Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Basic Concepts and Characteristics of Fisheries Resources -- 1.1.1 Concept of Fisheries Resources -- 1.1.2 Concept of Fisheries Resource Science -- 1.1.3 Basic Characteristics of Fisheries Resources -- 1.2 Concept of Fishery Resources Biology and Its Study -- 1.2.1 Basic Concepts of Fishery Resources Biology -- 1.2.2 Disciplinary Status of Fishery Resources Biology -- 1.2.3 Basic Research on the Biology of Fisheries Resources -- 1.2.4 Fishery Resources Biology in Relation to Other Disciplines -- 1.3 Significance of Research on Fishery Resources Biology -- References -- 2: Fish Stocks and Discriminant Methods -- 2.1 Population -- 2.1.1 Basic Concept of Population and Its Formation -- 2.1.2 Causes of Population Differentiation -- 2.2 Population Structure and Patterns of Change -- 2.2.1 Basic Meaning of Population Structure -- 2.2.2 Age Structure and Its Evolution -- 2.2.3 Concept of Individual (Length/Weight) Composition and Its Meaning -- 2.2.4 Sex Ratio, Sexual Maturity Composition, and Their Variation -- 2.3 Methods of Stock Identification -- 2.3.1 Methodology for Stock Identification -- 2.3.2 Morphological Approach -- 2.3.3 Ecological Approach -- 2.3.4 Molecular Biology Approach -- 2.3.5 Catch Statistics Method -- 2.3.6 Considerations for Stock Identification and Biological Sampling -- 2.4 Overview of Molecular Phylogeography -- 2.4.1 Establishment and Development of Molecular Phylogeography -- 2.4.2 Case Study: Molecular Phylogeography of Jumbo Flying Squid in the Eastern Pacific -- 2.5 Population Growth and Regulation Process -- 2.5.1 Fish Population Growth Processes -- 2.5.2 Population Growth Model -- 2.5.3 Basic Characteristics of the Dynamics of Natural Fish Population Sizes Under Limited Environmental Conditions -- 2.5.4 Exploitation of Fish Stocks and Stock Balance. , 2.6 Case Studies of Stock Identification -- 2.6.1 Geographical Stock Division of Large Yellow Croaker Offshore Chinese -- 2.6.2 Stock Identification of Jumbo Flying Squid in the Southeastern Pacific Based on Landmark Point Analysis -- References -- 3: Life History and Early Development of Fishes -- 3.1 Life History of Fish and Their Life Spans -- 3.1.1 Life History and Division of Developmental Stages -- 3.1.2 Types of Fish Life Histories -- 3.1.3 Longevity -- 3.2 Early Development of Fish -- 3.2.1 General Characteristics and Processes of Early Fish Development -- 3.2.2 Implications for Research on Early Development in Fish -- 3.3 Morphology and Identification of Eggs and Juvenile Fish -- 3.3.1 Morphological Structure and Identification Points of Fish Eggs -- 3.3.2 Young and Juvenile Fish and Their Identification Points -- 3.4 Analysis of Environmental Factors Affecting the Survival of Juvenile Fish -- References -- 4: Age and Growth of Fish -- 4.1 Significance of Studying Fish Age and Growth -- 4.2 General Principles of Annulus Formation and Its Determination Materials -- 4.2.1 General Principles of Annulus Formation -- 4.2.2 Materials for Determining the Age of Fish -- 4.2.3 Expression of Age Groups and Basic Concepts -- 4.2.4 Comparison of Fish Age Determination Using Scale and Otolith -- 4.3 Scale Structure and Fish Age Determination -- 4.3.1 Structure of Fish Scales -- 4.3.2 Types of Fish Scales -- 4.3.3 Characteristics of Fish Scales Annuli -- 4.3.4 Additional, Reproductive Checks and Regenerating Scales of Fish -- 4.3.5 Collection of Fish Scales -- 4.4 Fish Otoliths and Age Determination -- 4.4.1 Discovery of the Otolith Daily Increment of Fish, Progress in Its Study, and Its Significance -- 4.4.2 Morphological Characteristics of Daily Increments in Fish Otolith -- 4.4.3 Daily-Increment Growth Pattern of Fish Otoliths. , 4.4.4 