Keywords:
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This book discusses the present and the future perspectives of NMR techniques for environmental evaluations.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (558 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781837671250
Series Statement:
ISSN
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=7423665
Language:
English
Note:
Cover -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1 The Meaning of Pollution and the Powerfulness of NMR Techniques -- 1.1 Introduction: Pollution and Its Multifaceted Aspects -- 1.2 Modern NMR in the Context of Environmental Analysis and Remediation -- 1.3 Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2 The Importance of NMR as a Discovery Tool -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Environmental Discovery -- 2.2.1 Water -- 2.2.2 Soil -- 2.2.3 Atmospheric -- 2.2.4 Partitioning -- 2.2.5 Others -- 2.3 Transformation Products -- 2.3.1 Environmental -- 2.3.1.1 Soil -- 2.3.1.2 Water -- 2.3.1.3 Atmospheric -- 2.3.1.4 Wastewater Treatment -- 2.3.1.5 Miscellaneous -- 2.3.2 Reaction Monitoring -- 2.4 Nontargeted Environmental Metabolomics -- 2.4.1 Aquatic Organisms -- 2.4.2 Terrestrial Vegetation -- 2.5 Food Science -- 2.5.1 Food Safety -- 2.5.2 Food Authentication -- 2.5.3 Other Applications -- 2.6 Heteronuclear NMR -- 2.6.1 Fluorine (19F) -- 2.6.2 Phosphorus (31P) -- 2.6.3 Nitrogen (15N) -- 2.6.4 Vanadium (51V) -- 2.6.5 Other Metals -- 2.7 Conclusion -- 2.7.1 Potential of Low-field and Portable NMR as a Discovery Tool -- 2.7.2 Hyphenated NMR -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Sensitivity Enhancement in Environmental NMR: Current Technologies and Future Potential -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 The Origin of an NMR Signal -- 3.2 Hyperpolarization Experiments -- 3.2.1 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) -- 3.2.1.1 DNP in Solution: Overhauser DNP -- 3.2.1.2 Magic Angle Spinning (MAS-DNP): Hyperpolarization of Solids -- 3.2.1.3 Single Shot: Chemically and Dissolution Induced Hyperpolarization -- 3.2.1.4 Triplet DNP: Beyond the Boltzmann Distribution -- 3.2.2 Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE) -- 3.2.3 Chemically Induced DNP (CIDNP) -- 3.3 Hardware -- 3.3.1 Anatomy of an NMR Spectrometer -- 3.3.2 Field Strength, Pulsed Field, and Apparatus.
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3.3.3 Microcoils and RF Lenses -- 3.3.4 Detection: Multiplexing, Arrays and Cryogenic Cooling -- 3.4 Pulse Sequences, Processing, and Mathematics -- 3.4.1 Saving Time: Supersequences, Non-uniform Sampling, and Ultrafast Acquisition -- 3.4.2 Pulse Sequences: Indirect Measurements -- 3.4.3 Mathematical Approaches: Addressing the Root Cause -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Comprehensive Multiphase NMR: Natural Samples in Their Natural State -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Spectral Editing Techniques -- 4.2.1 Isolating the Solution Fraction -- 4.2.2 Isolating the Gel Fraction (Restricted Diffusion) -- 4.2.3 Isolating the Semi-solid (Rigid Gel) Fraction -- 4.2.4 Isolating the Solid Components -- 4.2.5 Relaxation Based Spectral Editing -- 4.3 Multiphase Analysis of Molecular Structure in Natural Samples -- 4.3.1 Elucidating the Complex Structure of Soil Organic Matter and Oil Contaminated Soils -- 4.3.2 CMP-NMR to Study 13C Enriched Seeds and Germination Process -- 4.3.3 Applications of CMP-NMR to Monitor Structural Changes During Cooking -- 4.3.4 Extraction of Biofuel from Algae -- 4.3.5 Degradation of Car Engine Rubber by Biofuel -- 4.4 Multiphase Analysis of Molecular Interactions and Processes -- 4.4.1 Biomass and Clay Interactions -- 4.4.2 CMP-NMR to Monitor Perfluorinated Pollutant Sequestration in Soil -- 4.4.3 CMP-NMR to Monitor Photocatalytic Reactions -- 4.5 CMP-NMR as a Tool to Observe Metabolic Profiles of Intact Natural Samples -- 4.5.1 Ex Vivo CMP-NMR as a Complementary Tool to Understand In Vivo Processes -- 4.5.2 In Vivo CMP-NMR -- 4.5.3 Considerations and In Vivo CMP-NMR Progress -- 4.5.3.1 Slow Spinning Techniques to Reduce Stress -- 4.5.3.2 Ultraslow Spinning -- 4.5.3.3 Other Techniques to Attenuate Spinning Artifacts Arising from Slow Spinning -- 4.5.3.4 Water Suppression -- 4.5.3.5 Lipid Suppression.
