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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levonorgestrel-releasing (20 μg/day) intrauterine systems (Mirena) compared with other methods of reversible contraceptives (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 107 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To assess the relative contraceptive effectiveness, tolerability and acceptability of the levonorgestrel-releasing (20 μg per day) intrauterine system (LNG-20) compared with reversible contraceptive methods in women of reproductive age.Design A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Identification Studies were identified through seven databases, and by contacting investigators and organisations working in the contraceptive field.Main outcome measures Unplanned pregnancy and continuation of contraceptive method.Results Five of the seven randomised controlled trials which met the inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analyses; four were comparisons of the LNG-20 intrauterine system with nonhormonal intrauterine devices. LNG-20 intrauterine systems were compared with intrauterine devices divided into two categories, those 〉 250 mm3 (Copper T 380 Ag and Copper T 380 A intrauterine devices) and those ≤ 250 mm3 (Nova-T, Copper T 220C and Copper 200 intrauterine devices). Pregnancy rates for the LNG-20 intrauterine system users were significantly less likely to become pregnant compared with users of intrauterine devices ≤ 250 mm3, and significantly less likely to have an ectopic pregnancy. LNG-20 intrauterine system users were more likely to experience amenorrhoea and device expulsion than women using intrauterine devices 〉 250 mm3. LNG-20 intrauterine system users were significantly more likely than all the intrauterine device users to discontinue because of hormonal side effects and amenorrhoea. When the LNG-20 intrauterine system was compared with Norplant-2, the LNG-20 users were significantly more likely to experience oligo-amenorrhoea, but significantly less likely to experience prolonged bleeding and spotting.Conclusions The effectiveness of the LNG-20 intrauterine system was similar to or better than other contraceptive methods with which it was compared. Amenorrhoea was the main reason for the discontinuation of the LNG-20 intrauterine system, usually unnecessarily, since this end-organ suppression of bleeding is benign, associated with normal oestrogen levels. Women choosing this method should be informed of potential amenorrhoea when having pre-contraceptive counselling and that absent bleeding may be viewed as a positive outcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11610.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A randomised placebo controlled trial of suppressive acyclovir in late pregnancy in women with recurrent genital herpes infection (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 105 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a suppressive course of acyclovir in late pregnancy in women with recurrent genital herpes infection on the incidence of viral shedding, herpes lesion development and caesarean section for recurrent genital herpes.Design Double-blind, randomised placebo controlled clinical trial.Setting Adepartment of genitourinary medicine in Sheffield and an antenatal clinic in London.Population Pregnant women with recurrent genital herpes infection at 〈 36 weeks of gestation.Methods Participating women were given acyclovir 200 mg four times a day (or matching placebo) from 36 weeks of gestation until the time of delivery. Women were seen weekly and viral cultures were obtained from the cervix and vulva. Decisions regarding mode of delivery were left to the discretion of the attending obstetrician.Main outcome measures Delivery by caesarean section for recurrent genital herpes infection. Number of episodes of recurrent genital herpes infection and number of episodes of asymptomatic viral shedding during the treatment period. In addition blood was taken at two weekly intervals to determine acyclovir levels.Results The total number of women recruited was 63 (3 1 received acyclovir and 32 received placebo). The number of women undergoing delivery by caesarean section for recurrent herpes at the time of delivery was 12 (19%). The odds ratio for delivery by caesarean section in women taking acyclovir, compared with those talung placebo, was 0.44 (95% CI 0.09–1.59). The odds ratio for clinical recurrences during treatment was 0.10 (95% confidence interval 0.00–0.86) and the odds ratio for clinical recurrence or asymptomatic shedding during treatment was 0.32 (95% CI 0.05–1.56).Conclusion This trial was unable to demonstrate that acyclovir can significantly decrease the number of caesarean section deliveries; however, the number of clinical recurrences was significantly reduced. Two episodes of asymptomatic virus shedding both occurred in women taking acyclovir. At the present time there is little evidence to suggest that acyclovir should be used outside randomised controlled trials for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes infection during pregnancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10086.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical role of diffusion-weighted imaging: neonatal studies (1994)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 2 (1994), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging ; diffusion-weighted imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The application of diffusion-weighted imaging to the early diagnosis of neonatal cerebral infarction and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is illustrated. Diffusion-weighted images showed early infarction before conventional imaging in both cases. These were subsequently seen with conventional imaging on follow-up. In four cases of grades I and II hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) no abnormality was seen with either diffusion-weighted or conventional imaging. In four other cases of grades II and III HIE, much more extensive changes were seen with diffusion-weighted imaging than with conventional imaging. Follow-up scans with conventional imaging confirmed the abnormalities in the two surviving infants. Diffusion-weighted imaging may be particularly useful for the early diagnosis of ischemic-anoxic injury in infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01705252
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The homology of cranial glands in turtles: With special reference to the nomenclature of “salt glands” (1973)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 141 (1973), S. 157-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cranial glands of ten species of turtles were studied by the use of histochemistry applied to serial sections of whole heads. The majority were stenohaline species, but one brackish water form, Malaclemys, was included. The results show that all species have two major orbital glands, an anterior Harderian gland, and a posterior lachrymal gland. The latter is seromucous in all species except Malaclemys terrapin in which the gland shows little evidence or organic secretion. External and medial nasal glands are found in all species studied, and also are seromucous glands. With these reslts, combined with a review of the literature the following conclusions are made. The Harderian gland is by definition the orbital gland opening through the medial surface of the nictitating membrane at or near the anterior canthus. It is of constant occurrence, and histological appearance, probably serving the same function. However, despite much recent study this function remains unknown. The lachrymal gland is defined as the orbital gland which opens through the lateral surface of the nictitating membrane, or medial surface of the lower eyelid, at or near the posterior canthus. It is of variable occurrence, absent in many reptiles, and has a histological structure which is also variable. In the stenohaline species it is apparently involved in organic secretion, while in the brackish water Malaclemys it may be involved in salt secretion, as it is in Cheloniidae. The nasal glands in turtles are probably homologous with the nasal salt glands of lizards and birds, but they do not appear to subserve the same function. In all species of turtles studied the nasal glands are seromucous. They are perhaps involved in the maintenance of the epithelium of the olfactory cavity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051410204
