Farther Offshore -- 2.4 Other Limiting Factors and the Role of Si -- 2.5 Sources of Organic Matter to the Hypoxic Zone -- 2.5.1 Sources of Organic Matter to NGOM: Post 2000 Integrated Assessment -- 2.5.2 Advances in Organic Matter Understanding: Characterization and Processes -- 2.5.3 Synthesis Efforts Regarding Organic Matter Sources -- 2.6 Denitrification, P Burial, and Nutrient Recycling -- 2.7 Possible Regime Shift in the Gulf of Mexico -- 2.8 Single Versus Dual Nutrient Removal Strategies -- 2.9 Current State of Forecasting -- 3 Nutrient Fate, Transport, and Sources. , 3.1 Temporal Characteristics of Streamflow and Nutrient Flux -- 3.1.1 MARB Annual and Seasonal Fluxes -- 3.1.1.1 Annual Patterns -- 3.1.1.2 Seasonal Patterns -- 3.1.2 Subbasin Annual and Seasonal Flux -- 3.1.2.1 Annual Patterns -- 3.1.2.2 Annual Flux Estimates -- 3.1.2.3 Annual Yield Estimates -- 3.1.2.4 Seasonal Patterns -- 3.2 Mass Balance of Nutrients -- 3.2.1 Cropping Patterns -- 3.2.2 Nonpoint Sources -- 3.2.3 Point Sources -- 3.3 Nutrient Transport Processes -- 3.3.1 Aquatic Processes -- 3.3.2 Freshwater Wetlands -- 3.3.3 Nutrient Sources and Sinks in Coastal Wetlands -- 3.4 Ability to Route and Predict Nutrient Delivery to the Gulf -- 3.4.1 SPARROW Model -- 3.4.2 SWAT Model -- 3.4.3 IBIS/THMB Model -- 3.4.4 Discussion and Comparison of Models -- 3.4.5 Targeting -- 3.4.6 Model Uncertainty -- 4 Scientific Basis for Goals and Management Options -- 4.1 Adaptive Management -- 4.2 Setting Targets for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Reduction -- 4.3 Protecting Water Quality and Social Welfare in the Basin -- 4.3.1 Assessment and Review of the Cost Estimates from the CENR Integrated Assessment -- 4.3.2 Other Large-Scale Integrated Economic and Biophysical Models for Agricultural Nonpoint Sources -- 4.3.3 Research Assessing the Basin-Wide Co-benefits -- 4.3.4 Principles of Landscape Design -- 4.4 Cost-Effective Approaches for Nonpoint Source Control -- 4.4.1 Voluntary Programs -- Without Economic Incentives -- 4.4.2 Existing Agricultural Conservation Programs -- 4.4.3 Emissions and Water Quality Trading Programs -- 4.4.4 Agricultural Subsidies and Conservation Compliance Provisions -- 4.4.5 Taxes -- 4.4.6 Eco-labeling and Consumer Driven Demand -- 4.5 Options for Managing Nutrients, Co-benefits, and Consequences -- 4.5.1 Agricultural Drainage -- 4.5.1.1 Alternative Drainage System Design and Management -- 4.5.1.2 Bioreactors -- 4.5.2 Freshwater Wetlands. , 4.5.2.1 Nitrogen -- 4.5.2.2 Phosphorus -- 4.5.3 Conservation Buffers -- 4.5.4 Cropping Systems -- 4.5.5 Animal Production Systems -- 4.5.5.1 System Development and Nutrient Flows -- 4.5.5.2 Manure as a Component of N and P Mass Balances -- 4.5.5.3 Remedial Strategies -- 4.5.5.4 Alternative Manure Management Technologies -- 4.5.6 In-Field Nutrient Management -- 4.5.6.1 Fertilizer Sources -- 4.5.6.2 Fertilizer Use and Application Technology -- 4.5.6.3 Watershed-Scale Fertilizer Management -- 4.5.6.4 Controlled-Release Fertilizers -- 4.5.6.5 Effects of N Management on Soil Resource Sustainability -- 4.5.6.6 Precision Agriculture Management Tools for Nitrogen -- 4.5.6.7 Precision Agriculture Management Tools for Phosphorus -- 4.5.6.8 Nutrient Management Planning Strategies -- 4.5.7 Effective Actions for Other Nonpoint Sources -- 4.5.7.1 Atmospheric Deposition -- 4.5.7.2 Residential and Urban Sources -- 4.5.8 Most Effective Actions for Industrial and Municipal Sources -- 4.5.9 Ethanol and Water Quality in the MARB -- 4.5.9.1 Water Quality Implications of Projected Grain-Based Ethanol Production