Note: Front Cover -- Energy Services Fundamentals and Financing -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Energy services -- 1 Energy services: concepts, applications and historical background -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Energy and population growth -- 1.3 Energy saving in buildings -- 1.4 Energy use in agriculture -- 1.5 Renewable energy technologies -- 1.5.1 Solar energy -- 1.5.2 Efficient bioenergy use -- 1.5.2.1 Briquette processes -- 1.5.2.2 Improved cook stoves -- 1.5.2.3 Biogas technology -- 1.5.2.4 Improved forest and tree management -- 1.5.2.5 Gasification application -- 1.5.3 Combined heat and power -- 1.5.4 Hydrogen production -- 1.5.5 Hydropower generation -- 1.5.6 Wind energy -- 1.6 Energy and sustainable development -- 1.7 Global warming -- 1.8 Recommendations -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Energy financing schemas -- 2 The promotion of renewable energy communities in the European Union -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 The link between the provision of energy services and the increase of energy efficiency -- 2.3 The efficiency gains stemming from distributed generation of energy production -- 2.4 The concept of renewable energy community -- 2.5 The promotion of renewable energy communities in EU law -- 2.6 The promotion of renewable energy communities in the draft National Energy and Climate Plans -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Financial schemes for energy efficiency projects: lessons learnt from in-country demonstrations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The proposed methodology -- 3.3 Innovative financing schemes -- 3.3.1 Crowdfunding -- 3.3.2 Energy performance contracting -- 3.3.3 Green bonds -- 3.3.4 Guarantee funds -- 3.3.5 Revolving funds -- 3.3.6 Soft loans -- 3.3.7 Third-party financing -- 3.4 Case study countries -- 3.4.1 Bulgaria -- 3.4.2 Greece -- 3.4.3 Lithuania -- 3.4.4 Spain -- 3.5 Key actors identification. , 3.6 Knowledge transfer -- 3.6.1 Peer-to-Peer learning -- 3.6.2 Capacity building activities -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Energy systems in buildings -- 4 Energy in buildings and districts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Thermal comfort -- 4.3 User behavior -- 4.4 Weather conditions under climate change and growing urbanization -- 4.5 Envelope and materials -- 4.6 From passive to nearly zero-energy building design -- 4.7 Smart buildings and home automation -- 4.8 From smart buildings to smart districts and cities -- 4.9 Concluding discussion -- References -- 5 Renewable energy integration as an alternative to the traditional ground-source heat pump system -- Nomenclature -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Description of the proposed solution -- 5.2.2 Test procedure -- 5.3 Technical calculation -- 5.3.1 Thermal module -- 5.3.1.1 Geothermal energy -- 5.3.1.2 Thermal solar energy -- 5.3.2 Power module -- 5.3.2.1 Photovoltaic solar energy -- 5.3.2.2 Wind energy -- 5.3.3 Contribution of the suggested installation -- 5.4 Economic and environmental analysis -- 5.4.1 Economic analysis -- 5.4.2 Environmental evaluation -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.5.1 Sensitivity analysis -- 5.5.1.1 Electricity price -- 5.5.1.2 Electric rate -- 5.5.1.3 CO2 emission factor -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Energy-saving strategies on university campus buildings: Covenant University as case study -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Energy modeling software for buildings -- 6.1.2 Energy conservation measures in buildings -- 6.2 Materials and methods -- 6.2.1 Study location -- 6.2.2 Procedure for data collection -- 6.2.3 Instrumentation and procedure for data analysis -- 6.2.4 Economic analysis -- 6.2.5 Assessment of environmental impacts -- 6.3 Results and discussions -- 6.3.1 Result of energy audit in cafeterias1 and 2. , 6.3.2 Result of energy audit in Mechanical Engineering building -- 6.3.3 Result of energy audit in university library -- 6.3.4 Result of energy audit in health center -- 6.3.5 Result of energy audit in the students' halls of residence -- 6.3.6 Qualitative recommendation analysis -- 6.3.6.1 Replacement of lighting fixtures with light-emitting diode bulbs -- 6.3.6.2 Installation of solar panels on the roofs of selected buildings -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Energy conversion systems and Energy storage systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Energy systems in buildings -- 7.2.1 Energy generation systems -- 7.2.1.1 Combined heat and power system -- 7.2.1.2 Solar photovoltaic system -- 7.2.1.3 Solar thermal system -- 7.2.1.4 Organic Rankine cycle system -- 7.2.1.5 Geothermal system -- 7.2.1.6 Wind turbine system -- 7.2.2 Energy conversion systems -- 7.2.2.1 Heating systems -- 7.2.2.2 Cooling systems -- 