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Putative roles of inflammation in the dermatopathology of sulfur mustard (1993)
    Springer
    Cell biology and toxicology 9 (1993), S. 201-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: inflammation ; protease ; sulfur mustard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00755599
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfur mustard-increased proteolysis followingin vitro andin vivo exposures (1993)
    Springer
    Cell biology and toxicology 9 (1993), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: hairless guinea pigs ; lymphocytes ; protease ; sulfur mustard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pathologic mechanisms underlying sulfur mustard (HD)-induced skin vesication are as yet undefined. Papirmeister et al. (1985) postulate enhanced proteolytic activity as a proximate cause of HD-induced cutaneous injury. Using a chromogenic peptide substrate assay, we previously reported that in vitro exposure of cell cultures to HD enhances proteolytic activity. We have continued our investigation of HD-increased proteolytic activity in vitro and have expanded our studies to include an in vivo animal model for HD exposure. In vitro exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to HD demonstrated that the increase in proteolytic activity is both time- and temperature-dependent. Using a panel of 10 protease substrates, we established that, the HD-increased proteolysis was markedly different from that generated by plasminogen activator. The hairless guinea pig is an animal model used for the study of HD-induced dermal pathology. When control and HD-exposed PBL and hairless guinea pig skin where examined, similarities in their protease substrate reactivities were observed. HD-exposed hairless guinea pig skin biopsies demonstrated increased proteolytic activity that was time-dependent. The HD-increased proteolytic response was similar in both in vitro and in vivo studies and may be useful for elucidating both the mechanism of HD-induced vesication and potential treatment compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00755605
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of K+-Stimulated p-NPPase in the lachrymal ‘Salt’ gland of Malaclemys, using cytochemical and autoradiographical techniques (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 417-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salt transport ; Reptilia ; Enzyme E.C. 3.6.1.3 ; Cytochemistry ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using two independent techniques, histochemistry and autoradiography, an enzyme (E.C. 3.6.1.3.) has been localized on basolateral cell membranes of salt secreting cells in the lachrymal gland of Malaclemys. This enzyme is ouabain sensitive. In addition an L-tetramisole sensitive alkaline phosphatase is found in the same sites, and an ethacrynic acid sensitive K+-stimulated p-NPPase is found on the apical membrane. The significance of these results with regard to the location of the pump responsible for net transepithelial sodium transport is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220684
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of salt loading on salt gland function in the euryhaline turtle,Malaclemys terrapin (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 145 (1981), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The estuarine turtle,Malaclemys terrapin is able to ionregulate when acclimated to fresh water, 55% sea water or 100% (full strength) sea water, but when in 100% sea water it does not volume regulate successfully. Orbital gland secretions collected by a new eye cup method are very low in animals from all three salinities without salt load. After salt loading the animals from all three groups produce an orbital gland secretion with a sodium concentration greater than sea water. The concentration of ions and kinetics of the response are similar in all three groups. Orbital gland secretion returns to control preload levels well before the injected load is excreted. There is no correlation between the plasma sodium concentration and any of the parameters of the orbital gland response. There is also no correlation between the concentration of sodium in the tear fluid or the rate of sodium excretion and the level of K+-stimulatedp-nitrophenylphosphatase activity in the gland. Some of these unexpected results may relate to the estuarine habitat occupied byMalaclemys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00782600
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  • 9
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    GlyT2 Mutations in Startle Disease [Neurobiology] (2012)
    The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-18
    Description: Hereditary hyperekplexia or startle disease is characterized by an exaggerated startle response, evoked by tactile or auditory stimuli, leading to hypertonia and apnea episodes. Missense, nonsense, frameshift, splice site mutations, and large deletions in the human glycine receptor α1 subunit gene (GLRA1) are the major known cause of this disorder. However, mutations are also found in the genes encoding the glycine receptor β subunit (GLRB) and the presynaptic Na+/Cl−-dependent glycine transporter GlyT2 (SLC6A5). In this study, systematic DNA sequencing of SLC6A5 in 93 new unrelated human hyperekplexia patients revealed 20 sequence variants in 17 index cases presenting with homozygous or compound heterozygous recessive inheritance. Five apparently unrelated cases had the truncating mutation R439X. Genotype-phenotype analysis revealed a high rate of neonatal apneas and learning difficulties associated with SLC6A5 mutations. From the 20 SLC6A5 sequence variants, we investigated glycine uptake for 16 novel mutations, confirming that all were defective in glycine transport. Although the most common mechanism of disrupting GlyT2 function is protein truncation, new pathogenic mechanisms included splice site mutations and missense mutations affecting residues implicated in Cl− binding, conformational changes mediated by extracellular loop 4, and cation-π interactions. Detailed electrophysiology of mutation A275T revealed that this substitution results in a voltage-sensitive decrease in glycine transport caused by lower Na+ affinity. This study firmly establishes the combination of missense, nonsense, frameshift, and splice site mutations in the GlyT2 gene as the second major cause of startle disease.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
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