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4.5.3.6 Sample Heating During Solid-state NMR -- 4.5.4 Multidimensional Metabolomics -- 4.5.4.1 2D NMR for Metabolomic Assignments -- 4.5.4.2 Slow Spinning Multidimensional NMR -- 4.6 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 4.6.1 Improving 13C Sensitivity -- 4.6.2 Larger Diameter Probes to Increase Biomass -- 4.6.3 Cryogenically Cooled Hardware -- 4.6.4 Micro-coils -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Environmental In Vivo NMR: Explaining Toxicity and Processes at the Biochemical Level -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Pollution, Toxicity and the Environment -- 5.3 Types of In Vivo NMR -- 5.3.1 Solution State NMR -- 5.3.2 Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) NMR -- 5.4 In Vivo NMR - Challenges and Approaches -- 5.4.1 Broad Lineshape -- 5.4.2 Spectral Overlap -- 5.4.3 Water Suppression -- 5.4.4 Sensitivity -- 5.4.5 MAS Techniques - Organism Survival -- 5.4.6 MAS Techniques - Spinning Sidebands -- 5.5 In Vivo NMR Techniques: Applications and Examples -- 5.5.1 One-dimensional NMR -- 5.5.1.1 1H NMR -- 5.5.1.2 13C NMR -- 5.5.1.3 14N/15N NMR -- 5.5.1.4 31P NMR -- 5.5.1.5 Other Nuclei -- 5.5.2 Multidimensional Experiments -- 5.5.2.1 Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) -- 5.5.2.2 Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) -- 5.5.2.3 Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) and Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence (HMQC) -- 5.5.2.4 Heteronuclear Correlation (HETCOR) -- 5.5.2.5 Higher Dimensional Techniques -- 5.5.3 Selective Experiments -- 5.5.4 CMP NMR - Spectral Editing -- 5.5.5 Studying Interactions -- 5.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Self-diffusion NMR as a Powerful Tool for the Evaluation of Environmental Contamination -- 6.1 Fundamentals of Diffusion Processes -- 6.2 Basics of Diffusion NMR -- 6.2.1 Fundamentals of Pulsed Field Gradient NMR -- 6.2.2 Pulse Sequences -- 6.2.3 Multi-phase Systems -- 6.2.4 Confined Diffusion -- References.
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Chapter 7 Monitoring of Lubricating Oil Degradation Via Fast Field Cycling NMR Relaxometry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 A Brief History of FFC-NMR Relaxometry in Lubricants -- 7.3 Thermal Degradation of Paraffins -- 7.3.1 Paraffin Heat-induced Chemical Transformation -- 7.3.2 Theoretical Model -- 7.4 Thermal Degradation in ICE Lubricants -- 7.4.1 Thermal Stress in Oil Bases -- 7.4.2 Aging of Automotive Lubricating Oils -- 7.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 8 MRI of Soil and Soil-Root Processes -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 8.2.1 Relaxation -- 8.2.2 Imaging -- 8.2.3 Image Contrast -- 8.2.4 MRI, X-ray CT and Neutron CT -- 8.3 Bare Soil -- 8.4 Roots and Root-Soil Interactions -- 8.4.1 Root System Architecture Imaging -- 8.4.2 Root-Soil Interactions -- 8.4.3 MRI Solute: Na -- 8.4.4 MRI Solute: Paramagnetic Tracers -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Study Contaminant Dynamics -- 9.1 Why Use MRI for Soil Contaminant Study -- 9.2 Structural MRI of Soils and Soil-like Systems -- 9.2.1 Initial Studies -- 9.2.2 Evolution of the Technique and Physical Limitations -- 9.2.3 Application to Contaminant Dynamics -- 9.2.4 Discrimination of Fluid Phases -- 9.2.4.1 Intrinsic Properties -- 9.2.5 Heteronuclear MRI -- 9.2.5.1 Manipulating Relaxation Times -- 9.2.5.1.1 Spin-Spin Relaxation Time -- 9.3 Applications of MRI to Understand Physical Processes -- 9.4 MRI of Flow Through Soils -- 9.4.1 Generalised Fluid Flow Used to Predict Contaminant Behaviour -- 9.4.2 Flow of Contaminant-like Fluids -- 9.5 Reactive Contaminants and Their Kinetics -- 9.6 Imaging of Biofilms in Soils -- 9.7 Earth's Field Magnetic Resonance -- 9.8 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 9.9 A Starting Point for Experiments -- References.
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Chapter 10 NMR Relaxation in Porous Media for Environmental Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Theory of NMR Relaxation in Porous Media -- 10.3 Applications -- 10.3.1 Soil -- 10.3.2 Contaminants -- 10.3.3 Biofilms -- 10.3.4 Carbon Storage -- 10.3.5 Hydrates -- 10.3.6 Marine Life -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Characterization of Cyclodextrin Cross-linked Polymers Used in Environmental Applications by Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy: a Historical Review -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 β-Cyclodextrin Cross-linked Polymers for Wastewater Treatment -- 11.2.1 Synthesis of Cross-linked Polymers Prepared by Direct Cross-linking of β-Cyclodextrin -- 11.2.2 Chemical Functionalization of β-Cyclodextrin Cross-linked Polymers -- 11.2.3 A Brief and Recent Review of the Literature on the Use of β-Cyclodextrin Cross-linked Polymers as Biosorbents -- 11.3 History of NMR Structure Determination of β-Cyclodextrin Cross-linked Polymers -- 11.4 NMR Characterization of β-Cyclodextrin Cross-linked Polymers -- 11.5 Usefulness of NMR Techniques to Characterize the Biosorption Mechanism -- 11.6 Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 NMR Techniques for the Evaluation of Biochar Characteristics -- 12.1 What Biochar Is: A Definition -- 12.2 Biochar Environmental Relevance -- 12.3 Chemical-Physical Biochar Characteristics -- 12.4 Biochar and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques: High-resolution Spectroscopy -- 12.5 Biochar Characteristics Via 2D Hetero-correlated Solid-state Spectroscopy -- 12.6 Other Physical Limitations in the Application of High-resolution Spectroscopy for Biochar Analyses -- 12.7 Low-resolution NMR -- 12.8 The Basics of the NMR Relaxation -- 12.9 T2 Monitoring for Biochar Characterization -- 12.10 Application of FFC NMR Relaxometry to Unveil Biochar Properties -- 12.11 Conclusions and Perspectives.
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References.
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