Note: Front Cover -- ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS -- Copyright Page -- EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION -- FOREWORD -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- INTRODUCTION -- HOW TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- Subject Index -- Periodic System of the Elements.

Note: Front Cover -- Superconductivity -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the Third Edition -- 1 Properties of the normal state -- I Introduction -- II Conducting electron transport -- III Chemical potential and screening -- IV Electrical conductivity -- V Frequency-dependent electrical conductivity -- VI Electron-phonon interaction -- VII Resistivity -- VIII Thermal conductivity -- IX Fermi surface -- X Energy gap and effective mass -- XI Electronic specific heat -- XII Phonon specific heat -- XIII Electromagnetic fields -- XIV Boundary conditions -- XV Magnetic susceptibility -- XVI Hall effect -- Problems -- Further Reading -- References -- 2 Phenomenon of superconductivity -- I Introduction -- II Brief history -- III Resistivity -- A Resistivity above Tc -- B Resistivity anisotropy -- C Anisotropy determination -- D Sheet resistance of films: resistance quantum -- IV Zero resistance -- A Resistivity drop at Tc -- B Persistent currents below Tc -- V Transition temperature -- VI Perfect diamagnetism -- VII Magnetic fields inside a superconductor -- VIII Shielding current -- IX Hole in superconductor -- X Perfect conductivity -- XI Transport current -- XII Critical field and current -- XIII Temperature dependences -- XIV Two-fluid model -- XV Critical magnetic field slope -- XVI Critical surface -- Problems -- References -- 3 Transport properties -- I Introduction -- II Inductive superconducting circuits -- A Parallel inductances -- B Inductors -- C Alternating current impedance -- III Current density equilibration -- IV Critical current -- A Anisotropy -- B Magnetic field dependence -- V Magnetoresistance -- A Fields applied above Tc -- B Fields applied below Tc -- C Fluctuation conductivity -- D Flux flow effects -- VI Hall effect -- A Hall effect above Tc. , B Hall effect below Tc -- VII Thermal conductivity -- A Heat and entropy transport -- B Thermal conductivity in the normal state -- C Thermal conductivity below Tc -- D Magnetic field effects -- VIII Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects -- A Thermal flux of vortices -- B Seebeck effect -- C Nernst effect -- D Peltier effect -- E Ettingshausen effect -- F Righi-Leduc effect -- IX Photoconductivity -- X Transport entropy -- Problems -- References -- 4 Thermodynamic properties -- I Introduction -- II Specific heat above Tc -- III Discontinuity at Tc -- IV Specific heat below Tc -- V Density of states and Debye temperature -- VI Thermodynamic variables -- VII Thermodynamics of a normal conductor -- VIII Thermodynamics of a superconductor -- IX Superconductor in zero field -- X Superconductor in a magnetic field -- XI Normalized thermodynamic equations -- XII Specific heat in a magnetic field -- XIII Further discussion of the specific heat -- XIV Order of the transition -- XV Thermodynamic conventions -- XVI Concluding remarks -- Problems -- References -- 5 Magnetic properties -- I Introduction -- II Susceptibility -- III Magnetization and magnetic moment -- IV Magnetization hysteresis -- V ZFC and FC -- VI Granular samples and porosity -- VII Magnetization anisotropy -- VIII Measurement techniques -- IX Comparison of susceptibility and resistivity results -- X Ellipsoids in magnetic fields -- XI Demagnetization factors -- XII Measured susceptibilities -- XIII Sphere in a magnetic field -- XIV Cylinder in a magnetic field -- XV ac susceptibility -- XVI Temperature-dependent magnetization -- A Pauli-paramagnetism -- B Paramagnetism -- C Antiferromagnetism -- XVII Pauli limit and upper-critical field -- XVIII Ideal Type II superconductor -- XIX Magnets -- Problems -- References -- 6 Ginzburg-Landau phenomenological theory -- I Introduction. , II Order parameter -- III Ginzburg-Landau equations -- IV Zero-field case deep inside superconductor -- V Zero-field case near superconductor boundary -- VI Fluxoid quantization -- VII Penetration depth -- VIII Critical current density -- IX London equations -- X Exponential penetration -- XI Normalized Ginzburg-Landau equations -- XII Type I and Type II superconductivity -- XIII Upper critical field BC2 -- XIV Structure of a vortex -- A Differential equations -- B Solutions for short distances -- C Solution for large distances -- Problems -- Further reading -- References -- 7 Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer microscopic theory -- I Introduction -- II Cooper pairs -- III The BCS order parameter -- IV The BCS Hamiltonian -- V The Bogoliubov transformation and the self-consistent