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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A short questionnaire (IRQ) to assess injecting risk behaviour (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing Limited
    Addiction 93 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: A bstract A im . To develop a short injecting risk questionnaire (IRQ) to measure sharing of injecting equipment. D esign. Matrix design with quota assignment, designed to compare the questionnaire when used by interview and self-completion, in agency and community settings, by agency staff and fieldworkers, with different injectors (age 26 vs. 26 + ; male vs. female, opiate vs stimulant injectors), and in different geographical areas. Settings. Drug treatment and helping agencies, and community settings, in England. Participants. Drug users who had injected in the last 4 weeks. M easurem ents. Questions measured different aspects of equipment sharing. Questionnaire performance assessed by question acceptability, test-retest (parallel forms) reliability, inter-rater reliability, inter-instrument reliability, internal reliability, construct validity and internal collateral validity. Statistical tests included product moment correlation, principal components analysis, and Cronbach's alpha. Findings. The questionnaire was highly acceptable. Test-retest correlations were all high and significant, questions performed well in all conditions, with no differences by site (agency vs. out-of-contact), order (interview or self-completion first), administration (staff vs. fieldworker), elapsed time or subject characteristics. The questionnaire had high internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha measured a similar domain with all questions loading highly ( 0.32) on a single factor which accounted for 42% of the variance. The complete IRQ elicited higher reports of equipment sharing (77%) than a single question (56%). C onclusions. IRQ performs well in a variety of settings, when administered in different ways to different kinds of IDUs. A single question on 'sharing' elicits fewer positive responses than the use of multiple questions about different sharing practices. + 0.86), and items
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9333373.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence of markers for hepatitis B virus and HIV-1 among drug injectors in London: injecting careers, positivity and risk behaviour (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction 91 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Concerns about the risks of HIV infection among drug injectors have eclipsed concerns about the prevalence and transmission of hepatitis, and in particular hepatitis B virus infection. Findings are reported from surveys undertaken with two separate community-recruited samples of drug injectors in London collected in 1992 (n = 505) and in 1993 (n = 507). Anonymized confirmed testing of saliva snows 51.5% of drug injectors in 1992 and 47.9% in 1993 to be antibody positive to the core antigen of hepatitis B virus (anti-HBc). Approximately half of the drug injectors confirmed as anti-HBc positive were unaware that they had been infected with hepatitis, Anti-HIV-1 prevalence was considerably lower at 7.0% in 1992 and 6.9% in 1993. Multivariate analyses showed anti-HBc positivity to be most likely among older injectors with longer injecting careers who had a history of having shared used needles and syringes. HIV-1 positivity was also associated with a history of having shared injecting equipment as well as with recent sharing (i.e. in the last 6 months). Unlike anti-HBc positivity, there were no associations between HIV-1 positivity and age or length of injecting career. Younger injectors with shorter injecting careers were more likely to report recent sharing of used injecting equipment than older injectors with longer injecting careers. We note the potential for continued transmission of HBV and HIV-1, particularly among younger injectors. We recommend an integrated strategy to maximize the health of drug injectors, of which HIV and HBV prevention is a part. There is a need to widen the availability of HBV vaccinations for HBV negative drug injectors and their sexual partners and for clear guidelines to drug injectors about the relative efficacy of bleach to disinfect injecting equipment of HBV and HIV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.911014575.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of an urban health centre: factors influencing contact with mothers and their babies (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Child 7 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2214
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Summary Some insight into the use of the primary care team was provided by a study of encounters with families with infants. The demand for primary care was large, and varied greatly depending on the circumstances of the family. Using statistical models, five possible influences on contact were examined - the presence of other children in the family, distance from the surgery, the family's socioeconomic grouping, maternal age, and maternal depression.Having more than one child and living close to the surgery increased the likelihood of a home visit by the doctor. There were proportionately more visits by the health visitors to first-time mothers who were depressed, and this was unaffected by distance. The baby clinic was a popular meeting place, particularly for first-time mothers, and attendance showed no obvious social class bias. The degree of help sought by mothers, in terms of the number of contacts, appeared disproportionate to the child's physical problems. This indicates that more research is needed into the appropriateness of many contacts, and the extent to which the practice team is the most effective source of help.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.1981.tb00844.x
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