Methods for Fish Otoliths Daily-Age Determination -- 4.5 Lipofuscin and Age Determination of Crustaceans -- 4.5.1 Composition of Lipofuscin and Its Properties -- 4.5.2 Age Determination Using Lipofuscin -- 4.6 Cephalopod Beaks and Its Age Determination -- 4.6.1 Structure of the Beak -- 4.6.2 Growth Increment in Beak -- 4.6.3 Preparation of Beaks and Daily-Age Determination -- 4.6.3.1 Extraction of Beaks -- 4.6.3.2 Preservation of Beaks -- 4.6.3.3 Preparation of Beaks -- 4.6.3.4 Observation of Beak Sections -- 4.7 Alternative Methods for Age Determination of Fish -- 4.7.1 Feeding Method -- 4.7.2 Mark-Release Method -- 4.7.3 Length Frequency Method -- 4.7.4 Relative Margin Dating -- 4.7.5 Isotope Calibration Method -- 4.8 Fish Growth and Measurement Methods -- 4.8.1 Patterns of Fish Growth and Their General Characteristics -- 4.8.2 Main Factors Affecting Fish Growth -- 4.8.3 Methods for Measuring Fish Growth -- 4.8.3.1 Direct Measurement Method -- 4.8.3.2 Back-Calculation of Length -- 4.8.3.3 Calculation of Fish Growth Rate Types and Growth Indices -- 4.8.3.4 Relationship Between Fish Length and Body Weight -- 4.8.3.5 Fish Growth Equation -- 4.9 Case Study: Age and Growth of Cephalopod Based on Statolith Microstructure -- 4.9.1 Materials and Methods -- 4.9.1.1 Sample Collection -- 4.9.1.2 Biological Measurements and Statolith Extraction -- 4.9.1.3 Statolith Preparation and Age Determination -- 4.9.1.4 Growth Model Selection -- 4.9.1.5 Growth Rate Estimation -- 4.9.2 Individual Composition of the I. argentinus -- 4.9.2.1 Compositions of Mantle Length and Weight -- 4.9.2.2 Age Composition -- 4.9.3 Extrapolation of the Spawning Period and Population Delimitation of I. argentinus in the High Seas -- 4.9.4 Growth of I. argentinus -- 4.9.4.1 Growth Equation -- 4.9.4.2 Relationship Between Age and Weight -- 4.9.4.3 Growth Rate Analysis -- References. , 5: Sexual Maturation, Reproductive Habits, and Fecundity of Fish -- 5.1 Sexual Characteristics of Fish and Their Sexual Maturation -- 5.1.1 Difference Between Male and Female Fish -- 5.1.2 Sexual Maturation Process and Biological Minimum Size -- 5.1.2.1 Sexual Maturation -- 5.1.2.2 Size at Maturity in Fish -- 5.1.2.3 Sexual Maturity and the External Environment -- 5.1.2.4 Sex Ratio -- 5.1.3 Methodologies for Studying Gonadal Maturity -- 5.1.3.1 Visual Grade Method -- 5.1.3.2 Sexual Maturity Factor -- 5.1.3.3 Gonadal Index -- 5.2 Reproductive Habits -- 5.2.1 Fish Breeding Period -- 5.2.2 Reproductive Patterns -- 5.2.3 Types of Spawning -- 5.2.4 Types of Spawning Communities -- 5.3 Fecundity Definition and Fertility Measurement Methods -- 5.3.1 Definition of Individual Fecundity -- 5.3.2 Patterns of Variation in Individual Fish Fecundity -- 5.3.3 Mechanisms Regulating Individual Fecundity in Fish -- 5.3.4 Methods for Measuring Individual Fish Fecundity -- 5.3.5 Fertility of Fish Stocks and Methods for Its Estimation -- 5.4 Reproductive Strategies for Fish -- 5.4.1 Reproductive Strategies -- 5.4.2 Types of Reproductive Strategies for Fish -- 5.5 Case Study: Sexual Maturation and Reproductive Habits of Cephalopods -- 5.5.1 Growth and Sexual Maturity -- 5.5.2 Fertility Characteristics -- 5.5.3 Reproductive Strategies -- 5.5.3.1 Migratory Spawning -- 5.5.3.2 Spawning Season -- 5.5.3.3 Spawning Habits -- 5.5.3.4 Spawning Strategies -- 5.5.4 Description of Eggs and Their Maturation -- 5.5.4.1 Description of Eggs -- 5.5.4.2 Egg Maturation -- References -- 6: Fish Prey, Food Habits, and Interspecific Relationships -- 6.1 Feeding Relationships and Food Chains Among Fish -- 6.1.1 Composition of Fish Feeding -- 6.1.2 Food Chains, Food Webs, and Their Ecoefficiency -- 6.1.2.1 Food Chains and Food Webs -- 6.1.2.2 Ecoefficiency -- 6.2 