gap equation -- A Solution of the gap equation near Tc -- B Solution at T=0 -- C Nodes of the order parameter -- D Single band singlet pairing -- E s-Wave pairing -- F Zero-temperature gap -- G d-Wave order parameter -- H Multiband singlet pairing -- VI Response of a superconductor to a magnetic field -- VII Hubbard models -- VIII Electron configurations -- A Configurations and orbitals -- B Tight-binding approximation -- IX Hubbard model -- A Wannier functions and electron operators -- B One-state Hubbard model -- C Electron-hole symmetry -- D Half-filling and antiferromagnetic correlations -- E t-J model -- F Resonant-valence bonds -- G Spinons, holons, slave bosons, anyons, and semions -- H Three-state Hubbard model -- I Energy bands -- J Metal-insulator transition -- X Band structure of YBa2Cu3O7 -- A Energy bands and DOS -- B Fermi surface: plane and chain bands -- XI Fermi liquids -- XII Fermi surface nesting -- XIII CDWs, SDWs, and spin bags -- XIV Mott insulator transition -- Problems -- Further Reading -- References -- 8 Type I superconductivity and the intermediate state. , I Introduction -- II Intermediate state -- III Surface fields and intermediate-state configurations -- IV Type I ellipsoid -- V Susceptibility -- VI Gibbs free energy for the intermediate state -- VII Boundary-wall energy and domains -- VIII Current-induced intermediate state -- IX Recent developments in Type I superconductivity -- A History and general remarks -- B The intermediate state -- C Magneto-optics with in-plane magnetization-a tool to study flux patterns -- D AC response in the intermediate state of Type I superconductors -- Problems -- References -- 9 Type II superconductivity -- I Introduction -- II Internal and critical fields -- A Magnetic field penetration -- B Ginzburg-Landau parameter -- C Critical fields -- III Vortices -- A Magnetic fields -- B High-kappa approximation -- C Average internal field and vortex separation -- D Vortices near lower critical field -- E Vortices near upper critical field -- F Contour plots of field and current density -- G Closed vortices -- IV Vortex anisotropies -- A Core region and current flow -- B Critical fields -- C High-kappa approximation -- D Pancake vortices -- E Oblique alignment -- V Individual vortex motion -- A Vortex repulsion -- B Pinning -- C Equation of motion -- D Onset of motion -- E Magnus force -- F Steady-state motion -- G Intrinsic pinning -- H Vortex entanglement -- VI Flux motion -- A Flux continuum -- B Entry and exit -- C 2D fluid -- D Dimensionality -- E Solid and glass phases -- F Flux in motion -- G Transport current in a magnetic field -- H Dissipation -- I Magnetic phase diagram -- VII Fluctuations -- A Thermal fluctuations -- B Characteristic length -- C Entanglement of flux lines -- D Irreversibility line -- E Kosterlitz-Thouless transition -- Problems -- References -- 10 Irreversible magnetic properties -- I Introduction -- II Critical states. , III Current-field relationships -- A Transport and shielding current -- B Maxwell curl equation and pinning force -- C Determination of current-field relationships -- IV Critical-state models -- A Requirements of a critical-state model -- B Model characteristics -- V Reversed critical states and hysteresis -- A Reversing field -- B Magnetization -- C Hysteresis loops -- D Magnetization current -- VI Perfect Type I superconductor -- VII Concluding remarks -- References -- 11 Magnetic penetration depth -- I Isotropic London electrodynamics -- II Penetration depth in anisotropic samples -- III Experimental methods -- IV Absolute value of the penetration depth -- V Penetration depth and the superconducting gap -- A Semiclassical model for superfluid density -- a Isotropic Fermi surface -- b Anisotropic Fermi surface, isotropic gap function -- B Superconducting gap -- C Mixed gaps -- D Low temperatures -- a s-wave pairing -- b d-wave pairing -- c p-wave pairing -- VI Effect of disorder and impurities on the penetration depth -- A Nonmagnetic impurities -- B Magnetic impurities -- VII Surface ABS -- VIII Nonlocal electrodynamics of nodal superconductors -- IX Nonlinear Meissner effect -- X AC penetration depth in the mixed state (small amplitude linear response) -- XI The proximity effect and its identification by using AC penetration depth measurements -- XII Eilenberger two-gap scheme: the γ-model -- A Superfluid density -- References -- 12 Upper critical field with magnetic and non-magnetic scattering -- I Introduction -- II The Bc2 Problem -- A T& -- rarr -- Tc -- B Strong pair breaking at Tc& -- rarr -- 0 -- C Numerical results -- III Field-dependent spin-flip scattering -- IV The d-wave case -- V Discussion -- References -- 13 Energy gap and tunneling -- I Introduction -- II Phenomenon of tunneling -- A Conduction-electron energies. , B Types of tunneling.

