Note: BOOK COVER -- HALF-TITLE -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE TO THE SERIES -- PREFACE -- CONTRIBUTORS -- STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIA -- 1. MOLECULAR DISSECTION OF TIGHT JUNCTIONS -- INTRODUCTION: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF TIGHT JUNCTIONS -- TIGHT JUNCTION-ASSOCIATED PERIPHERAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS -- OCCLUDIN: A TIGHT JUNCTION-ASSOCIATED INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEIN -- MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE OF TIGHT JUNCTIONS -- REGULATION OF TIGHT JUNCTION FUNCTIONS -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIGHT AND ADHERENS JUNCTIONS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 2. HEMIDESMOSOMES -- THE MOLECULAR COMPOSITION OF HEMIDESMOSOMES -- TRANSMEMBRANE COMPONENTS -- α6 β4 integrin -- BP180 -- THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE -- LN5 -- THE PLAQUE -- BP230 -- Plectin -- OTHER HEMIDESMOSOMAL COMPONENTS -- TYPE II HEMIDESMOSOMES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- NOTES ADDED IN PROOF -- REFERENCES -- 3. EPITHELIAL POLARITY AND SORTING -- INTRODUCTION -- MODEL SYSTEMS -- SORTING SIGNALS -- Secretory Proteins -- Basolateral Membrane Proteins -- Apical Membrane Proteins -- GPI-anchored proteins -- Apical transmembrane proteins -- SPHINGOLIPID-CHOLESTEROL RAFTS AND APICAL TRANSPORT -- TRANSCYTOSIS -- LIPID SORTING -- SORTING IN OTHER MODEL SYSTEMS -- Variant and Mutant MDCK Strains -- FRT Cells -- Caco-2 Cells -- Hepatocytes -- RPE -- DEVELOPMENT OF POLARITY -- PLASTICITY OF EPITHELIAL POLARITY -- SORTING IN ENDOSOMES -- MACHINERY FOR DOCKING AND FUSION -- ANALOGY OF NEURONAL AND EPITHELIAL POLARITY -- APICAL AND BASOLATERAL COGNATE ROUTES -- TWO CIRCUITS? -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 4. EPITHELIAL GENE REGULATION -- INTRODUCTION -- PARADIGMS OF SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODULATION -- EPITHELIAL GENE REGULATION -- K18 and K8 -- K5 and K14 -- K1 -- K6, K16, and K17 -- Loricrin -- Involucrin -- E-cadherin -- Transglutaminase and Profilaggrin. , Human papillomaviruses -- ARE THERE EPITHELIAL SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS? -- SPECIFICITY THROUGH UBIQUITOUS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -- TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL TRIGGERED BY THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND BY GROWTH FACTORS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5. CROSS-TALK BETWEEN APICAL AND BASOLATERAL DOMAINS OF EPITHELIAL CELLS REGULATES MICROVILLUS ASSEMBLY -- A-APICAL EPITHELIAL CELL SURFACE ORGANIZATION -- The Apical Domain of Epithelial Cells is Adapted to Specific Functions -- The Microvillar Actin Cytoskeleton of Epithelial Cells -- The microvillus core bundles are assembled by a specific set of proteins -- Villin -- Fimbrin/Plastin -- Unconventional myosins -- Ezrin -- The microvillus cytoskeletal protein composition correlates with the specific functions of this organelle -- Assembly of the Intestinal Microvilli -- Contribution of cytoskeletal proteins to intestinal microvillus assembly -- Villin -- Fimbrin/Plastin -- Ezrin -- B-SIGNALS AFFECTING MICROVILLUS ASSEMBLY AND FUNCTIONS -- Role of Cell Adhesion in the Generation of an Apical Domain of Epithelial Cells -- Regulatory Signals in Microvillus Assembly -- Role of Actin Cytoskeleton in Membrane Protein Regulation -- CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 6. BASEMENT MEMBRANES -- INTRODUCTION -- MORPHOLOGY OF BASEMENT MEMBRANES -- THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF BASEMENT MEMBRANES -- Collagen IV -- Laminins and Nidogen (Entactin) -- Basement Membrane Proteoglycans -- Agrin -- BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE -- Basement Membrane-binding Integrins -- Other Receptors for Basement Membrane Proteins -- CONCLUDING REMARK -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- EPITHELIA IN DEVELOPMENT -- 7. DEVELOPMENT OF EPITHELIAL CELL POLARITY IN DROSOPHILA -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- FORMATION OF THE FIRST EPITHELIUM, THE CELLULAR BLASTODERM. , ESTABLISHMENT OF CELL SURFACE POLARITY IN THE DROSOPHILA BLASTODERM -- MAINTENANCE OF EPITHELIAL CELL POLARITY IN THE DROSOPHILA EMBRYO -- The Cytoskeleton and Epithelial Cell Polarity of the Blastoderm -- Development of Adherens Junctions in the Drosophila Embryo -- Maintenance of Epithelial Cell Polarity in the Drosophila Embryo by the Genes crumbs and Stardust -- Crumbs and Stardust mutants exhibit a very similar phenotype -- Molecular characterisation of the CRUMBS protein -- SEPTATE JUNCTIONS, DHR-/PDZ-PROTEINS AND EPITHELIAL CELL POLARITY -- PERSPECTIVES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- 8. MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF EARLY MESODERM DEVELOPMENT IN AMPHIBIAN EMBRYOS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- PATTERN FORMATION IN THE MESODERM: SIGNALS AND DETERMINANTS -- Dorsal Mesoderm -- Cortical rotation and dorsal determinants -- Wingless (wnt) growth factor family -- Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family -- Ventral Mesoderm -- Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family -- Bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmp) family -- Wingless (wnt) family -- Other factors -- Lateral Mesoderm -- Dorsalization -- Signals emitted from the Spemann organizer -- The Bmp-4 morphogen and dorsal-ventral antagonism -- INTRACELLULAR REGULATORS -- Pan-mesoderm -- Dorsal Mesoderm -- Molecular domains of the organizer -- Head organizer -- Trunk organizer -- Lateral Mesoderm -- Ventral Mesoderm -- PROMOTOR ANALYSIS OF TARGET GENES -- GASTRULATION MOVEMENTS -- MESODERM INDUCTION: SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE -- Mesoderm Induction and Dorsal Determinant -- Induction by the Organizer -- Antagonizing the Organizer -- Dorso-ventral Pattern Formation by the Organizer -- Gastrulation Movements -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9. CELL ADHESION AND SIGNALLING IN EARLY XENOPUS DEVELOPMENT -- CADHERINS AND Wnt SIGNALLING -- THE FUNCTION OF β-CATENIN IN THE CLASS I Xwnt SIGNAL PATHWAY. , THE CONTRIBUTION OF ENDOGENOUS CLASS I Xwnt MOLECULES IN MESODERM FORMATION REMAINS ELUSIVE -- CROSSTALKS BETWEEN SIGNAL PATHWAYS INFLUENCING β-CATENIN -- Xwnt MOLECULES AS MODIFIERS OF ADHESION STRENGTH -- THE COMPETENCE OF CELLS TO RESPOND TO INDUCING SIGNALS DEPENDS ON CELL ADHESION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 10. TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS AS DRIVING FORCES FOR GROWTH, MOTTLTTY AND DIFFERENTIATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS -- SUMMARY -- THE ROLE OF SF/HGF AND NEUREGULIN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BREAST EPITHELIA -- OTHER MORPHOGENIC RESPONSES INDUCED BY SF/HGF AND C-MET IN EPITHELIAL CELLS -- THE CELLULAR RESPONSES TOWARDS HGF/SF AR GENERATED BY A SPECIFIC SUBSTRATE OF C-MET, GAB1 -- THE ROLE OF HGF/SF AND C-MET IN METASTASIS -- SF/HGF AND THE C-MET RECEPTOR CONTROL GROWTH AND MOTILITY OF CELLS IN VIVO -- NEUREGULIN AND THE C-ERBB RECEPTOR TAKE OVER MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT -- FGF'S AND THEIR RECEPTORS FUNCTION IN DEVELOPMENT OF EPITHELIA -- THE C-RET RECEPTOR -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 11. THE FUNCTION OF FIBROBIAST GROWTH FACTORS IN SKIN MORPHOGENESIS AND WOUND REPAIR -- FIBROBIAST GROWTH FACTORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS -- EXPRESSION OF FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS IN THE DEVELOPING AND ADULT SKIN -- EXPRESSION OF FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS DURING WOUND REPAIR -- TRANSGENIC MOUSE STUDIES TO ASSESS FGF FUNCTION IN THE SKIN -- Expression of a Dominant Negative FGF Receptor in Suprabasal Layers of the Epidermis of Transgenic Mice -- FGF-5 Knockout (Hebert et al., 1994) -- Overexpression of KGF in the Epidermis of Transgenic Mice (Guo et al., 1993) -- EXPRESSION OF KERATINOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR IN EMBRYONIC LIVER OF TRANSGENIC MICE (NGUYEN ET AL., 1996) -- EXPRESSION OF A DOMINANT-NEGATIVE KGF RECEPTOR IN BASAL KERATINOCYTES OF THE EPIDERMIS OF TRANSGENIC MICE (WERNER ET AL., 1994B). , KGF Knockout (Guo et al., 1996) -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 12. LAMININ ISOFORMS AND EPITHELIAL DEVELOPMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- BASEMENT MEMBRANE COMPONENTS -- THE DISTRIBUTION OF LAMININ CHAINS IN DEVELOPING EPITHELIA -- Distribution of Laminin α1 Chain in the Body -- Expression of the α1 mRNA -- Expression of the Laminin α2-5 Chains in the Embryo -- There are Many Epithelial Laminins -- LAMININ ISOFORMS AND RECEPTORS IN KIDNEY TUBULES -- Dystroglycan-A Major Laminin Receptor of Kidney Tubules -- Integrins of Developing Kidney Tubules -- LAMININ ISOFORMS IN THE DEVELOPING GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT -- THE ASSEMBLY OF EPITHELIAL BASEMENT MEMBRANES EXTRACELLULARLY -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 13. THE ROLE OF RET RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE AND GLIAL DERIVED NEUROTROPHlC FACTOR IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXCRETORY AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS -- OVERVIEW -- INTRODUCTION -- RET is a Member of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Superfamily -- GDNF is a Ligand for RET -- GDNFR-α Mediates the Interaction between RET and GDNF -- RET AND GDNF ARE REQUIRED FOR NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXCRETORY AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS -- Expression of RET, GDNF and GDNFR-α During Development -- Mice Lacking RET or GDNF Display Defects in the Nervous System and Excretory Systems -- THE ROLE OF RET/GDNF SIGNALING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM -- THE ROLE OF RET/GDNF SIGNALING IN RENAL DEVELOPMENT -- Overview of Kidney Development -- RET and GDNF are Required for Normal Metanephric Kidney Development -- Mice lacking RET or GDNF display a range of excretory system defects -- The absence of RET inhibits ureteric bud growth and branching -- Defects in the metanephric mesenchyme of RET-deficient mice are secondary to those in the ureteric bud. , RET/GDNF signaling is required for evagination of the ureteric bud and its subsequent growth and branching.

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