Types of Fish Feeding. , 6.2.1 Classification According to the Type of the Food Consumed by a Fish -- 6.2.1.1 Herbivores -- 6.2.1.2 Carnivores -- 6.2.1.3 Omnivores -- 6.2.2 Classification Based on the Ecological Type of Food Consumed by a Fish -- 6.2.3 Classification Based on the Number of Prey Species Consumed -- 6.2.4 Classification Based on the Nature of Fish Predation -- 6.2.5 Classification Based on the Way Fish Feed -- 6.3 Characteristics of Fish Feeding -- 6.3.1 Different Feeding Habits at Different Developmental Stages -- 6.3.2 Changes in the Composition of Fish Food Across Life Stages -- 6.3.3 Changes in the Composition of Fish Food in Different Waters -- 6.3.4 Diurnal Variation in Feeding Habits -- 6.3.5 Fish Prey Selectivity -- 6.4 Food Security for Fish -- 6.4.1 Fish Food Security -- 6.4.2 Adaptation of Fish to Food Security -- 6.4.3 Impact of the Physical and Chemical Environments of a Watershed on Food Security -- 6.5 Methods of Studying Fish Feeding -- 6.5.1 Sample Collection and Processing -- 6.5.1.1 Sample Collection -- 6.5.1.2 Treatment of Stomach Contents -- 6.5.2 Field Observations of Fish Feeding -- 6.5.3 Qualitative and Quantitative Versus Analytical Methods -- 6.5.3.1 Qualitative Analysis Methods -- 6.5.3.2 Quantitative Analysis Methods -- Counting Method -- Weight Method -- Volume Method -- Frequency of Occurrence Method -- Integrated Graphical Method -- Stable Isotope Tracing -- Characteristic Fatty Acid Labeling Technology -- DNA Molecular Technology -- 6.5.4 Main Factors Affecting Fish Feeding -- 6.5.4.1 Morphological Characteristics of Feeding Organs in Relation to Fish Feeding -- 6.5.4.2 Food Security in Relation to Fish Feeding -- 6.6 Fullness and Fat Content -- 6.6.1 Fish Fullness -- 6.6.2 Fat Content -- References -- 7: Fish Schooling and Migration -- 7.1 Schools of Fish -- 7.1.1 Fish Schooling and School Types. , 7.1.2 General Patterns of Fish Schooling.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 The Concept of Fisheries Forecasting -- 1.2 Nature and Research Content of Fisheries Forecasting Discipline -- 1.2.1 Nature and Status of the Discipline -- 1.2.2 Research Content of the Discipline -- 1.3 Relationship Between Fisheries Forecasting and Other Disciplines -- 1.4 General Situation of Foreign and Domestic Fisheries Forecasting Research -- 1.4.1 United States -- 1.4.2 Japan -- 1.4.3 China -- References -- 2: Overview of the Marine Environment -- 2.1 The Marine Morphology -- 2.1.1 Marine Area and Partitioning -- Oceans -- Seas -- Bays -- Straits -- 2.1.2 Seabed Morphology -- Coast -- Continental Margins -- Continental Shelf (Referred to as the Shelf) -- Continental Slope -- Continental Rise -- Deep-Ocean Basin (Ocean Floor) -- Ocean Trenches -- 2.1.3 Marine Sediments -- 2.2 Distribution of the Ocean Currents -- 2.2.1 Concept of Ocean Circulation and Its Genesis -- 2.2.2 Generation of Upwelling and Downwelling -- 2.2.3 Distribution of the Ocean Circulation -- Equatorial Currents -- Western-Boundary Currents -- West Wind Drift -- Eastern-Boundary Currents -- Polar Circulation (Fig. 2.6) -- 2.2.4 Main Ocean Currents in Various Oceans -- Pacific Ocean -- Kuroshio Current -- Oyashio Current -- California Current -- Equatorial Currents and Their Undercurrent -- Peru Current -- Atlantic Ocean -- Gulf Stream -- East Greenland Current -- North Atlantic Current -- Canary Current -- Brazil Current -- Indian Ocean -- 2.3 Sea Temperature Distribution in the Oceans -- 2.3.1 Basic Concept -- 2.3.2 Sea Temperature Distribution Pattern -- Horizontal Distribution Pattern of Sea Surface Temperature -- Vertical Changes in Sea Temperature -- 2.3.3 Distribution of Global Sea Surface Temperature. , 2.4 Distribution of Nutrient Salts and Primary