Note: Front Cover -- Superconductivity -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Chapter 1 Properties of the Normal State -- I. Introduction -- II. Conduction Electron Transport -- III. Chemical Potential and Screening -- IV. Electrical Conductivity -- V. Frequency Dependent Electrical Conductivity -- VI. Electron-Phonon Interaction -- VII. Resistivity -- VIII. Thermal Conductivity -- IX. Fermi Surface -- X. Energy Gap and Effective Mass -- XI. Electronic Specific Heat -- XII. Phonon Specific Heat -- XIII. Electromagnetic Fields -- XIV. Boundary Conditions -- XV. Magnetic Susceptibility -- XVI. Hall Effect -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 2 Phenomenon of Superconductivity -- I. Introduction -- II. Brief History -- III. Resistivity -- A. Resistivity above Tc -- B. Resistivity Anisotropy -- C. Anisotropy Determination -- D. Sheet Resistance of Films: Resistance Quantum -- IV. Zero Resistance -- A. Resistivity Drop at Tc -- B. Persistent Currents below Tc -- V. Transition Temperature -- VI. Perfect Diamagnetism -- VII. Magnetic Fields Inside a Superconductor -- VIII. Shielding Current -- IX. Hole in Superconductor -- X. Perfect Conductivity -- XI. Transport Current -- XII. Critical Field and Current -- XIII. Temperature Dependences -- XIV. Two Fluid Model -- XV. Critical Magnetic Field Slope -- XVI. Critical Surface -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 3 Classical Superconductors -- I. Introduction -- II. Elements -- III. Physical Properties of Superconducting Elements -- IV. Compounds -- V. Alloys -- VI. Miedema's Empirical Rules -- VII. Compounds with the NaCl Structure -- VIII. Type A15 Compounds -- IX. Laves Phases -- X. Chevrel Phases -- XI. Chalcogenides and Oxides -- Problems -- Chapter 4 Thermodynamic Properties -- I. Introduction -- II. Specific Heat above TC. , III. Discontinuity at TC -- IV. Specific Heat below TC -- V. Density of States and Debye Temperature -- VI. Thermodynamic Variables -- VII. Thermodynamics of a Normal Conductor -- VIII. Thermodynamics of a Superconductor -- IX. Superconductor in Zero Field -- X. Superconductor in a Magnetic Field -- XI. Normalized Thermodynamic Equations -- XII. Specific Heat in a Magnetic Field -- XIII. Further Discussion of the Specific Heat -- XIV. Order of the Transition -- XV. Thermodynamic Conventions -- XVI. Concluding Remarks -- Problems -- Chapter 5 Magnetic Properties -- I. Introduction -- II. Susceptibility -- III. Magnetization and Magnetic Moment -- IV. Magnetization Hysteresis -- V. Zero Field Cooling and Field Cooling -- VI. Granular Samples and Porosity -- VII. Magnetization Anisotropy -- VIII. Measurement Techniques -- IX. Comparison of Susceptibility and Resistivity Results -- X. Ellipsoids in Magnetic Fields -- XI. Demagnetization Factors -- XII. Measured Susceptibilities -- XIII. Sphere in a Magnetic Field -- XIV. Cylinder in a Magnetic Field -- XV. ac Susceptibility -- XVI. Temperature-Dependent Magnetization -- A. Pauli Paramagnetism -- B. Paramagnetism -- C. Antiferromagnetism -- XVII. Pauli Limit and Upper Critical Field -- XVIII. Ideal Type II Superconductor -- XIX. Magnets -- Problems -- Chapter 6 Ginzburg-Landau Theory -- I. Introduction -- II. Order Parameter -- III. Ginzburg-Landau Equations -- IV. Zero-Field Case Deep Inside Superconductor -- V. Zero-Field Case near Superconductor Boundary -- VI. Fluxoid Quantization -- VII. Penetration Depth -- VIII. Critical Current Density -- IX. London Equations -- X. Exponential Penetration -- XI. Normalized Ginzburg-Landau Equations -- XII. Type I and Type II Superconductivity -- XIII. Upper Critical Field BC2 -- XIV. Structure of a Vortex -- A. Differential Equations. , B. Solutions for Short Distances -- C. Solution for Large Distances -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 7 BCS Theory -- Introduction -- II. Cooper Pairs -- III. The BCS Order Parameter -- IV. The BCS Hamiltonian -- V. The Bogoliubov Transformation -- VI. The Self-Consistent Gap Equation -- A. Solution of the Gap Equation Near Tc -- B. Solution At T = 0 -- C. Nodes of the Order Parameter -- D. Single Band Singlet Pairing -- E. S-Wave Pairing -- F. Zero-Temperature Gap -- G. D-Wave Order Parameter -- H. Multi-Band Singlet Pairing -- VII. Response of a Superconductor to a Magnetic Field -- Appendix A. Derivation of the Gap Equation Near Tc -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8 Cuprate Crystallographic Structures -- I. Introduction -- II. Perovskites -- A. Cubic Form -- B. Tetragonal Form -- C. Orthorhombic Form -- D. Planar Representation -- III. Perovskite-Type Superconducting Structures -- IV. Aligned YBa2Cu3O7 -- A. Copper Oxide Planes -- B. Copper