Levels -- 4.5.9.2 Impacts on Nutrient Application to Corn -- 4.5.9.3 Grain Versus Cellulosic Ethanol and Water Quality -- 4.5.10 Integrating Conservation Options -- 5 Summary of Findings and Recommendations -- 5.1 Characterization of Hypoxia -- 5.2 Nutrient Fate, Transport, and Sources -- 5.3 Goals and Management Options -- 5.4 Conclusion -- Appendices -- Appendix A: Studies on the Effects of Hypoxia on Living Resources -- Appendix B: Flow Diagrams and Mass Balance of Nutrients -- Global Material Cycles -- Atmospheric Deposition -- Appendix C: Animal Production Systems -- Intensification of Animal Feeding Operations -- Nutrient Budgets -- Nutrient Surpluses -- Targeting Remedial Strategies Within the MARB -- Managing Manures. , Crop Selected to Receive Manure Application -- Rate and Frequency of Application -- Intensity and Duration of Grazing -- Stream-Bank Fencing -- Appendix D: Calculation of Point Source Inputs of N and P -- Appendix E: USUSEPAs Guidance on Nutrient Criteria -- Comparison of SAB Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recommendations with USEPA Nitrogen and Phosphorus Criteria Recommended Reference Conditions ' Submitted by USEPA's Office of Water, 8-24-07. -- A More Comprehensive Approach -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Prologue. "To Mount St. Helens" John Daniel -- About the Editors -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1: Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens: Key Lessons and Remaining Questions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens -- 1.3 Lessons Learned from Ecological Research at Mount St. Helens -- 1.4 Questions Still Remaining -- 1.5 Overview of the Book -- References -- 2: Sediment Erosion and Delivery from Toutle River Basin After the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens: A 30-Year Perspective -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Volcanic Disturbance Processes and Deposits in Toutle River Basin -- 2.3 Hydrogeomorphic Impacts of the 1980 Eruptions in Toutle River Basin -- 2.3.1 Hillsides -- 2.3.2 Channels -- 2.4 Long-Term Sediment Transport from Toutle River Basin -- 2.5 Topographic Change Across the Debris-Avalanche Deposit from 1987 to 2009: DEM Analyses -- 2.5.1 Estimates of Error in the DEMs and Resulting DoDs -- 2.5.2 Topographic Changes from 1987 to 1999 -- 2.5.3 Morphological Sediment Budget Versus Measured Sediment Flux from 1987 to 1999 -- 2.5.4 Topographic Changes from 1999 to 2009 -- 2.5.5 Morphological Sediment Budget Versus Measured Sediment Flux from 1999 to 2009 -- 2.6 Discussion -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- Glossary -- 3: Geomorphic Response of the Muddy River Basin to the 1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens, 1980-2000 -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area -- 3.2.1 Basin Physiography -- 3.2.1.1 Smith Creek-Muddy River Corridor -- 3.2.1.2 Bean Creek-Clearwater Creek Corridor -- 3.2.2 Climate -- 3.3 Primary Effects of the 1980 Eruptions -- 3.3.1 Smith Creek-Muddy River Lahars -- 3.3.2 Sediment-Laden Flows in the Bean Creek-Clearwater Creek Catchments -- 3.4 Data Collection -- 3.4.1 Smith Creek-Muddy River -- 3.4.2 Clearwater Creek -- 3.4.3 Clear Creek. , 3.4.4 Landslide History from Aerial Photographs -- 3.5 Post-eruption Geomorphic Response: 1980-2000 -- 3.5.1 Changes in Runoff, Flow Routing, and Erosion -- 3.5.2 Geomorphic Change in the Smith Creek-Muddy River Catchment -- 3.5.2.1 Post-eruption Adjustments Along Smith Creek -- 3.5.2.2 Post-eruption Adjustments Along Muddy River -- 3.5.3 