7.2.2.3 Ventilation systems -- 7.2.3 Energy storage systems -- 7.2.3.1 Battery energy storage system -- 7.2.3.2 Thermal energy storage system -- 7.3 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Energy systems in buildings -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Energy-efficient building envelopes -- 8.2.1 Increasing thermal resistance of the building envelope -- 8.2.2 Climate-specific design of energy-efficient envelopes -- 8.3 Renewable energy sources for building energy application -- 8.3.1 Analyzing electrical/thermal loads of a building -- 8.3.2 Consideration of local codes and requirements for renewable energy systems -- 8.3.3 Solar energy systems -- 8.3.3.1 Solar water heating -- 8.3.3.1.1 Flat-plate collectors -- 8.3.3.1.2 Evacuated tube solar thermal collectors -- 8.3.3.1.3 Choice of solar thermal collectors -- 8.3.3.1.3.1 Cost -- 8.3.3.1.3.2 Performance -- 8.3.3.1.3.3 Installation -- 8.3.4 Building-integrated photovoltaic systems -- 8.4 Solar thermal energy storage. , 8.4.1 Types of thermal energy storage technologies -- 8.4.1.1 Sensible heat storage system -- 8.4.1.1.1 Sensible solid heat storage system -- 8.4.1.1.2 Sensible liquid heat storage system -- 8.4.1.2 Sensible cold storage system -- 8.4.1.3 Latent heat storage system -- 8.4.1.4 Thermochemical storage -- 8.5 Wind energy -- 8.5.1 Brief introduction -- 8.5.2 Wind resource assessment -- 8.5.3 Building-integrated/mounted wind turbine -- 8.5.3.1 Building-integrated wind turbines -- 8.5.3.2 Building-mounted wind turbines -- 8.5.3.3 Building-augmented wind turbines -- 8.5.4 Optimizing building-integrated/mounted wind turbine devices -- 8.5.5 Small/micro wind turbines for building application -- 8.6 Heat pumps -- 8.6.1 Air-source heat pumps -- 8.6.2 Ground-source heat pumps -- 8.6.3 Working principles of heat pumps -- 8.6.3.1 The heating cycle -- 8.6.3.2 The cooling cycle -- 8.6.3.3 The defrost cycle -- 8.6.4 Performance measures -- 8.7 Biomass -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- 4 Energy efficiency in industrial sector -- 9 Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources for industrial sector -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Global energy trends -- 9.3 Energy consumption and emissions in industry -- 9.3.1 General trends -- 9.3.2 Energy and carbon-intensive industrial sectors -- 9.4 Energy efficiency in industry for climate change mitigation -- 9.4.1 The need for innovation -- 9.5 Energy efficiency and renewable sources in industry -- 9.5.1 Bioenergy -- 9.5.2 Solar heat -- 9.6 Case study in Turkey -- 9.6.1 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- 9.6.2 General overview -- 9.6.3 Industry and technology -- 9.6.4 Aim of the development plans -- 9.7 Policy options -- 9.7.1 Lessons learned -- 9.7.2 International agreements -- 9.7.3 Procurement -- 9.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 Energy efficiency in tourism sector: eco-innovation measures and energy. , 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 State of the arts -- 10.3 Methods and data -- 10.4 Results and discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Energy services markets: development and status quo -- 11 Energy service markets: status quo and development -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The European framework for energy services -- 11.2.1 Legal framework -- 11.2.2 The European Union energy service markets: market volume, offers, and barriers -- 11.3 The German energy service market -- 11.3.1 Legal framework and information sources -- 11.3.2 Market overview -- 11.4 Developments of segments of the service market -- 11.4.1 Advice services -- 11.4.2 Energy management -- 11.4.3 Contracting -- 11.5 Market development -- 11.6 Conclusions: lessons learned from the German case -- References -- 12 Worldwide trends in energy market research -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Data -- 12.3 Results -- 12.3.1 Subjects from worldwide publications -- 12.3.2 Journals metric analysis -- 12.3.3 Countries, affiliations, and their main topics -- 12.3.4 Keywords from worldwide publications -- 12.3.5 Cluster analysis based on keywords -- References -- 13 Which aspects may prevent the development of energy service companies? The impact of barriers and country-specific condi... -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Which are the problems confronted by energy efficiency actions and policy instruments? -- 13.3 Which are the most relevant barriers confronted by energy service companies in different regions? -- 13.4 Removing barriers and promoting energy service companies -- 13.4.1 Actions to remove economic and market barriers -- 13.4.2 Actions to remove funding barriers -- 13.4.3 Enabling frameworks for energy service companies and other energy efficiency actions -- 13.5 Lessons learned and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Sustainable