Coordination -- C. Stacking Rules -- D. Crystallographic Phases -- E. Charge Distribution -- F. YBaCuO Formula -- G. YBa2Cu4O8 and Y2Ba4Cu7O15 -- V. Aligned HgBaCaCuO -- VI. Body Centering -- VII. Body-Centered La2CuO4, Nd2CuO4 and Sr2RuO4 -- A. Unit Cell of La2CuO4 Compound (T Phase) -- B. Layering Scheme -- C. Charge Distribution -- D. Superconducting Structures -- E. Nd2CuO4 Compound (T' Phase) -- F. La2-x-yRxSryCuO4 Compounds (T* Phase) -- G. Sr2RuO4 Compound (T Phase) -- VIII. Body-Centered BiSrCaCuO and TlBaCaCuO -- A. Layering Scheme -- B. Nomenclature -- C. Bi-Sr Compounds -- D. Tl-Ba Compounds -- E. Modulated Structures -- F. Aligned TI-Ba Compounds -- G. Lead Doping -- IX. Symmetries -- X. Layered Structure of the Cuprates -- XI. Infinite-Layer Phases -- XII. Conclusions -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 9 Unconventional Superconductors -- I. Introduction -- II. Heavy Electron Systems. , III. Magnesium Diboride -- A. Structure -- B. Physical Properties -- C. Anisotropies -- D. Fermi Surfaces -- E. Energy Gaps -- IV. Borocarbides and Boronitrides -- A. Crystal Structure -- B. Correlations of Superconducting Properties with Structure Parameters -- C. Density of States -- D. Thermodynamic and Electronic Properties -- E. Magnetic Interactions -- F. Magnetism of HoNi2B2C -- V. Perovskites -- A. Barium-Potassium-Bismuth Cubic Perovskite -- B. Magnesium-Carbon-Nickel Cubic Perovskite -- C. Barium-Lead-Bismuth Lower Symmetry Perovskite -- VI. Charge-Transfer Organics -- VII. Buckminsterfullerenes -- VIII. Symmetry of the Order Parameter in Unconventional Superconductors -- A. Symmetry of the Order Parameter in Cuprates -- a. Hole-doped high-Tc cuprates -- b. Electron-doped cuprates -- B. Organic Superconductors -- C. Influence of Bandstructure on Superconductivity -- a. MgB2 -- b. NbSe2 -- c. CaAlSi -- D. Some Other Superconductors -- a. Heavy-fermion superconductors -- b. Borocarbides -- c. Sr2RuO4 -- d. MgCNi3 -- IX. Magnetic Superconductors -- A. Coexistence of superconductivity and magnetism -- B. Antiferromagnetic Superconductors -- C. Magnetic Cuprate Superconductor - SmCeCuO -- Chapter 10 Hubbard Models and Band Structure -- I. Introduction -- II. Electron Configurations -- A. Configurations and Orbitals -- B. Tight-Binding Approximation -- III. Hubbard Model -- A. Wannier Functions and Electron Operators -- B. One-State Hubbard Model -- C. Electron-Hole Symmetry -- D. Half-Filling and Antiferromagnetic Correlations -- E. t-J Model -- F. Resonant-Valence Bonds -- G. Spinons, Holons, Slave Bosons, Anyons, and Semions -- H. Three-State Hubbard Model -- I. Energy Bands -- J. Metal-Insulator Transition -- IV. Band Structure of YBa2Cu3O7 -- A. Energy Bands and Density of States -- B. Fermi Surface: Plane and Chain Bands. , V. Band Structure of Mercury Cuprates -- VI. Band Structures of Lanthanum, Bismuth, and Thallium Cuprates -- A. Orbital States -- B. Energy Bands and Density of States -- VII. Fermi Liquids -- VIII. Fermi Surface Nesting -- IX. Charge-Density Waves, Spin-Density Waves, and Spin Bags -- X. Mott-Insulator Transition -- XI. Discussion -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 11 Type I Superconductivity and the Intermediate State -- I. Introduction -- II. Intermediate State -- III. Surface Fields and Intermediate-State Configurations -- IV. Type I Ellipsoid -- V. Susceptibility -- VI. Gibbs Free Energy for the Intermediate State -- VII. Boundary-Wall Energy and Domains -- VIII. Thin Film in Applied Field -- IX. Domains in Thin Films -- X. Current-Induced Intermediate State -- XI. Recent Developments in Type I Superconductivity -- A. History and General Remarks -- B. The Intermediate State -- C. Magneto-Optics with In-Plane Magnetization - a Tool to Study Flux Patterns -- D. AC Response in the Intermediate State of Type I Superconductors -- XII. Mixed State in Type II Superconductors -- Problems -- Chapter 12 Type II Superconductivity -- I. Introduction -- II. Internal and Critical Fields -- A. Magnetic Field Penetration -- B. Ginzburg-Landau Parameter -- C. Critical Fields -- III. Vortices -- A. Magnetic Fields -- B. High-Kappa Approximation -- C. Average Internal Field and Vortex Separation -- D. Vortices near Lower Critical Field -- E. Vortices near Upper Critical Field -- F. Contour Plots of Field and Current Density -- G. Closed Vortices -- IV. Vortex Anisotropies -- A. Critical Fields and Characteristic Lengths -- B. Core Region and Current Flow -- C. Critical Fields -- D. High-Kappa Approximation -- E. Pancake Vortices -- F. Oblique Alignment -- V. Individual Vortex Motion -- A. Vortex Repulsion -- B. Pinning -- C. Equation of Motion. , D. Onset of Motion.