Production in the Oceans -- 2.4.1 Nutrient Salts -- Basic Concept -- Sources of Nutrient Salts and Their Distribution -- 2.4.2 Primary Production -- Related Concepts -- 2.4.3 Distribution of Marine Productivity -- Tropical and Subtropical Ocean Regions and the Equatorial Zone -- Tropical and Subtropical Ocean Regions -- Equatorial Zone -- Temperate (Subpolar) Zone in the Oceans -- Northern Hemisphere -- Southern Ocean -- Polar Zone -- Coastal Zones -- Upwelling Fronts -- Shelf-Slope Break Frontal Zone -- Low-Salinity Fronts and Tidal Mixing Fronts -- References -- 3: Shoaling and Migration of Fish and Their Relationships with Environment -- 3.1 Significance of Fish Shoaling and Migration -- 3.1.1 Concepts and Categories of Shoaling Fish -- Breeding Shoals -- Feeding Shoals -- Overwintering Shoal -- Temporary Shoals -- 3.1.2 General Patterns of Shoaling Fish -- 3.1.3 Functions of Shoaling Fish -- Defensing Against Predators -- Enhanced Foraging Success -- Reproductive Advantages -- Other Aspects -- 3.1.4 The Behavioral Mechanism and Structure of Shoaling Fish -- The Behavioral Mechanism of Shoaling Fish -- The Role of Vision in Shoaling Fish -- The Role of Lateral Sense in Shoaling Fish -- The Role of Olfaction in Shoaling Fish -- Fish Shoal Structure -- 3.2 Fish Migration and Distribution -- 3.2.1 Definition and Types of Fish Migration -- Definition of Fish Migration -- Types of Fish Migration -- Based on Driving Force of Migratory Movements -- Based on Purpose of Migration -- Breeding Migration or Spawning Migration -- Feeding Migration (Also Called Foraging or Fattening Migration) -- Overwintering Migration (Also Known as Seasonal Migration or Temperature-Adaptive Migration) -- According to Ecological Environment (Nature of Waters) -- Migration of Oceanodromous Fish -- Migration of Anadromous Fish. , Migration of Catadromous Fish -- Migration of Potamodromous Fish -- 3.2.2 Mechanism and Biological Significance of Fish Migration -- Mechanism of Fish Migration -- Factors Affecting Fish Migration -- Internal Factors -- External Factors -- Mechanisms of Orientation During Migration -- Hydrochemical Factors -- Water Current -- Tropism of Fish -- Temperature -- Topography -- Genetic Factors -- Cosmic Factors -- The Biological Significance of Fish Migration -- 3.2.3 Vertical Migration of Fish -- Characteristics of Vertical Migration -- Vertical Migration Speed -- Influencing Factors -- 3.2.4 Research Methods for Fish Migration -- Statistical Catch Analyses -- The Tagging Method -- The Definition of Tagging -- The Significance of Tagging -- Types of Tagging -- External Tags -- Isotopic Tags -- Bio-remote Sensing Tags -- Data-Storage Tags -- PSAT -- Distribution Model Prediction -- Prediction of Migration Based on Trace Element and Stable Isotope Analysis -- Trace Element Analysis -- Stable Isotope Analysis -- 3.3 Characteristics of the Marine Environment and Its Impact on Fish Distribution -- 3.3.1 Characteristics of the Marine Environment -- 3.3.2 The Impact of the Marine Environment on Fish Distribution -- Marine Environmental Factors -- Comprehensive Effects -- Effects of Dominant Factors -- Direct and Indirect Effects -- The Limiting Mechanism of Marine Environmental Factors -- General Effects of Marine Environmental Conditions on Fish Behavior -- 3.4 The Relationship Between Fish Behavior and Temperature -- 3.4.1 Response of Fish to Temperature -- 3.4.2 Adaptation of Fish to Water Temperature Changes -- 3.4.3 The Optimal Temperature Range for Fish Species -- 3.4.4 Impact of Water Temperature on Fish Shoaling and Migration -- 3.4.5 Vertical Structure of Water Temperature and the Distribution of Fish. , 3.5 Relationship Between Fish Movement and Ocean Currents -- 3.5.1 Types of Ocean Currents -- 3.5.2 The Impact of Ocean Currents on the Survival Rate of Fish Larvae -- 3.5.3 Relationship Between Ocean Currents and the Range of Fish Migration -- 3.5.4 Relationship Between Ocean Currents and Tuna Distribution -- 3.5.5 Relationship Between Tidal Currents and Fisheries -- 3.6 Relationship Between Fish Movement and Water Salinity -- 3.6.1 Distribution of Salinity in the Ocean -- 3.6.2 Responses of Fish to Salinity Changes -- 3.6.3 Fish Respond to Salinity Changes by Regulating Osmotic Pressure -- 3.6.4 The Relationship Between Salinity and Fish Movement -- 3.7 Relationship Between Fish Movement and Dissolved Oxygen -- 3.7.1 Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater -- 3.7.2 Harm of Anoxic Water to Fish and Its Effect on Fish Movement -- 3.7.3 Relationship Between Dissolved Oxygen and Tuna Distribution -- 3.8 Relationship Between Fish Movement and Other Factors -- 3.8.1 Relationship Between Fish Movement and Water Depth and Seafloor Topography -- 3.8.2 Relationship Between Fish Movement and Bait Organisms -- Bait Organisms -- Plankton -- Demersal Organisms -- Swimming Animals -- Predators -- Predatory Fish and Animals -- Red Tide Organisms -- References -- 4: Basic Theories of Formation of Fishing Ground -- 4.1 Basic Concepts and Types of Fishing Grounds -- 4.1.1 The Concept of Fishing Grounds and Their Characteristics -- Fishing Grounds -- Basic Characteristics of Fishing Grounds -- Several Basic Issues Studied in the Science of Fishing Ground -- Basic Conditions for the Formation of Fishing Grounds -- 4.1.2 Types of Fishing Grounds -- 4.1.3 Fishing Period (Fishing Season) -- 4.1.4 Evaluation of the Value of Fishing Grounds -- 4.2 General Principles for the Formation of Excellent Fishing Grounds -- 4.2.1 Fishing Grounds Along Current Boundaries. , Concept of a Current Boundary -- Reasons for the Formation of Fishing Grounds Along Current Boundaries -- Kitahara´s Law of Fishing Conditions -- Method for Judging Current Boundaries -- Amount of Aggregation of Floating Substances in Fishing Grounds Along Current Boundaries -- Distribution of Fishing Grounds Along Current Boundaries -- 4.2.2 Fishing Grounds in Eddy Areas -- Mechanical Eddy -- Topographically Generated Eddy -- Compound Eddy -- 4.2.3 Upwelling Fishing Grounds -- General Principles for the Formation of Upwelling Fishing Grounds -- Types of Upwelling -- Wind-Induced Upwelling -- Divergent Upwelling -- Anticline Structure of Water Temperature -- Cold-Water Dome -- Distribution of Upwelling Fishing Grounds -- 4.2.4 Continental Fishing Grounds -- Main Water Systems That Affect Continental Fishing Grounds -- Conditions for the Formation of Continental Fishing Grounds -- Distribution of the Main Continental Fishing Grounds Around the World -- 4.2.5 Fishing Grounds in Reef Banks -- Types of Sea Areas with Reef Banks and Their Distribution -- Distribution of Fishing Grounds in Reef Banks -- 4.2.6 Distribution of the Main Fishing Grounds Around the World -- References -- 5: Basic Principles and Methods of Fisheries Forecasting -- 5.1 Overview of Fisheries Forecasting -- 5.1.1 The Concept of Fisheries Forecasting -- 5.1.2 Types and Content of Fisheries Forecasting -- Divided Based on the Forecast Period -- Divided Based on Fisheries Forecasting Content -- 5.2 Techniques and Methods for Fisheries Forecasting -- 5.2.1 Basic Process of Fisheries Forecasting -- 5.2.2 Composition of a Fisheries Forecasting Model -- Basis of Fisheries Science -- Data Models -- Forecasting Models -- 5.2.3 Introduction of the Main Fisheries Forecasting Models -- Statistical Models -- Linear Regression Models -- Generalized Regression Model -- Bayesian Method. , Time Series Analysis.