Geomorphic Changes in the Bean Creek and Clearwater Creek Catchments -- 3.5.3.1 Landslides -- 3.5.3.2 Middle Clearwater Creek -- 3.5.3.3 Bean Creek -- 3.5.3.4 Lower Clearwater Creek -- 3.6 Discussion -- 3.6.1 The Landscape as a Template for Geomorphic Outcomes -- 3.6.2 Downstream Propagation of Disturbances -- 3.6.3 Stochastic Events: The Flood and Landslides of 1996 -- 3.6.4 Geomorphic Influences on Aquatic and Riparian Ecosystems -- 3.6.5 Trajectories of Change -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- Glossary -- 4: The New Spirit Lake: Changes to Hydrology, Nutrient Cycling, and Biological Productivity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods -- 4.2.1 Water-Column Methods -- 4.2.2 Hydrology Budget Methods -- 4.2.3 Nutrient Budget Methods -- 4.2.3.1 Advection -- 4.2.3.2 Insects -- 4.2.3.3 Sedimentation -- 4.2.3.4 Log Mat/Biofilm -- 4.2.3.5 Amphibians -- 4.2.3.6 Water Column, Benthic Sediment, and Plankton Reservoirs -- 4.2.3.7 Macrophyte Reservoir -- 4.2.3.8 Log-Mat Biofilm Reservoir -- 4.2.3.9 Fish Reservoir -- 4.3 Lake Conditions Prior to the 1980 Eruption -- 4.4 Changes in Lake Properties After Eruption, 1980-2005 -- 4.4.1 Water Clarity -- 4.4.2 Nutrient Concentrations -- 4.4.3 Dissolved Oxygen -- 4.4.4 Alkalinity -- 4.4.5 Temperature -- 4.4.6 Chlorophyll -- 4.4.7 Trophic Status -- 4.5 The New Spirit Lake: 2005-2014 -- 4.5.1 General Characteristics of the Water Column -- 4.5.2 Biological Characteristics -- 4.5.3 Hydrologic Mass Balance Model. , 4.5.4 Nutrient Mass Balance Model -- 4.5.4.1 Inflows -- 4.5.4.2 Outflows -- 4.5.4.3 Reservoirs -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Glossary -- 5: Soil Carbon and Nitrogen and Evidence for Formation of Glomalin, a Recalcitrant Pool of Soil Organic Matter, in Developing Mount St. Helens Pyroclastic Substrates -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Site Descriptions and Sampling -- 5.2.2 Vegetation Structure -- 5.2.3 Total and Soluble Soil Carbon (C) and Nitrogen (N) -- 5.2.4 Glomalin (Bradford-Reactive Soil Protein) -- 5.3 Data Analysis -- 5.3.1 Vegetation Structure -- 5.3.2 Soil -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Vegetation Structure -- 5.4.2 Soil -- 5.4.2.1 Bulk Density -- 5.4.2.2 Total Soil C and N -- 5.4.2.3 Water-Extractable C and N -- 5.4.2.4 Glomalin -- 5.4.2.5 Standing Pools of Total C, N, and Glomalin -- 5.4.2.6 Glomalin Carbon and Nitrogen -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Glossary -- 6: Forest Understory Buried by Volcanic Tephra: Inertia, Resilience, and the Pattern of Community Redevelopment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Damage to Plants and Their Recovery After Disturbance -- 6.1.2 Responses of Understory Plants to Tephra -- 6.1.3 Plant Attributes and Measures of Damage and Recovery -- 6.2 Inertia, Resilience, and Community Development -- 6.2.1 Changes in Relative Plant Importance Over Time -- 6.2.2 Variation in Inertia -- 6.2.3 Variation Among Years in Resilience and Other Indices -- 6.2.4 Variation in Expansion of Survivors -- 6.2.5 Variation in Resilience -- 6.2.6 Maximal Resilience -- 6.3 Changing Influence of Initial Damage -- 6.4 Correlations Among Indices of Recovery -- 6.5 Differentiating Growth Forms and Species -- 6.6 Discussion -- 6.6.1 Implications for Vegetation Change -- 6.6.2 Considerations for Long-Term Studies. , 6.6.3 Using Indices of Inertia and Resilience -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- 7: Primary Succession on Mount St. Helens: Rates, Determinism, and Alternative States -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Mount