Note: Front Cover -- Somitogenesis: Part 1 -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Early Events of Somitogenesis in Higher Vertebrates: Allocation of Precursor Cells during Gastrulation and the Organization of a Meristic Pattern in the Paraxial Mesoderm -- I. Anatomy of the Paraxial Mesoderm -- II. Localization of the Somitic Precursor Cells -- III. Development Plasticity and Commitment to Somitic Fate -- IV. Does a Prepattern of Segmentation Exist in the Presomitic Mesoderm? -- V. Unanswered Questions -- References -- Chapter 2. Retrospective Tracing of the Developmental Lineage of the Mouse Myotome -- I. Introduction -- II. The LaacZ Method -- III. The Basic Logic of Clonal Analysis -- IV. The Myotome in the E11.5 Mouse Embryo -- V. The Questions -- VI. The clones -- VII . The Longitudinal Organization of the Segments -- VIII. A Model for the Longitudinal Organization of the Muscle System -- IX. The Mediolateral Organization of the Segments -- X. A Model for the Mediolateral Organization of the Muscle System -- XI. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3. Segmentation of the Paraxial Mesoderm and Vertebrate Somitogenesis -- I. Definition of the Mesodermal Segment -- II. Models for Somite Formation -- III. Molecular Aspects of Vertebrate Somitogenesis -- IV. A Model for Vertebrate Segmentation and Somitogenesis -- References -- Chapter 4. Segmentation: A View from the Border -- I. Introduction -- II. Segments and Parasegments -- III. Three Models for the Control of Somite Formation -- IV. A Molecular Clock -- V. Two Interpretations of the c-huiry-1 Clock -- VI. The Molecular Basis of Boundary Formation -- VII. The Molecular Basis of Boundary Maintenance -- VIII. Determination of Somite Identity -- References -- Chapter 5. Genetic Regulation of Somite Formation -- I. Introduction. , II. The Role of Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors in Somitogenesis -- III. The Role of Notch Signaling in Segmentation -- IV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Hox Genes and the Global Patterning of the Somitic Mesoderm -- I. Introduction -- II. Patterns in the Mesoderm -- III. Mechanisms for Global Patterning -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. The Origin and Morphogenesis of Amphibian Somites -- I. Introduction -- II. Origins: Fate Maps and Movements of the Presomitic Mesoderm Are Variable among Amphibians -- III. A Life before Segmentation: The Geometry, Behavior, and Function of the Prospective Somitic Mesoderm during Gastrulation of Xenopus -- IV. Segmentation and Somite Formation in Xenopus laevis: Cell Elongation and Rotation -- V. Variations on a Theme: Somite and Myotome Formation in Other Anurans: Bombina, Gastrotheca, Bufo, Pelobates, and Rana -- VI. The Dermatome and Sclerotome -- VII. Patterning of the Somitic Mesoderm by Adjacent Tissues -- VIII. How Do Cells Decide Where to Make an Intersomitic Furrow? -- IX . Role of Morphomechanical Molecules in Segmentation, Somite Morphogenesis -- X. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Somitogenesis in Zebrafish -- I. Introduction -- II. The Zebrafish as a Model Organism -- III. Segmentation of the Paraxial Mesoderm -- IV. Somite Patterning and Differentiation -- V. Innervation of the Somitic Muscalature -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9. Rostrocaudal Differences within the Somites Confer Segmental Pattern to Trunk Neural Crest Migration -- I. Introduction -- II. Rostrocaudal Polarity of the Somites lnfluences Trunk Neural Crest Migration -- III. Patterns of Extracellular and Cell Surface Molecules within the Somites -- IV. Eph-Family Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Their Ligands -- V. Dynamic Analysis of Trunk Neural Crest Migration. , VI. Inhibitory Interactions between Eph Receptors and Their Ligands Contribute to the Segmental Pattern of Trunk Neural Crest Migration -- VII. Perturbation of Peanut Lectin Binding Molecules Alters the Segmental Pattern of Neural Crest Migration -- VIII. Cell-Matrix Interactions Are Important for Neural Crest Emigration but Not Segmental Migration -- IX. Other Inhibitory Cues in the Trunk -- X. Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Contents of Previous Volumes.

Note: Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- Figures -- Summary -- Acronyms -- CHAPTER ONE - Introduction -- Total Global and U.S. Energy Demand -- Opportunities for Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings -- Options for Improving Buildings Sector Efficiency -- Thermal Envelope -- Lighting -- Climate Control -- Barriers to Demand Reduction -- Lack of Information -- Split Incentives -- Financial Disincentives -- Policy Options for Overcoming Barriers -- CHAPTER TWO - European Approaches -- Early Approaches -- Energy Performance of Buildings Directive -- Certification of Buildings -- Inspection of Boilers and Air Conditioning -- Experts -- Calculation of Energy Performance -- Minimum Energy Performance Requirements -- EPBD Recast -- CHAPTER THREE - Australian Approaches -- Market-Based Energy Efficient Buildings Policy -- Building Codes and Performance Ratings -- Disclosure and Energy Audits -- Grant and Rebate Programs -- The Decentralized Approach -- CHAPTER FOUR - Key Issues in Buildings Energy Efficiency Programs -- Building Codes -- Discussion -- Observations -- Certificates -- Discussion -- Observations -- Promoting Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings -- Discussion -- Observations -- Training and Certification of Experts -- Discussion -- Observations -- White-Certificate Programs -- Discussion -- Observations -- Measuring Program Impact -- Discussion -- Observations -- CHAPTER FIVE - Conclusions -- Implementation Issues -- Building Codes -- Energy Certificates -- Promoting Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings -- Training and Certification of Experts -- White-Certificate Programs -- Measuring Program Impact -- Lessons for the United States -- APPENDIX - List of Interviewees -- References.