Energy Planning in Smart Grids -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Energy planning for a sustainable transition to a decarbonized generation scenario -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Energy planning of electrical energy system -- 1.2.1 Energy scenarios in China -- 1.2.2 Energy scenarios in the United States -- 1.2.3 Energy scenarios in the European Union -- 1.3 Renewable energy resources for decarbonized generation -- 1.3.1 Solar photovoltaic generation -- 1.3.1.1 Grid-connected photovoltaic systems -- 1.3.1.2 Off-grid (stand-alone) photovoltaic systems -- 1.3.1.3 Solar power's role in decarbonization -- 1.3.2 Wind turbines generation -- 1.3.3 Hybrid renewable systems generation -- 1.4 Distributed generation -- 1.4.1 Microgrid and nanogrid -- 1.4.2 Operation strategies of microgrid -- 1.4.3 Nanogrids and smart homes -- 1.4.4 Energy storages -- 1.4.5 A new version of energy source and storage-vehicle-to-grid -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Electrical consumption and renewable profile clusterization based on k-medoids method -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods to select representative days -- 2.2.1 State of the art -- 2.2.2 Representative days using the k-medoids method -- 2.2.3 Background -- 2.3 Results -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Mapping of building energy consumption and emissions under Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios by a geographic... -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geographic information system -- 3.3 Geographic information system computational framework for application on Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios -- 3.3.1 Obtention of climate data considering Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios -- 3.3.2 Calculation of prospective for buildings based on Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios -- 3.3.2.1 OpenStudio. , 3.3.2.2 SketchUp -- 3.3.2.3 EnergyPlus -- 3.3.3 Statistical and cartographic data input -- 3.3.4 Data processing and rendering of maps -- 3.3.5 Post-processing and color patterns for visualization -- 3.4 Framework applied to the case study of Mexico -- 3.4.1 Description of the study zone -- 3.4.2 Cartographic databases -- 3.4.3 Prospective calculation based on Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios -- 3.4.3.1 Prospective energy consumption -- 3.4.3.2 Energy consumption in cooling and related polluting emissions -- 3.5 Results -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Energy sector and public lighting -- Nomenclature -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The socioeconomic position of Ecuador -- 4.3 The public lighting service in Ecuador -- 4.3.1 Brief history -- 4.3.2 The reform in the public lighting sector -- 4.3.2.1 Structure of public lighting service after the reforms -- 4.3.2.1.1 Ministry of Energy and Non-Renewable Natural Resources -- 4.3.2.1.2 Agency for Regulation and Control of Electricity -- 4.3.2.1.3 Public corporations for electrical power distribution and trading -- 4.3.2.1.4 Decentralized Autonomous Governments -- 4.3.2.1.5 Ecuadorian Institute of Normalization -- 4.3.3 Installed capacity -- 4.3.3.1 Average price of energy for public lighting -- 4.3.3.2 Consumption and billing -- 4.3.3.3 Lighting system costs -- 4.3.4 Public lighting service coverage -- 4.4 Ecuadorian policies of public lighting service -- 4.4.1 State policy -- 4.4.1.1 Policies referred to in law -- 4.4.1.2 Policies referred by the MERNNR -- 4.4.2 Environmental policies -- 4.4.3 Luminotechnics laboratories -- 4.5 Problems and challenges faced by the public lighting sector -- 4.6 Conclusion and policy implications -- References -- 5 Pumped hydro energy storage systems for a sustainable energy planning -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The pumping station as an energy storage system. , 5.2.1 Energy storage and integration of renewables -- 5.2.2 Comparison of various energy storage devices -- 5.2.3 Fundamentals of pumped hydro storage -- 5.2.3.1 Type of pumped hydro storage -- 5.2.3.1.1 Quaternary -- 5.3 Determination of sites for the implementation of a pumped hydro storage -- 5.3.1 Search using geographic information system systems -- 5.3.2 Technical considerations -- 5.3.3 Environmental considerations -- 5.3.4 Territorial considerations -- 5.3.5 Peculiar modalities -- 5.3.5.1 Pumped hydro storage using seawater -- 5.3.5.2 Underground pumped hydro storage -- 5.4 Environmental impact of a pumping station -- 5.4.1 Land-use change -- 5.4.2 Troglobionts adapted to caves -- 5.4.3 The creation of reservoirs and biodiversity -- 5.5 Particular cases in the Canary Islands -- 5.5.1 Gran Canaria Isle -- 5.5.2 Tenerife Isle -- 5.5.3 El Hierro Isle -- 5.5.4 La Gomera Isle -- 5.5.5 Lanzarote-Fuerteventura-La Graciosa electric system -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Renewable energy-driven heat pumps decarbonization potential in existing buildings -- Nomenclature -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Energy demand scenario -- 6.1.2 Energy consumption in buildings -- 6.1.3 Energy objectives in Europe -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.2.1 Proposed heat pumps heating and cooling transition system -- 6.2.2 Proposed methodology and analysis -- 6.3 Scenario modeling and case study -- 6.3.1 Case study: Spain building heating and cooling systems electrification roadmap -- 6.3.2 Characterization and scenarios -- 6.3.3 Simulation for the 2030 and 2050 scenarios -- 6.4 Results and analysis -- 6.4.1 Analysis of different scenarios -- 6.4.2 Energy scenarios and emissions savings -- 6.4.3 Optimization proposals -- 6.4.4 Economic aspect -- 6.4.5 Proposed roadmap -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References. , 7 Households participation in energy communities with large integration of renewables -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Background on energy communities and renewables integration -- 7.3 Demand response in energy communities -- 7.3.1 Identification of demand response opportunities -- 7.3.2 Participants ranking -- 7.3.3 Participants' invitation to the demand response event -- 7.3.4 Real-time monitoring -- 7.4 Energy communities case study -- 7.4.1 End-user's participation in the demand response -- 7.4.1.1 Case study -- 7.4.1.2 Results -- 7.4.1.3 Discussion -- 7.4.2 IoT devices' participation in demand response models -- 7.4.2.1 Case study -- 7.4.2.2 Results -- 7.4.2.3 Discussion -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Funding -- References -- 8 Hybrid generation system based on nonconventional energy sources for artisanal fishing -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Colombian energy potential -- 8.2.1 Photovoltaic solar energy -- 8.2.2 Wind power -- 8.2.3 Energy of ocean currents -- 8.2.4 Ocean thermal energy conversion -- 8.2.5 Wave energy -- 8.2.6 Tidal energy -- 8.2.7 Salinity gradient energy -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.3.1 Problem structuring -- 8.3.1.1 Main problem -- 8.3.1.2 Determination of criteria to be used in the model -- 8.3.1.3 Identify alternatives -- 8.3.2 Problem analysis -- 8.3.2.1 Evaluate alternatives -- 8.3.2.2 Select alternatives -- 8.4 Results and discussion -- 8.4.1 Energy demand baseline -- 8.4.2 Equipment selection -- 8.4.2.1 Electric propulsion system -- 8.4.2.2 Load profile and daily consumption of the vessel -- 8.4.2.3 Photovoltaic solar system -- 8.4.2.4 Diesel generation system -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Analysis and proposal of energy planning and renewable energy plans -- Nomenclature -- Formulae -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Background -- 9.1.2 Previous work -- 9.2 Data and methodology -- 9.2.1 EnergyPLAN model -- 9.2.2 Situation in South America. , 9.2.2.1 South America energy expectation -- 9.2.2.2 Incidence of renewable energies in South America -- 9.2.2.3 South America and predisposition for renewable energy -- 9.2.3 Ecuadorian energy context -- 9.2.3.1 History of net energy production -- 9.2.3.2 Energy production by generation source -- 9.2.3.3 History of total demand -- 9.2.3.4 International electricity transactions with Colombia and Peru -- 9.2.3.5 Energy efficiency strategies -- 9.2.4 Energy model with a vision to 2050 -- 9.2.4.1 Technical effects -- 9.2.4.2 Cost of energy -- 9.2.4.3 Human development index -- 9.3 Results and discussion -- 9.3.1 Economic analysis -- 9.3.2 Policies on Ecuadorian 100% renewable electricity generation system by 2050 -- 9.3.3 Discussion -- 9.4 Conclusions and recommendations -- 9.5 Expressions of gratitude -- References -- 10 Optimal siting and sizing of renewable energy-based distributed generation in distribution systems considering CO2 emissions -- Nomenclature -- Sets and indices -- Parameters -- Continuous variables -- Integer-valued continuous variables -- Binary-valued continuous variables -- Binary variables -- Integer variables -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Distributed generation -- 10.1.2 Energy storage units -- 10.1.3 Literature review on distribution system planning -- 10.1.4 Objectives and organization of the chapter -- 10.2 Uncertainty modeling -- 10.2.1 Uncertainty modeling in the distribution system planning problem -- 10.3 Mathematical modeling of the problem -- 10.3.1 Steady-state operation of radial electricity distribution networks -- 10.3.2 Linearization of the power flow equations -- 10.3.3 Operational limits of the electric energy distribution system -- 10.3.4 Operation model of renewable dispatchable DG units -- 10.3.5 Operation model of photovoltaic systems -- 10.3.6 Operation model of wind turbine systems. , 10.3.7 Operation of energy storage systems.