St. Helens Study Sites and Plots -- 7.2.1 Lahar Sites -- 7.2.2 Blast-PDC and Pyroclastic-Flow Sites -- 7.2.3 Blast-PDC Site -- 7.2.4 Study Plots -- 7.3 Methods -- 7.3.1 Successional Rates -- 7.3.1.1 Community Patterns -- 7.3.1.2 Vegetation Structure -- 7.3.1.3 Floristic Similarity -- 7.3.1.4 Floristic Turnover -- 7.3.2 Determinism -- 7.3.2.1 Explanatory Variables -- 7.3.2.2 Statistical Analyses -- 7.3.2.3 Alternative States -- 7.3.3 Statistical Software -- 7.4 Rates of Succession on Primary Surfaces -- 7.4.1 Classification and Structure -- 7.4.1.1 Lahar Deposits -- 7.4.1.2 Plains of Abraham -- 7.4.1.3 Pumice Plain -- 7.4.1.4 Studebaker Ridge -- 7.4.2 Temporal Changes in Floristic Similarity -- 7.4.2.1 Lahar Deposits -- 7.4.2.2 Plains of Abraham -- 7.4.2.3 Pumice Plain -- 7.4.2.4 Studebaker Ridge -- 7.4.3 Comparison of Measures for Determining Successional Rates -- 7.4.3.1 Ranking Rates -- 7.4.3.2 Rate Regulation -- 7.5 Deterministic Control of Vegetation Dynamics -- 7.5.1 Muddy River Lahar Deposit -- 7.5.2 Pumice Plain Surveys -- 7.5.3 Plains of Abraham -- 7.5.4 Pumice Plain Grid -- 7.5.5 Potholes -- 7.6 Alternative States -- 7.6.1 Similarity and Variation in Communities and Habitats -- 7.6.1.1 Surveys -- 7.6.1.2 Grids -- 7.6.1.3 Potholes -- 7.6.1.4 Comments -- 7.6.2 Trajectory Patterns -- 7.6.2.1 Lahar Deposits -- 7.6.2.2 Plains of Abraham Grid -- 7.6.2.3 Pumice Plain Grid -- 7.6.3 Alternative States May Exist -- 7.7 Discussion -- 7.7.1 Rates of Primary Succession -- 7.7.2 Determinism -- 7.7.3 Alternative States -- 7.8 Conclusions -- References -- Glossary. , 8: Plant Succession on the Mount St. Helens Debris-Avalanche Deposit and the Role of Non-native Species -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Creation of the Debris-Avalanche Deposit -- 8.1.2 Initial Physical and Chemical Conditions of the MSH Debris-­Avalanche Deposit -- 8.1.3 Plant Propagule Survival on the Debris-­Avalanche Deposit -- 8.1.4 Patterns of Vegetation Establishment on the Debris-Avalanche Deposit -- 8.1.5 Non-native Species Introduced by Natural Dispersal and by Seeding -- 8.2 Methods -- 8.2.1 Methods of Monitoring Plant Establishment -- 8.2.2 Methods of Data Analysis -- 8.2.2.1 Ground Cover and Richness -- 8.2.2.2 Trees -- 8.2.2.3 Native Versus Non-native Species -- 8.3 Results -- 8.3.1 Ground Cover and Richness -- 8.3.2 Species Composition -- 8.3.3 Tree-Count Analysis and Canopy Cover -- 8.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 9: The Spread of Exotic Plant Species at Mount St. Helens: The Roles of a Road, Disturbance Type, and Post-disturbance Management -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Background -- 9.1.2 Exotic Plant Concerns in Volcanic Disturbance Zones -- 9.1.3 Road Influences on Exotic Plant Spread -- 9.1.4 Effects of Management Activities -- 9.1.5 Research Objective -- 9.2 Methods -- 9.2.1 Study Area -- 9.2.2 Study Design and Data Collection -- 9.2.3 Data and Statistical Analysis -- 9.3 Results -- 9.3.1 General Flora and Exotic Species Patterns -- 9.3.2 Differences Among Site Types -- 9.3.3 Site Type Differences Across Distances from the Road or Trail -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.4.1 Low Exotic Plant Cover -- 9.4.2 Habitat Invasibility and Roads -- 9.4.3 Habitat Invasibility and Canopy Cover -- 9.4.4 The Pumice Plain -- 9.5 Conclusions -- Appendices -- References -- Glossary -- 10: Lichen Community Development Along a Volcanic Disturbance Gradient at Mount St. Helens -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 Methods.

Note: Includes index