Note: Cover -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- BASICS -- MANUAL CONVENTIONS -- SUGGESTED SOIL TYPES AND TESTS -- SECTION ONE: Basic Protocols -- EXPERIMENT 1: Dilution and Plating of Bacteria and Growth Curves -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF MEAN GENERATION TIME -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCE -- EXPERIMENT 2: Soil Moisture Content Determination -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- SECTION TWO: Examination of Soil Microorganisms Via Microscopic and Cultural Assays -- EXPERIMENT 3: Contact Slide Assay -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 4: Filamentous Fungi -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 5: Bacteria and Actinomycetes -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 6: Algae: Enumeration by MPN -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- SECTION THREE: Microbial Transformations and Response to Contaminants -- EXPERIMENT 7: Oxidation of Sulfur in Soil -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 8: Dehydrogenase Activity of Soils -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES. , EXPERIMENT 9: Nitrification and Denitrification -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- ASSIGNMENT AND QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 10: Enrichment and Isolation of Bacteria that Degrade 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 11: Adaptation of Soil Bacteria to Metals -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 12: Biodegradation of Phenol Compounds -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 13: Assimilable Organic Carbon -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 14: Biochemical Oxygen Demand -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- SECTION FOUR: Water Microbiology -- EXPERIMENT 15: Bacteriological Examination of Water: The Coliform MPN Test -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCE -- EXPERIMENT 16: Membrane Filter Technique -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCE -- EXPERIMENT 17: Defined Substrate Technology for Detection of Coliforms and Fecal Coliforms -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES. , EXPERIMENT 18: Film Medium for the Detection of Coliforms in Water, Food, and on Surfaces -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCE -- EXPERIMENT 19: Detection of Bacteriophages -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- SECTION FIVE: Advanced Topics -- EXPERIMENT 20: Detection of Enteric Viruses in Water -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 21: Detection of Waterborne Protozoan Parasites -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 22: Kinetics of Disinfection -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 23: Aerobiology: Sampling of Airborne Microorganisms -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- CALCULATIONS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- EXPERIMENT 24: Detection and Identification of Bacteria Via PCR and Subsequent BLAST Analysis of Amplified Sequences -- OVERVIEW -- THEORY AND SIGNIFICANCE -- PROCEDURE -- TRICKS OF THE TRADE -- POTENTIAL HAZARDS -- QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX 1: Preparation of Media and Stains for Each Experiment -- APPENDIX 2: Glossary.

Note: NEOTYPHODIUM IN COOL-SEASON GRASSES -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- SECTION I: CURRENT TRENDS IN NEOTYPHODIUM RESEARCH AND APPLICATION -- 1 Neotyphodium Research and Application -- 1.1 Current Trends in the USA -- 1.2 Current Trends in Europe -- 1.3 Current Trends in New Zealand -- 1.4 Current Trends in Australia -- 1.5 Current Trends in Japan -- 1.6 Current Trends in South America -- SECTION 11: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF NEOTYPHODIUM -- 2 Biosynthesis of Ergot and Loline Alkaloids -- Ergot Alkaloids -- Loline Alkaloids -- 3 Molecular and Genetic Analysis of Lolitrem and Peramine Biosynthetic Pathways in Epichloe festucae -- Endophyte Synthesis of Bioprotective Metabolites -- Genetic Analysis of Endophytes -- Genetics and Molecular Cloning of a Peramine Biosynthesis Gene Cluster -- Molecular Cloning and Genetic Analysis of a Gene Cluster for Paxilline Biosynthesis -- Molecular Cloning and Genetic Analysis of a Gene Cluster for Lolitrem Biosynthesis -- 4 Gene Discovery and Microarray-Based Transcriptome Analysis of the Grass-Endophyte Association -- Biology of Grass-Endophyte Symbioses -- Fungal Genomics -- Gene Discovery in Epicholoe-Neotyphodium Endophytes -- Discovery of EST-Derived SSR and SNP Markers -- Fungal Transcriptomics -- Microarry-Based Transcriptome Analysis -- 5 Molecular Genetic Marker-Based Analysis of the Grass-Endophyte Symbiosis -- Development and Characterization of SSR Systems -- Analysis of Intraspecific Genetic Diversity -- Phylogenetic Analysis -- Co-Genotyping of Grass-Endophyte Symbioses -- SECTION 111: ECOLOGY AND AGRONOMY -- 6 A Hierarchical Framework for Understanding the Ecosystem Consequences of Endophyte-Grass Symbioses -- A Hierarchical Approach to Endophyte Impacts on Ecosystem Functioning -- Endophyte Effects at the Host Plant Level -- Endophyte-Driven Dynamics at the Neighborhood Level. , Endophyte Impacts on Community-Level Dynamics -- Future Challenges -- 7 Biotic Responses in Endophytic Grasses -- Biotic Responses in Wild Grasses -- Invertebrate Responses in Forage and Turf Grasses -- Plant Pathogen Responses in Turf and Forage Grasses -- Multitrophic Interactions -- Factors Affecting Biotic Responses -- 8 Abiotic Stresses in Endophytic Grasses -- Drought Stress -- Light Stress -- Mineral Stress -- Novel Endophytes and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Cool-Season Grasses -- 9 Growth and Management of Endophytic Grasses in Pastoral Agriculture -- Endophyte Contamination in Pastures -- Sources of Contamination with Toxic Endophyte-Infected Perennial Ryegrass and Tall Fescue -- Factors to Consider in Selecting the Right Endophyte Option -- SECTION IV: ANIMAL TOXICOSES -- 10 Managing Ryegrass-Endophyte Toxicoses -- Confuming the Safety and Animal Productivity on ARl Pastures -- Ryegrass Staggers in the Absence of Lolitrem B -- Managing Risk -- Minimizing the Impact of Endemic Endophyte in Grazing Systems -- 11 Interaction between Thermal Stress and Fescue Toxicosis: Animal Models and New Perspectives -- Relationship between Fescue Toxicosis and Environmental Conditions -- Thermoregulatory Terminology -- Animal Models and Control System Terminology -- Application of Animal Models to Fescue Toxicosis -- Short-Term Responses: Bovine and Rodent Models -- Long-Term Responses: Bovine and Rodent Models -- Use of Bovine and Rodent Models to Evaluate New Approaches to Reduce the Impact of Fescue Toxicosis on Thermoregulatory Ability -- 12 Absorption of Ergot Alkaloids in the Ruminant -- Structure of Ergot Alkaloids -- Drug Absorption in Monogastrics -- Partitioning Coefficients -- Ruminal Metabolism and Absorption of Ergot Alkaloids -- 13 Pathophysiologic Response to Endophyte Toxins -- Clinical Signs/Syndromes. , Physiological Manifestations of Endophyte Toxicosis -- 14 Integrating Genetics. Environment. and Management to Minimize Animal Toxicoses -- Impact of Endophyte-Infested Tall Fescue on Animal Response -- Strategies for Reducing or Alleviating the Effects of Endophyte-Infested Fescue -- The Role of Producer Expectations or Goals -- SECTION V: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND QUALITY ASSURANCE -- 15 Endophytes in Forage Cultivars -- Endemic Situation in Tall Fescue -- Endemic Situation in Perennial Ryegrass -- Reinfection of Elite Cultivars with Novel Endophytes -- Technical Requirements during Development and Commercialization of Endophytes -- Future -- 16 Endophytes in Turfgrass Cultivars -- Endophyte Benefits for Turf -- Challenges in Implementing Endophytic Benefits in Turf -- Future Research and Direction -- 17 Endophytes, Quality Assurance, and the Seed Trade in Eastern Australia -- Perennial Ryegrass -- Tall Fescue -- Spread of Endophyte -- Endophyte Viability in Seed -- Government Policy and Endophytes -- Endemic Endophyte in Seed Lines -- Selected Endophytes -- Packaging and Storage of Seed with Endophytes -- Endophyte-Free Seed -- Producer Expectations -- Seed Industry -- 18 Public Education on Tall Fescue Toxicosis -- Co-Workers and Cow-Workers: What Do Specialists Recommend, and What Will Producers Adopt? -- The Witch's Brew -- Proposed Educational Approaches.

Note: Intro -- 1 Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences -- Principles of Magnetic Resonance Third Enlarged and Updated Edition -- Copyright -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Contents -- 1. Elements of Resonance -- 2. Basic Theory -- 3. Magnetic Dipolar Broadening of Rigid Lattices -- 4. Magnetic Interactions of Nuclei with Electrons -- 5. Spin-Lattice Relaxation and Motional Narrowing of Resonance Lines -- 6. Spin Temperature in Magnetism and in Magnetic Resonance -- 7. Double Resonance -- 8. Advanced Concepts in Pulsed Magnetic Resonance -- 9. Multiple Quantum Coherence -- 10. Electric Quadrupole Effects -- 11. Electron Spin Resonance -- 12. Summary -- Problems -- Appendixes -- Selected Bibliography -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Superconductivity -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Properties of the Normal State -- I. Introduction -- II. Conduction Electron Transport -- III. Chemical Potential and Screening -- IV. Electrical Conductivity -- V. Frequency Dependent Electrical Conductivity -- VI. Electron-Phonon Interaction -- VII. Resistivity -- VIII. Thermal Conductivity -- IX. Fermi Surface -- X. Energy Gap and Effective Mass -- XI. Electronic Specific Heat -- XII. Phonon Specific Heat -- XIII. Electromagnetic Fields -- XIV. Boundary Conditions -- XV. Magnetic Susceptibility -- XVI. Hall Effect -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 2. The Phenomenon of Superconductivity -- I. Introduction -- II. A Brief History -- III. Resistivity -- IV. Zero Resistance -- V. Transition Temperature -- VI. Perfect Diamagnetism -- VII. Fields inside a Superconductor -- VIII. Shielding Current -- IX. Hole in Superconductor -- X. Perfect Conductivity -- XI. Transport Current -- XII. Critical Field and Current -- XIII. Temperature Dependences -- XIV. Concentration of Super Electrons -- XV. Critical Magnetic Field Slope -- XVI. Critical Surface -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 3. The Classical Superconductors -- I. Introduction -- II. Elements -- III. Physical Properties of Superconducting Elements -- IV. Compounds -- V. Alloys -- VI. Miedema's Empirical Rules for Alloys -- VII. Compounds with the NaCl Structure -- VIII. Type A15 Compounds -- IX. Laves Phases -- X. Chevrel Phases -- XI. Heavy Electron Systems -- XII. Charge-Transfer Organics -- XIII. Chalcogenides and Oxides -- XIV. Barium Lead-Bismuth Oxide Perovskite -- XV. Barium-Potassium Bismuth-Oxide Cubic Perovskite -- XVI. Buckminsterfullerenes -- XVII. Borocarbides -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 4. Thermodynamic Properties -- I. Introduction. , II. Specific Heat above Tc -- III. Discontinuity at Tc -- IV. Specific Heat below Tc -- V. Density of States and Debye Temperature -- VI. Thermodynamic Variables -- VII. Thermodynamics of a Normal Conductor -- VIII. Thermodynamics of a Superconductor -- IX. Superconductor in Zero Field -- X. Superconductor in a Magnetic Field -- XI. Normalized Thermodynamic Equations -- XII. Specific Heat in a Magnetic Field -- XIII. Evaluating the Specific Heat -- XIV. Order of the Transition -- XV. Thermodynamic Conventions -- XVI. Concluding Remarks -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 5. Ginzburg-Landau Theory -- I. Introduction -- II. Order Parameter -- III. Ginzburg-Landau Equations -- IV. Zero-Field Case Deep inside Superconductor -- V. Zero-Field Case near Superconductor Boundary -- VI. Fluxoid Quantization -- VII. Penetration Depth -- VIII. Critical Current Density -- IX. London Equations -- X. Exponential Penetration -- XI. Normalized Ginzburg-Landau Equations -- XII. Type I and Type II Superconductivity -- XIII. Upper Critical Field Bc2 -- XIV. Quantum Vortex -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 6. BCS Theory -- I. Introduction -- II. Cooper Pairs -- III. BCS Order Parameter -- IV. Generalized BCS Theory -- V. Singlet Pairing in a Homogeneous Superconductor -- VI. Self-Consistent Equation for the Energy Gap -- VII. Response of a Superconductor to a Magnetic Field -- Further Reading -- Chapter 7. Perovskite and Cuprate Crystallographic Structures -- I. Introduction -- II. Perovskites -- III. Cubic Barium Potassium Bismuth Oxide -- IV. Barium Lead Bismuth Oxide -- V. Perovskite-Type Superconducting Structures -- VI. Aligned YBa2Cu3O7 -- VII. Body Centering -- VIII. Body-Centered La2CuO4 and Nd2CuO4 -- IX. Body-Centered BiSrCaCuO and TIBaCaCuO -- X. Aligned HgBaCaCuO -- XI. Buckminsterfullerenes -- XII. Symmetries -- XIII. Crystal Chemistry. , XIV. Comparison with Classical Superconductor Structures -- XV. Conclusions -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 8. Hubbard Models and Band Structure -- I. Introduction -- II. Reciprocal Space and Brillouin Zone -- III. Free Electron Bands in Two Dimensions -- IV. Nearly Free Electron Bands -- V. Fermi Surface in Two Dimensions -- VI. Electron Configurations -- VII. Hubbard Models -- VIII. Transition Metal Elements -- IX. A15 Compounds -- X. Buckminsterfullerenes -- XI. BaPb1_xBixO3 System -- XII. Ba1_xKxBiO3 System -- XIII. Band Structure of YBa2Cu3O7 -- XIV. Band Structure of (La1_xSrx)2CuO4 -- XV. Bismuth and Thallium Compounds -- XVI. Mercury Compounds -- XVII. Fermi Liquids -- XVIII. Fermi Surface Nesting -- XIX. Charge-Density Waves, Spin- Density Waves, and Spin Bags -- XX. Mott-Insulator Transition -- XXI. Anderson Interlayer Tunneling Scheme -- XXII. Comparison with Experiment -- XXIII. Discussion -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 9. Type II Superconductivity -- I. Introduction -- II. Internal and Critical Fields -- III. Vortices -- IV. Vortex Anisotropies -- V. Individual Vortex Motion -- VI. Flux Motion -- VII. Fluctuations -- VIII. Quantized Flux -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 10. Magnetic Properties -- I. Introduction -- II. Susceptibility -- III. Magnetization and Magnetic Moment -- IV. Magnetization Hysteresis -- V. Zero Field Cooling and Field Cooling -- VI. Granular Samples and Porosity -- VII. Magnetization Anisotropy -- VIII. Measurement Techniques -- IX. Comparing Susceptibility and Resistivity Results -- X. Ellipsoids in Magnetic Fields -- XI. Demagnetization Factors -- XII. Measured Susceptibilities -- XIII. Sphere in a Magnetic Field -- XIV. Cylinder in a Magnetic Field -- XV. ac Susceptibility -- XVI. Temperature-Dependent Magnetism -- XVII. Pauli Limit and Upper Critical Fields. , XVIII. Ideal Type II Superconductor -- XIX. Magnets -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 11. Intermediate and Mixed States -- I. Introduction -- II. Intermediate State -- III. Surface Fields and Intermediate- State Configuration -- IV. Type I Ellipsoid -- V. Susceptibility -- VI. Gibbs Free Energy for the Intermediate State -- VII. Boundary-Wall Energy and Domains -- VIII. Thin Film in Applied Field -- IX. Domains in Thin Films -- X. Current-Induced Intermediate State -- XI. Mixed State in Type II Superconductors -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 12. Critical States -- I. Introduction -- II. Current-Field Relations -- III. Critical-State Models -- IV. Fixed Pinning Model -- V. Bean Model -- VI. Reversed Critical States and Hysteresis -- VII. Kim Model -- VIII. Comparison of Critical-State Models with Experiment -- IX. Concluding Remarks -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 13. Tunneling -- I. Introduction -- II. The Phenomenon of Tunneling -- III. Energy Level Schemes -- IV. Tunneling Processes -- V. Quantitative Treatment of Tunneling -- VI. Tunneling Measurements -- VII. Josephson Effect -- VIII. Magnetic Field and Size Effects -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 14. Transport Properties -- I. Introduction -- II. Inductive Superconducting Circuits -- III. Current Density Equilibration -- IV. Critical Current -- V. Magnetoresistance -- VI. Hall Effect -- VII. Thermal Conductivity -- VIII. Thermoelectric and Thermomagnetic Effects -- IX. Photoconductivity -- X. Transport Entropy -- Further Reading -- Problems -- Chapter 15. Spectroscopic Properties -- I. Introduction -- II. Vibrational Spectroscopy -- III. Optical Spectroscopy -- IV. Photoemission -- V. X-ray Absorption Edges -- VI. Inelastic Neutron Scattering -- VII. Positron Annihilation -- VIII. Magnetic Resonance -- Further Reading -- Problems -- References -- Appendix. , Index.